Cadres are everything

Cadres are everything
From the speech of IV Stalin (1878-1953), General Secretary of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks (1878-1953), which he delivered on May 4, 1935 in the Kremlin Palace to graduates of military academies. In the same place, he uttered his other well-known phrase: The most valuable capital is people.
Allegorically: about the role “ human factor»In any business.

Encyclopedic Dictionary of winged words and expressions. - M .: "Lokid-Press"... Vadim Serov. 2003.

See what "Cadres decide everything" in other dictionaries:

personnel-, ov, pl. The main trained staff of an enterprise, institution, organization. * Party (Soviet) cadres. Workers of the party (state) apparatus. ◘ During 1946 1952 most of the ... ... Explanatory dictionary language of the Council of Deputies

frame- I. FRAME I a, m. Cadre m. 1. outdated. Essential sketch of what L. works. Mikhelson 1866. Rosenkampf for a long time refused to commission the drafting of the constitution, but then agreed to compose the frame, that is, the framework or the basis of the constitution. Frame ...

frame Historical Dictionary gallicisms of the Russian language

kydra- I. I. FRAME I a, m. Cadre m. 1. outdated. Essential sketch of what L. works. Michelson 1866. Rosenkampf for a long time refused to commission the drafting of the constitution, but then agreed to draw up a frame, that is, the framework or basis of the constitution. ... ... Historical Dictionary of Russian Gallicisms

This term has other meanings, see New people. Contents 1 History of creation 2 Areas of activity ... Wikipedia

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Artyom Anufriev Artyom Anufriev during the first court hearing in 2011. Birth name: Artyom Alexandrovich Anufriev Nickname "Akademovsk ... Wikipedia

Ildar Yagafarov Birth name: Ildar Rashitovich Yagafarov Date of birth: January 26, 1971 (1971 01 26) (41 years old) Citizenship ... Wikipedia

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Books

• Cadres are everything! , Beshanov Vladimir Vasilievich. Why was the cadre Red Army defeated in a matter of weeks in the summer of 1941? Whose fault was it not possible to defeat the enemy with "little blood, a mighty blow"? Why, until the very end of the war, our ...
• Cadres are everything! , Beshanov V.V .. Why in the summer of 1941 the cadre Red Army was defeated in a matter of weeks? Whose fault was it not possible to defeat the enemy with "little blood, a mighty blow"? Why, until the very end of the war, our ...

"Cadres are everything" - who said this phrase? Agree, not a stupid person. Because this is an absolute truth, since the word "personnel" meant professionals in their field. It is they who move our life forward, create, create material wealth that we use with you. Everything that is in this world (the primordial is not meant) was created by them: scientists, engineers, craftsmen, workers.

What are frames?

Many people wonder who said: "The staff is everything." But does everyone know what this word is - "personnel". Who is meant by him? This word has two meanings:

• Military. In the Ozhegov dictionary, you can find the definition that cadres are the composition of regular military units. In Soviet times, a clarification was made, by military personnel they meant the list privates and the commanding staff of military units.
• Civil. This understanding came to Soviet time, when this word denoted the list of qualified workers of enterprises, institutions. Each of them had personnel departments, which had certain responsibilities for accounting, making entries in work books. The cadres are different: workers, engineers and technicians (engineering and technical workers), AHP (administrative and economic personnel), managerial, scientific, managerial, and so on.

At present, cadres are the composition of the staff of an institution, a company, a firm. But, as in the Soviet Union, it is the color of the nation.

The role of personnel in the development of the country

For the first time, this phrase of Stalin "Cadres decide everything" sounded in May 1935 at the graduation of military academies, in his speech addressed to graduates. Not surprisingly, it immediately became a slogan. Now it would be called a brand, only not in the understanding of the product or service, but in the sense of the goal. At that distant time, it was a slogan that needed to be put into practice. That is, the whole nation was given the task of learning.

What is so surprising about him that haunts many opponents of everything Soviet? A real working call to action. He outlined the goal to which it was necessary to move. It was the implementation of it that gave the Soviet Union the opportunity for an amazing leap in economic development, lasting from the 50s to the 80s of the twentieth century, which brought the country to the number of world leaders.

