Components of lexical meaning

The lexical meaning of the word is due to a number of factors, both linguistic and extralinguistic. These include, first of all, real reality, that is, the attitude to the subject, thinking, that is, the attitude to the concept, and the language system. In addition, in

the lexical meaning also reflects the mental, emotional activity of a person, his attitude to the designated, or the pragmatic aspect of the word. This conditioning by different factors is the basis of the structure of the lexical meaning, or its component composition.

Each word is associated with certain objects and phenomena of the world around us, as it calls them. So, in the lexical meaning, the object relatedness of a word finds expression: the word names objects, i.e. the realities of the surrounding world, "pieces of reality." It is this aspect of the lexical meaning of V.V. Vinogradov called it "subject-material content."

The connection of a word with an object of the real world lies in the fact that the lexical meaning reflects the main features of the named objects, the most essential for distinguishing the given word and the object called by it from others. The named object can be not only really existing, but also imagined, imaginary, even a "fantastic construct", for example, a mermaid, a centaur. All this is reflected in the lexical meaning and its interpretation.

The correlation of a word with an object, reality, denotation is called denotative reference, and the corresponding component (or aspect) of the lexical meaning is called a denotative component, or denotative meaning.

Only significant words have a substantive relevance. Official words and interjections do not name objects of reality, do not fulfill a nominative function, and therefore do not have a denotative reference.

However, words and their lexical meanings correlate with the real world not directly, but through the concept, thinking (categories of logic). The essential features of a number of homogeneous objects are generalized in our minds into the concept of these objects. By the totality of such essential features, we get an idea and make up a concept about some realities, even unfamiliar ones. Thus, a concept is a generalized image of an object, a thought about an object, highlighting its essential features. It is in this generalized form that the concept is embodied in the word, in its lexical meaning.

The correlation of a word with a concept is called conceptual reference, and the corresponding macrocomponent of a lexical meaning is called a lexical concept, or a signification, or a significative meaning.

Concepts can be everyday and scientific. Everyday concepts are expressed in primary generalizations, everyday ideas of people about reality. They are embodied in the everyday meanings of words, a naive picture of the world is reflected in their lexical concepts. On the basis of everyday thinking, scientific thinking develops, carried out in the form of scientific concepts. These concepts are expressed by the terminological meanings of words.

So, in the word water, in everyday life, it stands out as essential signs "a liquid without color and odor, which can be drunk, which can be washed." In scientific terms, such signs as "a substance that is a combination of two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom" are in the first place.

The conceptual component forms the basis of the lexical meaning of words, that is, the word includes the concept that reflects real reality. The empirical component reflects the visual-sensory image of the denotatum, and it is present in the meanings of not all words, but only those words that denote phenomena available for direct sensory perception. In this component, personal, individual knowledge is most strongly manifested, due to which the content of the meanings of the same words in different people differs in specific details, but the conceptual, main part remains the same. E. V. Kuznetsova Lexicology of the Russian language. - M .: Higher school, 1989 .-- P. 25.

Not only the object and concept, as well as the place in the system, determine the nature of the lexical meaning, but also the speaker's attitude to the named object. This aspect of the semantics of the word is called pragmatic, which is to some extent complementary and even somewhat opposed to the denotative. If the denotative component of the meaning contains information about the called object of reality, then the pragmatic component contains information about a person's attitude to this object.

For example, the words house, house, small house with the same denotative meaning "building for human habitation", differ in the expression of attitude to the denotation: neutral, positive and negative.

This component of meaning is called connotative. In a narrow sense, connotations include emotionally expressive, evaluative or stylistic information, in a broad sense, any additional component of meaning.

The connotative component of the meaning of words is more significant for functioning, but not obligatory for all words, and it includes characteristics of an emotional, evaluative, and proper stylistic nature. This additional information can be of two types. On the one hand, an evaluative attitude towards the denotation can be expressed in it, and in dictionaries words with an evaluative connotation are given with special marks: playful, contemptuous, disapproving, ironic, affectionate, etc., for example, dear (affectionate). On the other hand, additional information may be associated with a social assessment of the word itself as outdated, stylistically limited, dialectal or special, and in dictionaries such words are given with special marks: regional, colloquial, book, musical, etc.