Stalin's speech in May 1935

Some argue that Bismarck was the first to say the phrase “Cadres decide everything,” someone is looking for other pioneers, calling different surnames. Maybe so, it is not so important. The main thing is that even if Bismarck said it, he was also the great chancellor of Germany, who knew what he was talking about.

Stalin emphasized in his speech that huge amounts of money had been saved through many hardships in the country. They could buy consumer goods, manufactures, as Stalin's opponents in the party suggested, but it was decided to send this money to the development of mechanical engineering, metallurgy and the entire heavy industry in general. Were purchased machines, mechanisms, machine tools, tractors, everything that was not enough for the development of the country. All forces are thrown into industrialization. To manage them, specialists are needed, that is, skilled workers, engineers.

Stalin stressed that there was no need to expect quick results in this matter, successes would appear after a certain time. But you need to wait for them, not stopping, but going forward. You need to be patient, not giving in after the first setbacks, and move on without hesitation and lack of confidence in your abilities. Having overcome the hunger in technology, the mill faced a hunger in the field of people, cadres, workers capable of moving this technology, squeezing everything possible out of it.

Without people, it's safe to say that technology is dead. Technique with skilled personnel works wonders. Most Stalin devoted his speeches to the issue of respect for people. He called the inability to appreciate people a relic of the past. It is the cadres that decide everything. Whoever said that socialism can be built without them is mistaken.

Stalin also touched upon the disagreements on this issue within the party, from which one can assume that the discussion on him was rather heated, and it came to threats to split the party. Time has shown that Stalin and his followers were right, since it was the industrialization carried out, the cadres that allowed the country to withstand the years Patriotic War and brought her the glory of the Great Power.

A bit of history

What preceded the proclamation of this slogan and what does the phrase “Cadres decide everything” mean? In his speech, Stalin gave an explanation for this. The Soviet Republic inherited a country in complete ruin. In the early years of the twentieth century, Russia was still, in fact, in feudal relations. Capitalism was just beginning to develop. The beginning of the century was marked for Russia by a shameful defeat in Russo-Japanese War 1904-1905. The reason for this was economic backwardness. 70% of the potential was made up of small backward peasant farms scattered throughout the country.

The 1905 revolution exposed the brutal exploitation of workers who were treated worse than American blacks on the plantations. Not having time to get stronger, Russia entered the First world war, which claimed the lives of millions of Russian citizens, devastating western Russia. The February Bourgeois Revolution of 1917 brought to power the Provisional Government, which consisted of the most mediocre and corrupt representatives of the liberal intelligentsia, who brought the country to the brink of disaster.

The October Revolution of 1917, three years of the civil war, the intervention against Soviet Russia - all this sadly affected the economic state of the country. By 1920, she looked like a mortally wounded giant. It had to be revived anew. The country's leaders were well aware that while Europe was at war, America was developing rapidly and went a lot ahead.

The goal is the industrialization of the country

The strange talk that tsarist Russia was a country with a developed economy is groundless. Yes, there were a handful of super-rich and simply rich people in the country, close to the royal family, large capitalists, gold miners, grain merchants. The people of a prosperous country cannot find themselves in such depressing conditions as the Russian workers and peasants were in before the revolution.

Russia was a technically backward country with a nascent industry. Therefore, in Soviet Russia the goal of industrialization was set and the slogan was put forward: "Technology is everything." As a result of the most severe savings, funds were raised and tractors, machine tools, machines and mechanisms were purchased. But then an even more acute question arose: where to get specialists? "Cadres decide everything" - who was the first to say this phrase? The country first heard it from the lips of Stalin. A course towards universal literacy was adopted.

Eradication of illiteracy

How could a sufficient number of specialists be obtained if more than half of the population was simply illiterate ?! This is a sad legacy tsarist Russia... The second revolution began - the cultural one. The whole country sat down at their desks. Educational programs, workers' schools, schools for working youth. It was their graduates who were to become the elite, the pride of Soviet and world science, technology, and literature.

Soviet generals and marshals, together with the people, led our army to the great Victory in World War II. Who said "Cadres are everything"? Stalin. At the same time, he stressed that if we do not have them, then the country will limp on two legs. If they are, then the country will be prosperous and it will be impossible to defeat it.

Attitude towards personnel during perestroika

“Cadres decide everything” - it doesn't matter who said the phrase. It's a shame that not all the leaders of our country understood this. Gorbachev's policy in the mid-1980s was aimed at combating the most valuable thing that was cherished and nurtured in the Soviet Union - qualified personnel. Little is said about this, but the whole perestroika began with a struggle against the leading cadres of enterprises, factories, plants and institutions. The professionals were removed, who had gone from the bottom and who knew the production inside and out. They were accused of authoritarianism.

Instead of them, people came at random, chosen at the meetings, who did not correspond either in experience or in knowledge to the positions held. Only those leaders were removed who enjoyed authority and took responsibility for the decisions made. It was easier to destroy and seize decapitated enterprises already in the early 90s.

Remember the attitude to the profession of "engineer". It was at this time that they, the most qualified personnel, were treated with derision. It was a kind of badge of losers. History does not forgive such mistakes. We are now reaping the fruits of this policy. There is a shortage of skilled workers, mid-level specialists, engineering and technical workers. It is simply impossible to develop the economy without them.

Attitude towards personnel in Western countries

Any capitalist, owner of an enterprise knows the value of specialists. He will not specify who said “Cadres decide everything,” he respects them. He thinks so. Therefore, leading companies spend a lot of money on training their specialists. Will the owner allow the employees of his enterprise to choose a leader for themselves? No, in this world everything is built on authoritarian relations, and no democracy. Knowledge, experience, authority has not been canceled. Their price in the West, in America, for example, is very high. Therefore, the economic position of these countries is much higher than in our country.

What does the phrase "Cadres decide everything" means? Who said this phrase?

Probably, many had to hear the phrase “Cadres decide everything” in their lives.

Who said it for the first time, what meaning does it have, in what context was it said? And given who uttered this phrase, what was the realization of the words he uttered?

How relevant is this expression in our time and can it be applied now? And who owns the phrase “Cadres decide everything”?

The meaning of the phrase "Human resources decide everything" The phrase was said to draw attention to the importance of education and professional skills of a person when approaching the solution of some problems.

The correct selection of personnel who bring an idea to life has a significant impact on its implementation. That is why various companies and enterprises want to have the most qualified personnel and are ready to conduct a thorough selection of candidates. After all, cadres are everything.

The original of this phrase was said by one very famous person... And who said these words, you will now find out. “Cadres decide everything”: who said these words and when? Who uttered the words “cadres decide everything”? The author of the phrase - famous politician of the times Soviet Union Joseph Vissarionovich Stalin (Dzhugashvili).

She said it to him in 1935 during a report on the state of affairs in the USSR. It should be noted that those years marked the beginning of significant progress. Humanity entered a period of development, unfortunately, postponed later by the Second World War. It was at this time that the words "Cadres decide everything" were first pronounced.

Who said this phrase first, you now know. But in what context was it mentioned? What preceded it, what statement did it replace, and how was the idea associated with it realized? In what context was the phrase said? Now you know who the words "cadres decide everything" belong to. But what were the circumstances in connection with which they were said? At that time, the second five-year plan was actively underway, and the growth rate of the gross domestic product of the Soviet Union was calculated in tens of percent.

Therefore, many began to attribute the successes in construction and management to individual personnel. They said that all this was their merit. Stalin's report contains strong resentment about this and opposition to attributing everything to individual managers. At the same time, the slogan "Technology is everything" was popular at that time. In this report of Joseph Vissarionovich there is also a speech against him. And instead of the old one, a new motto is put forward - "Personnel decide everything."

Who said these words? A person who understood what he was talking about. As the main argument for changing slogans, the thesis was adopted that the statement about technology is active only for "technical hunger", but even then the rate should have been switched from machines to qualified personnel who can effectively manage them, as well as in the future and create new samples.

As the main reason for implementation, the fact was taken into account that with a sufficient number of professional workers, it was possible to increase labor efficiency three to four times. In addition to a simple requirement for advanced training, an application was also put forward to change the attitude towards people themselves. As an example of a careless attitude, Stalin told the story of his pastime in exile in Siberia. The essence of this story was that when they lost 1 person, they did not really grieve about him very much, while more attention was paid to the horse, which needed to be fed.

Realization How did this slogan come to life? The approach to implementation was chosen quite competently - it was decided to create educational reserves by freeing people employed in agriculture. The embodiment consisted in creating a vicious circle: the more equipment and qualified personnel are at the disposal of agriculture, the more people from it can be sent to retrain and train other workers and specialists. And the most successful can be trained in engineering or trained as scientists. This is how the slogan “Cadres decide everything” was implemented.