Emotional connotation means the expression of emotions, feelings by the word in addition to the denotative meaning: irony, jokes, affection, contempt. For example: to beg - "humiliating, importunate to ask", contemptuous. Usually, the emotional coloring of a word is demonstrated in dictionaries with the help of appropriate labels. For example: house - um.-weasel.

Expressive coloring, in addition to emotional, also includes information about the amplification, strengthening of the trait. For example: a house - will strengthen. to the house.

Evaluative connotation is an expression of approval or disapproval. For example: domina - disapproves. to the house.

Most often, all these connotations are combined, since they complement each other, therefore they are called together emotionally-evaluative connotation.

D.N.Shmelev refers to the emotionally colored vocabulary of words, the emotional significance of which is created by vocabulary and sound means, and words, in their proper lexical meaning, the assessment of the objects, phenomena or states designated by them is expressed. Shmelev D.N. Modern Russian language. Vocabulary. - M .: Education, 1972. - S. 164.

Stylistic connotation contains information about the use of a word in a particular style. For example: a house, a house.

Domina - colloquial, Penates - high.

In a broad sense, connotations include socio-historical and national-cultural information. For example, the word terem contains information that this is how the boyar house was called in the old days in Russia.

Various associations and symbols are also considered connotations. For example, many animal names contain such connotations, from which figurative meanings are sometimes formed: cat is a symbol of laziness, donkey is stupidity.

Thus, the semantic structure of a word consists of a number of macrocomponents: grammatical meaning, lexical meaning, denotative meaning, word-formation meaning, connotative meaning. The main thing in this structure is denotative meaning.

Some words are motivated, for example, honey agaric - grows on stumps, windowsill - is under the window, Wednesday is the average day of the week.

This feature, underlying the name, is called the motivating component of the semantics of the word. Some researchers also call it the internal form of the word. However, the inner form can be lost, forgotten. So, the words man, table, currant, hut are no longer motivated.

Words with a lost inner form are called unmotivated. Let's compare the words mitten, glove and mitten. The first two have a clear internal shape - a hand, a finger, so they are motivated, but the last one is unmotivated, its internal shape has been lost, and it can only be recognized by the etymological dictionary: mitten - varega / varga - from the Old Russian var - "protection".

The motivational component of the meaning is optional, but a possible component, although sometimes it may not be comprehended by a native speaker, for example, the meaning of the word "pillow" is difficult to associate with the word "ear", and the word itself is interpreted as a bag full of down, feathers, etc. ...

Each of the microcomponents is termed seme. The collection of elementary semes constitutes the structure of the lexical meaning, or sememe. The semantic structure of a word as a whole also includes grammatical features, or semes - grammemes.

So, the elementary unit of the semantic structure of a word is the seme, which is a reflection in the minds of native speakers of distinctive features that are objectively inherent in the denotation, or ascribed to it by a given linguistic environment and, therefore, are objective in relation to each speaker.

Since the lexical meaning of a word is a structure, the semes in it are also organized in a special way. In linguistics, the following types of semes are distinguished: archiseme (generic seme) and differential semes.

For example, in the lexical meaning of the word “house” of the archiseme “structure” (it is common for all words that name any structures, for example, a barn, a cowshed, and differential semes are “for housing”, and not for something else.

Thus, differential semes stand out relative to other words.

There are also optional semes (optional), peripheral semes (minor) and potential semes. They reflect the insignificant, nondiscriminating features of an object that may appear in certain conditions.

For example: FIR-tree: 1) "tree" - archiseme; 2) "coniferous"; 3) "evergreen"; 4) "cone-shaped" - differential semes; 5) "a symbol of the New Year" - a potential seme (Do not forget to buy a Christmas tree; "The Christmas tree cried at first from the warmth of the home ...").

It is on their basis that derivative, figurative meanings are often developed.

For example, in the semantics of the word house, it is possible to single out the potential “for family living”, on the basis of which one of the derived meanings of the word “family” arose (compare: to be friends at home).