Whoever said these words first, you know, it is still important that this phrase be picked up by modern politicians who now rule the Russian Federation.

Relevance in our day Are these words hot today? Yes. After all, it is very difficult to skillfully manage enterprises, plan the development of the economy, and it is very difficult to create material values ​​without qualified personnel. What can a manager do in a significant crisis if he does not know how to solve a minor problem? How can specialists calculate development plans if they do not have enough knowledge about the laws in the economy?

And can a person without qualifications create a good table, chair or computer? Therefore, these words retain their value and importance even now.

Moreover, their importance is not only in obtaining qualified personnel, but also in relation to people. After all, if there is no person, then there is no knowledge and skills. Conclusion And what can you say in the end? Then, in 1935, considerable attention was paid to the self-education of the masses of workers and initiative people who wanted to learn.

And who said: "Personnel degradation"?

Lev Schlosberg (Apple)

The unnatural political system in Russia has generated negative selection and is gradually becoming its victim

“This is not the people? This is worse than the people! it the best people cities!"
Evgeny Schwartz, "Dragon"

A year of national disgrace continues in Russia. Each time it seems that the bottom has been reached, and at this moment we are impudently knocking from below. System state power, based on lies and violence, lifts to its top, makes people more like monsters than human images. The parody is rapidly moving towards fakes and evokes mixed feelings of amazement, fear and disgust.

Head of the Russian Guard Zolotov In retaliation for the public exposure of public procurement, he records a video message that is anecdotal in content and style, where he promises to make an opposition politician Alexey Navalny"Juicy chop" in a "duel". Navalny at this time is under arrest, he can neither hear the "golden words of Zolotov", nor can he answer him. Then Navalny comes out, offers Zolotov a public duel in any television or video format, Zolotov predictably refuses and says that he is ready only for physical exercise.

..............................

What does a federal judge who turns out to be a veterinarian look like? Funny and pitiful. But she passed deliberately unjust sentences, and this is absolutely not funny.

What does the presumptuous and then dismissed minister Sokolova look like after her resignation? Funny and pitiful. But she publicly stated that in Russia you can eat for 3.5 thousand rubles. a month and feel great at the same time. Who is funny at these words?

Patriot of Russia Rogozin launches rockets with manned spacecraft so that for the first time in 35 years the Soyuz-FG launch vehicle crashed with spaceship Soyuz MS-10, it happened at the 123rd second of flight. It is a great happiness that the rescue system worked and the astronauts survived.

Does Rogozin look like the real head of Roscosmos? No, this is a parody of the leader of the space industry. And no one was funny when the ship with people on board went out of orbit.

...................

Etc.

What to say to Lev Schlossberg (that slander is not criticism, and the severity of the possible sentence for him)?

"Cadres are everything."

Comrades!
There is no denying what the recent times we have had great success in both construction and management. In this regard, I tell us too much about the merits of the leaders, about the merits of the leaders. They are credited with everything, almost all our achievements. This is, of course, wrong and wrong. It's not just the chiefs. But that's not what I would like to talk about today. I would like to say a few words about the cadres, about our cadres in general, and in particular about the cadres of our Red Army.

You know that we inherited from the old times a technically backward and half-impoverished, devastated country. Ravaged by four years of imperialist war, ravaged again by three years civil war, a country with a semi-literate population, with low technology, with separate oases of industry, drowning in the sea of ​​the smallest peasant farms - this is the country we inherited from the past.

The task was to transfer this country from the rails of the Middle Ages and the dark to the rails of modern industry and mechanized agriculture. The task, as you can see, is serious and difficult. The question was: EITHER we will solve this problem in the shortest possible time and strengthen socialism in our country, OR we will not solve it, and then our country - technically weak and dark in terms of culture - will lose its independence and turn into an object of the game of the imperialist powers.

At that time our country was going through a period of the most severe famine in the field of technology. There were not enough machines for the industry. There were no agricultural machines. There were no vehicles for transport. There was no that elementary technical base, without which the industrial transformation of the country is unthinkable. There were only separate preconditions for the creation of such a base. It was necessary to create a first-class industry. It was necessary to direct this industry so that it was able to reorganize not only technically Agriculture, but also our railway transport. And for this, it was necessary to make sacrifices and to introduce the most severe economy everywhere, it was necessary to save on food, schools, and namanufactory in order to accumulate the necessary funds to create an industry. There was no other way to get rid of hunger in the field of technology. This is how Lenin taught us, and we followed in the footsteps of Lenin in this matter.

It is clear that in such a large and difficult undertaking it was impossible to expect continuous and rapid success. In such a case, success can only appear after a few years. Therefore, it was necessary to arm ourselves with strong nerves, Bolshevik endurance and stubborn patience in order to overcome the first setbacks and steadily move forward towards a great goal, avoiding hesitation and uncertainty in our ranks.

You know that we have conducted this business in this way. But not all of our comrades had enough nerves, patience and endurance. Among our comrades there were people who, after the very first difficulties, began to call for retreat. They say that "whoever remembers the old will have an eye out." This is of course true. But the person has a memory, and you involuntarily remember the past when summing up the results of our work. So, we had comrades who were afraid of the difficulties and began to call the party to retreat. They said: "What do we need your industrialization and collectivization, machines, ferrous metallurgy, tractors, combines, automobiles? We would rather give more manufactory, buy better raw materials for the production of consumer goods, and give the population more of all those little things than people's life is beautiful. our backwardness, and even a first-class industry, is a dangerous dream. "

Of course, we could have 3 billion rubles of foreign exchange, obtained through the most severe economy and spent on the creation of our industry - we could turn them on the import of raw materials and the intensification of the production of consumer goods. This is also a kind of "plan". But with such a "plan" we would have neither metallurgy, nor mechanical engineering, nor tractors and cars, nor aviation and tanks. We would find ourselves unarmed in the face of external enemies. We would undermine the foundations of socialism in our country. We would have been held captive by the bourgeoisie, both internally and externally.

Obviously, it was necessary to choose between two plans: between the plan of retreat, which led and could not but lead to the defeat of socialism, and the plan of offensive, which led and, as you know, has already led to the victory of socialism in our country.

We chose a plan of offensive and went forward along the Leninist path, wiping back these comrades as people who just saw under their very noses, but turned a blind eye to the near future of our country, to the future of socialism in our country.

But these comrades did not always confine themselves to criticism and passive resistance. They threatened us with a revolt in the party against the Central Committee. Moreover, they threatened some of us with bullets. Apparently, they hoped to intimidate us and force us to deviate from the Leninist path. These people have obviously forgotten that we Bolsheviks are people of a special cut. They forgot that the Bolsheviks cannot be intimidated by difficulties or threats. They have forgotten what the great Lenin, our leader, our teacher, our father, who did not know and did not recognize fear in the struggle, groaned. They forgot that the more the enemies rage and the more the opponents within the party fall into hysterics, the more the Bolsheviks become heated up for a new struggle and the more rapidly they move forward.

It is clear that we did not even think to turn off the Leninist path. Moreover, having strengthened on this path, we went forward even more impetuously, sweeping all and all obstacles off the road. True, we had to crush some of these comrades along the way. But there’s nothing you can do about it. I must admit that I also had a hand in this case.

Yes, comrades, we went confidently and swiftly along the path of industrialization and collectivization of our country. And now this path can be considered already passed.

Now everyone recognizes that we have achieved tremendous successes on this path. Now everyone recognizes that we already have a powerful and first-class industry, a powerful and mechanized agriculture, which is developing and going to the city transport, an organized and well-equipped Red Army.

This means that we have already largely outlived the period of famine in the field of technology.

But having outlived the period of hunger in the field of technology, we entered a new period, a period, I would say, of hunger in the field of people, in the field of personnel, in the field of workers who know how to ride technology and move it forward. The fact is that we have factories, factories, collective farms, state farms, an army, there is equipment for all this business, but there are not enough people with sufficient experience to squeeze the maximum out of technology that can be squeezed out of it. We used to say that "technology is everything." This slogan helped us in the sense that we have eliminated hunger in the field of technology and created the broadest technical base in all branches of activity to equip our people with first-class technology. It is very good. But this is far and far not enough.

To set technology in motion and use it to the bottom, people who have mastered technology are needed, cadres are needed who are able to master and use this technique in accordance with all the rules of art.