So, there are two sets of semantic articulation: full, consisting of semilexical and grammatical meanings, and partial, containing only semes of lexical meaning.

The complete set includes the following types of semis:

2) lexogrammeme - a lexico-grammatical seme, denoting, in particular, the lexical-grammatical category of nouns - concreteness, materiality, collectiveness, abstractness;

3) hyperseme (archiseme, generic seme), denoting a class of objects (plant, animal, color, verbs of movement, etc.);

4) hyposemes (species semes), which are semes of a specific nature, which designate differential features of an object, action, etc. and distinguish objects of the same class;

5) connotative semes are semes that express additional meaningful and stylistic (evaluative, emotional and expressive) meanings;

6) potential (probabilistic) semes are semes that appear in a specific text: Dasha said that she envies Ivan Ilyich - she has her own business, confidence in life ... and she is a woman (A.T.), where potential semes in the word woman are : "Dependence", "weakness", "insecurity".

Semes can be explicit (expressed in the lexicographic definition of a word) and implicit (unexpressed): high in the meaning of very good - a high quality book (positive, approving, explicit) and rattle in the meaning of making loud sounds - rattling chairs (negative, disapproving, implicit) ... Lekant P.A., Dibrova E.I., Kasatkin L.L., Klobukov E.V. Modern Russian language. - M .: Bustard, 2002 .-- P.14.

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1

The article is devoted to the analysis of the figurative system of the play by A. Blok "The King in the Square". The parallels between the central images of the drama are considered. In addition, the genre definition of the work is explained: its lyrical and actually dramatic elements

perhaps this is why there is such a strong desire among literary scholars to more or less strictly determine meanings<...>Lenchik) can be divided not in the literal sense of the word, outlining, rather, the parallels of interactions<...>The jester, "a stage hanger and a representative of common sense," is the main character of the prologue.<...>The jester defends "common sense" because he himself is a necessary element of it.<...>But the Poet for the one who personifies "common sense" is just a "fool in love" who "

2

The psychology of subjective semantics

M .: PROMEDIA

The appendix contains text components of methods and results, tables and figures. " MAIN CONTENT<...>the world of AN Leontiev: the "meaning" we have defined is one of the forms of existence of "personal meaning<...>The sixth chapter examines situations in which new meanings can be generated, the genesis of meanings in<...>Here, the particular meanings of the object are highlighted, the transformation of which into the full meaning of the object occurs in<...>and a number of other experimental results related to the proof of the primacy of the emotional component

3

Theoretical foundations of the philological analysis of a literary text in the national pedagogical university

The dissertation for the degree of Doctor of Pedagogical Sciences is a study of the form and content of an art test, the principles of philological analysis of a literary text, methods and levels of philological analysis of a literary text and a philological analysis of a literary text as an academic discipline.

The global context constitutes the nuclear component of the reader's "aplerceptable mass".<...>The general figurativeness of the word in a literary text is manifested in the reassessment of speech and all its components in<...>do not teach meaning is brought up.<...>the model corresponds to the method of philological commenting; the method of immanent<...>Text as a whole and text components "/ Vinogradov readings. XI. M .: Nauka, 1982 in C "3-18.

4

Bulletin of social and political sciences. Issue 4: Collection of scientific papers Collection of scientific papers

The collection reflects the most pressing methodological problems of teaching a number of general professional and special disciplines, the use of a rating system for assessing students' knowledge, the introduction of active forms of training for specialists.

physical culture and sports is presented in higher educational institutions as an academic discipline and an important component<...>At the same time, the indispensable secularism of the historical component of any professional training is not only desirable<...>This kind of research has become an essential component of political science in general; the third concerns methods<...>In the original sense, the word "metaphor" (Greek.<...>If this does not happen, then the meaning of teaching philosophy is lost.