Technology without people who have mastered technology is dead. Technology led by people who have mastered technology can and should give miracles. If in our first-class factories and factories, in our collective and state farms, in our Red Army there were a sufficient number of cadres capable of harnessing this technique, our country would receive an effect three times and four times more than it now has.

That is why the emphasis should now be placed on people, on cadres, on workers who have mastered technology.

That is why the old slogan "technology decides everything", which is a reflection of the already passed period when we had a famine in the field of technology, must now be replaced by a new slogan, the slogan that "cadres decide everything."

This is now the main thing.

Can we say that our people have understood and fully realized the great significance of this new slogan? I would not say that.

Otherwise, we would not have had that ugly attitude towards people, cadres, and workers, which we often observe in our practice.

The slogan "cadres decides everything" requires that our leaders show the most caring attitude towards our workers, towards "small" and "big", in whatever field they work, to raise them with care, to help them when they need support, to encourage them. when they show the first successes, put them forward, etc.

And yet, in fact, in a number of cases we have facts of a soullessly bureaucratic and downright ugly attitude towards workers.

This, in fact, explains that instead of studying people and putting them on posts only after studying, they are often thrown by people as if they were walking. We have learned to appreciate cars and report on how much technology we have in factories and plants. But I do not know of a single case where they would report with the same eagerness how many people we raised during such and such a period and how we helped people to grow and become tempered in their work. How is this explained? This is explained by the fact that we have not yet learned to value people, value workers, value cadres.

I recall a case in Siberia, where I was at one time in exile. The matter was weighty, during the flood. About thirty people went to the river to catch the forest, carried away by the raging huge river. Towards evening they returned to the village, but they had no one comrade. When asked where the thirtieth was, they indifferently replied that the thirtieth "stayed there." To my question: "How is it, stayed?" - they answered with the same indifference: "What else is there to ask, he drowned, therefore." And then one of them began to hurry somewhere, saying that "we ought to go get the mare drunk."

To my reproach that they pity the cattle more than people, one of them replied with the general approval of the others: "Why should we pity them, people? We can always make people, but a mare ... try to make a mare." Here is a touch, perhaps insignificant, but very characteristic. It seems to me that the indifferent attitude of some of our leaders towards people, towards cadres and their inability to value people is a relic of that strange attitude of people towards people, which manifested itself in the episode just described in distant Siberia.

So, comrades, if we want to successfully overcome hunger in the field of people and to ensure that our country has a sufficient number of cadres capable of moving technology forward and putting it into action, we must first of all learn to value people, value cadres, value every worker who can bring benefit to our common cause. Finally, we must understand that of all the valuable capital available in the world, the most valuable and most decisive capital is people, cadres.

We must understand that under our current conditions "cadres decide everything."

We will have good and numerous cadres in industry, agriculture, transport, the army, our country will be invincible.

We will not have such shots - we will limp on both legs.

Concluding my speech, allow me to propose a toast to the health and success of our academician graduates in the Red Army! I wish them success in organizing and guiding the defense of our country!

Comrades! You graduated from high school and received your first training there. But school is only a preparatory stage. Real hardening of cadres is obtained through profitable work, outside school, on the struggle with difficulties, on overcoming difficulties. Remember, comrades, that only those cadres are good who are not afraid of difficulties, who do not hide from difficulties, but, on the contrary, go to meet difficulties in order to overcome and eliminate them.

Only in the struggle against difficulties are real cadres forged. And if our army has enough real seasoned cadres, it will be invincible.

To your health, comrades!

Socio-psychological problems of the university intelligentsia during the reform period. View of the teacher Druzhilov Sergey Alexandrovich

2nd five-year plan: "The cadres who have mastered the technique decide everything"

At the end of 1932, the successful and early implementation of the first five-year plan in four years and three months was announced. The country was moving to a new stage in its development - the completion of socialist reconstruction National economy... The second five-year plan (1933-1937) was held under the slogan "Cadres who have mastered technology decide everything."

The expression “Cadres decide everything,” which has become an aphorism, was originally voiced in the speech of I.V. Stalin, pronounced on May 4, 1935 in front of graduates of the military academies of the Red Army in the following context: “. We used to say that "technique is everything." This slogan helped us in the sense that we have eliminated the hunger in the field of technology and created the broadest technical base in all branches of activity to equip our people with first-class technology. It is very good. But this is far and far not enough. ... Technology without people who have mastered technology is dead. Technology led by people who have mastered technology can and should give miracles. ... That is why the emphasis should now be placed on people, on cadres, on workers who have mastered technology. That is why the old slogan "technology is everything", which is a reflection of the already passed period, when we had a famine in the field of technology, must now be replaced by a new slogan, the slogan that "cadres decides everything." This is now the main thing ”[Stalin,

Speech at the Kremlin Palace ...]. In the newspaper "Pravda" this speech was published on May 6, 1935 simultaneously with editorial the article "Personnel is everything!".

In connection with the new "slogan of the day", the accelerated training of personnel who have mastered technology has become one of the most important tasks. According to the plan of the second five-year plan, the total contingent of students in higher educational institutions increased from 469.8 thousand in 1932 to 660.6 thousand in 1937, first of all, training engineering frames [Volkov, 1999].

On the other hand, during the period of the second five-year plan, the increase in the number of students was stopped. It grew over the years 1933-1938. only by 31% instead of 2.5 times over the years of the first five-year plan. Now the focus is on the quality of both university teaching and the quality of life of teachers and students.

In 1933, by the Decree of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR "On Academic Degrees and Titles", academic degrees were established Ph.D. and Doctor of Science, those. in fact, the pre-revolutionary system has survived with the replacement of the academic degree "master" with the academic degree "candidate of sciences". Recovery academic degrees, canceled in 1919, as well as defended dissertations, was of great importance for quality improvement higher education in USSR.

Work is underway to strengthen universities designed to train highly qualified specialists in general scientific disciplines and teachers. Geographic, chemical, geological and other natural science faculties, which were closed during the period of downsizing of higher educational institutions, were restored in them. On September 1, 1934, the history faculties of Moscow and Leningrad universities were restored.

The issues of improving the quality of training of specialists have become especially acute. In the decree of the Central Committee of the Party and the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR of June 23, 1936, "On the work of higher educational institutions and the leadership of higher education", it was indicated that more high requirements providing training of highly qualified, politically educated, comprehensively educated and cultural personnel.

In this regard, a lot of work was done to improve curricula and programs. It had the goal of increasing the general scientific and general technical training of specialists, the implementation of a closer connection between training and production. Great importance had strong condemnation brigade-laboratory teaching method and increasing the role of lectures, seminars, students' independent work.

In 1937, the USSR Government adopted decrees "On academic degrees and titles", "On the introduction of full-time positions and official salaries for the teaching staff in universities." The scientific teaching load of the teaching staff was introduced until 1956.The working hours were 540-600 hours per year for the professor - the head of the department, 660-780 hours for the professor and associate professor, and 720-840 for the senior teacher, assistant, teacher hours. Processing was paid based on the rate of the corresponding salary [Antonov, 2005].

Another manifestation of the emphasis on the quality of education was the elimination of social discrimination in the mid-1930s when entering universities and graduate school. The organization has also changed for the better educational process, having returned, in essence, to pre-revolutionary forms.

In 1940, there were 42 students in the USSR of 10 thousand population, which exceeded the analogous indicators in the countries of Western Europe by 2-5 times; but before the USA (where this figure was 108 students) [Mironov, 2003, p. 384] was still far away ... The culture is developing: by 1940 the number of libraries in the USSR exceeded the Russian level of 1913 almost 7 times [Ibid, p. 385]

During the years of the second five-year plan, the total maintenance costs high school the state budget increased from 1,060 million rubles in 1933 to 2,276 million rubles in 1937, i.e. more than 2 times. Serious attention is paid to the training of new personnel for higher education: postgraduate studies are working, the number of postgraduates is growing.

V.V. Antonov writes that in 1940/41 academic year in Moscow alone, 9,000 people were preparing to become teachers and research workers. This coincides with the data of S.V. Volkov that just so many people entered graduate school three years ago, in 1938) [Volkov, 1999, tab. 27]. At the same time, the total number of scientific workers in 1940 was close to 100 thousand people [Ibid., Tab. 28].

In general, during this period, the most negative aspects of the previous (first five-year) stage of the development of higher education were eliminated. On the other hand, in the 1930s, the place of higher education in the life of society was completely transformed. From the center of the science of education, universities in the USSR finally became, in the main, only centers of education. Science was expelled from universities into the system of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR and the All-Union Agricultural Academy of the USSR and the Union republics and branch institutes of departments.