5

№12 (220) Gennady Bogdanov Seven Steps to the Skills of Dance Improvisation [I Enter the World of Arts, 2015]

Repertoire-methodical library, published monthly since 1997. It includes literature on the aesthetic education of children and youth: educational programs in theatrical art, teaching aids for leaders of children's theater groups, plays, holiday scenarios, children's folklore. SINCE 2017 THE MAGAZINE IS NOT RELEASED !!!

not a dogma [11] Define "grain" [15] "Grain" must sprout [17] "Sole" as an expressive component<...>Dance improvisation in a certain sense can be considered a creative task.<...>The dancer's musicality consists of three interrelated components.<...>The first component contributes to the correct coordination of dance actions with the musical tempo and rhythm.<...>The third component of musicality equips with the ability to carefully listen to intonational content

6

Poetics of Vsevolod Ivanov's short prose: psychological aspect

Kalmyk State University

The monograph is devoted to one of the controversial and little-studied phenomena of Russian literature of the 20th century - the psychological aspect of the poetics of the story on the example of the prose of Vsevolod Vyacheslavovich Ivanov (1895-1963) in a comparative-comparative sense, against the broad literary background of the first half of the last century. - Elista, 2006 .-- 330 p.

there can be only the opposite meaning, not the absence of meaning, but precisely the opposite meaning.<...>"meaning does not exist unless only in the aspirations of the author, only as an unreliable deferred meaning"<...>In a number of stories ("Fats", "Rest", "Death of Sapieha"), the function includes an erotic component of conscious<...>and with the subtitle "Moscow suburbs"<...>logical scholarship, from random details (up to the hero), reducing it to the simplest and "eternal" components

7

M. Bakhtin's Solution

The book contains an analysis of the main philosophical, methodological and literary-aesthetic ideas that make up the core of the scientific heritage of Mikhail Bakhtin, a well-known Russian philologist and thinker of the 20th century. The author examines the connection between M. Bakhtin's discoveries and phenomenological and neo-Kantian traditions, examines the key concepts of Bakhtin's heritage: dialogism, monologism, polyphony, carnivalization, polyphony, ambivalence, official and laughing culture, chronotope, one's own and someone else's word. Particular attention is paid to the problems of metalinguistics and speech activity. At the same time, A. Pankov draws attention to the paradoxes and dilemmas that arise in the concept of M. Bakhtin in connection with the address of the latter to issues that require a systematic approach. In this regard, for the interpretation of theoretical material, little-known concepts of Russian methodologists who were actively working in the 50-80s in the field of the General Theory of Activity (works by G.P. Shchedrovitsky and others) are involved. An essential place is given to Bakhtin's understanding of genres, "poetic language", and the history of the novel. The book talks about the artistic worldview as a subject of literary research and the role of literary criticism in the processes of the reproduction of literary activity. Particular attention is paid to the category "reflection" and "reflexive" motives in the work of M. Bakhtin. The originality of Bakhtin's view of the medieval culture and work of Dostoevsky is revealed.

Each of these components has its own relatively independent "movement" and is associated with other components<...>decomposing them into components?<...>, and only then constructions of meanings are created that decompose the structure of meaning into components and elements<...>We get the opportunity to say that meanings and meanings are different components of a sign, giving it together<...>components of meanings, giving them a second and special existence - allows you to consider and interpret

8

The technology of bibliographic folding of fictional information [monograph]

SSAU Publishing House

The technology of bibliographic folding of artistic information. Used programs: Adobe Acrobat. Proceedings of SSAU employees (electronic version)

Selected for the purpose of realizing the author's intention, these components are structured so that adequate<...>components, but as if built on top of them, uniting them into a hierarchical whole.<...>The process of decoding the senses of the original source and their encoding are two interrelated components<...>There are no emotional-evaluative and expressive components in the bibliographic metatext.<...>So, the methodological component is an integral part of the professional culture of a bibliographer.

9

Creativity of Gennady Aigi: literary and artistic tradition and neo-avant-garde

Chuvash State Institute of Humanities

The collection includes materials of the international scientific and practical conference dedicated to the LXXV anniversary of the birth of the People's Poet of Chuvashia Gennady Aigi, which took place on September 17-18, 2009 in Cheboksary.