At the same time, it should be recognized that the separation of science from higher education had disastrous consequences for higher education, since this has led to a decline in the quality of education. True, this department, as G.I. Khanin (2008), was not total: the best universities the best scientists were involved in teaching as part of their job, but, nevertheless, only sporadically.

Bloody repressions of 1937-1938 reflected in higher education. But they, to a lesser extent than in other areas of public life, concerned the majority of the teaching staff. Mostly the repressions of this period affected the administrative staff and teachers of public departments. The most destructive was, as G.I. Khanin, their influence on moral life of universities: an epidemic of denunciations, "snitching", extrajudicial arrests crippled morale and students and teachers.

On the demoralization of teachers and students of universities (in relation to the above-mentioned Moscow university IFLI, which formed the elite of society, ideological power corps), writes L.M. Mlechin: “It may seem strange and incredible, but in the thirty-seventh, eighth, ninth, that is, in the years of rampant Stalinist terror, which did not spare IFLI (and there they imprisoned both students and teachers, and at the Komsomol meetings that took place every week two or three times, the children of “enemies of the people” came to the podium in succession and repented that they had overlooked, did not see how their mother or father was at their side ... “He”, “she”.), At this time the poets were still loudly proclaiming something of their own ”[Mlechin, 2004].

Note that the demoralization among teachers and scientists, which was a consequence of the general oppressive atmosphere in the country, at that time was very significant. Academician A.D. Sakharov (1921-1989) writes in his memoirs that at the end of the 1930s, on the initiative of the scientists themselves, their colleagues, physicists S.L. Mandelstam, M.L. Leontovich, I.E. Tamm ... [Sakharov, 1990, p. 35]

What are the results of the increased attention of the USSR authorities to higher professional education? And here they are: Over two five-year plans, the national income in our country has grown 2.8 times (or, per capita, when calculated in dollars - 2.5 times). During the same period, the national income of France increased by only 36.7%, and per capita - by 35.4%); in Great Britain - by 17%, and when calculated per capita - by 11.5% (calculated according to [Mironov, 2003, table. 25, p. 394]).

By the end of the second five-year plan, the USSR ranked second in the world in terms of industrial output, second only to the United States (if we count the British metropolis, dominions and colonies as one state, then the USSR will be in third place in the world after the United States and Britain). Imports dropped sharply, which was seen as the country's gaining economic independence. Open unemployment was eliminated. Employment (at full rates) increased from one third of the population in 1928 to 45% in 1940, accounting for about half of the growth in GNP. Labor productivity in industry increased by 90%, which was the result of an increase in technical level. By 1940, about 9 thousand new factories were built.

If we briefly formulate the results of the pre-war development of domestic higher education, it should be stated that it played a major role in the modernization of the Soviet economy and society. In addition, the system of higher education that was formed during the Soviet years vocational education can be considered a very important cultural phenomenon, as a result of the cultural revolution carried out "from above".

During this period, the Soviet government did more to educate the country's population than the tsarist government did for the entire period of its existence. It was Soviet know-how that provided the modernization breakthrough of the 1930s.

Of course, the education system itself could not change the socio-economic situation in the country. However, as A.L. Andreev, one should not forget that “it was in the Soviet school of the 1930s - 1940s that the intellectual and moral formation of the future generation of the 'thaw' took place” [Andreev, 2008, p. 228] late 1950s - early 1960s. As an example, let us call the series famous names, which have become peculiar symbols of the "Khrushchev thaw": R. Rozhdestvensky (born in 1932), E. Evtushenko (born in 1933), A. Voznesensky (born in 1933). All these people graduated from school in the late 30s - early 40s of the XX century.

In terms of the share of expenditures on education in GDP, the USSR during this period was almost two times ahead of the developed capitalist countries. In the pre-war 1940, the expenditures on education in the USSR, according to the calculations of G.I. Khanina (2008), accounted for approximately 5.5% of GDP, while in the leading Western countries they, according to V.A. Mel'yantsev, even in 1950 averaged only 3.3% [Mel'yantsev, 1996].

But even with tremendous efforts, it is impossible to overcome the centuries-old cultural lag in two decades. And, of course, this was prevented by the "Red Terror", the persecution for political reasons, purposefully carried out in relation to the intelligentsia.