The single meaning of the poem is in an energetic prayer assertion that there is a higher meaning.<...>The requiems for Aiga actualized the meditative, prophetic component of the burial poetic<...>The second component is a passive beginning, this is the state of nature after a snowfall, when it dwells in silence<...>So, for example, the title-fusion "Day-World" in the text "breaks up" into two components: Day-expanding<...>Like Aigi, Pospelov uses the technique of repeating the categorical component of adhesions with an application, like

10

No. 8 [New literature on social sciences and humanities. Literary criticism: Bibliography. decree., 2012]

The motive of the night and its symbolic meaning in the sonnets of W. Shakespeare and in the poetry of Antar ibn Shaddad.<...>The semantics of "foolishness" as a component of the archetypal meaning of the character (Based on the material of the novel by F.M.<...>The phenomenon of artistic incarnation of meaning: Based on the story of A.P.<...>The role of metaphors with the EYE component in the works of M.A.<...>English literary criticism in search of the "innermost meaning" of Andrei Platonov's prose // Vestn.

11

J. Dewey - an outstanding teacher of the XX century textbook. allowance

The textbook provides a holistic description of the educational activities of the foreign teacher John Dewey. The structure of the manual allows students to get acquainted with his creative heritage.

The whole point of education, J.<...>Reflection goals: to remember, identify, understand the main components and meaning of the activity and find problems<...>Two components of pedagogical abilities are distinguished as the subject of research: reflexive<...>Communicative and reflective components and their relationship in the structure of pedagogical abilities /<...>Shatsky emphasized that a violation of the connection between the components of personality education leads to a one-sided

12

No.3 [Sowing, 1981]

Social and political journal. Published since November 11, 1945, published by the publishing house of the same name. The magazine's motto is “God is not in power, but in truth” (Alexander Nevsky). The frequency of the journal has changed. Initially it was published as a weekly, for some time it was published twice a week, and from the beginning of 1968 (issue 1128) the magazine became monthly.

relations with Japan, which were so mutually beneficial in the period 1907-1917, is a necessary component<...>tsu, then another farmer produces for her, and not even all the feed, but only one of its components<...>In this sense, one can speak of solidarity both as an ethical requirement and as a task.<...>You can call them, as we did at the beginning of the lecture, and simply based on common sense.<...>Its individual components are scattered throughout the various outlines of the book, but they appear slender and succinctly in interviews.

13

Hermeneutics of A.P. Chekhov's monograph

M .: FLINT

The book of Doctor of Philosophy, Professor I.V. Dmitrevskaya is devoted to a practically unexplored problem, a hermeneutic analysis of A.P. Chekhov. Assuming that the situation of misunderstanding is the main internal reason for the existential content of Chekhov's plays, the author reveals by the method of systemic hermeneutics the sequences of meanings hidden within Chekhov's texts and aimed at resolving existential situations or at identifying the conditions under which they remain insoluble. Thus, the internal logic of the plot is revealed, the movement of the psychological world of the heroes from misunderstanding to understanding. The book also reveals other aspects of A.P. Chekhov - phenomenological, existential, symbolic, social, etc.

What is the meaning of being?<...>meaning .<...>system-forming relation (structure) and system-forming property (concept). In a literary text, these components<...>There is a systemic interconnection of components: moral law - concept, maxim of will - structure, action<...>In the first case, the author's conceptual-structural component of the text system, in the second, the author's concept

14

History and theory of culture of Russia anthology

The anthology includes sources on the history and theory of culture, on the basis of which students will be able to master the most difficult topics of the courses "Theory and history of Russian culture", "History of Russian art", included in the OTP block of the specialty Museology. The reader can serve as an additional aid for independent work of students studying in the specialties of History, Social and Cultural Service and Tourism, studying courses "History of World Culture", "World Culture and Art".

But it is sad to think that the one who so vividly and strongly understood the meaning of the state, who completely enslaved him<...>In this sense, every work of art is symbolic. [...]<...>And if, for the time being, in our lines there are still the dirty stigmas of your "Common Sense" and "good taste",<...>In the West - in terms of geographic outlines - the richest development of the coasts, the thinning of the continent<...>Evil must be traced back to its roots; you need to literally eradicate it. [...]

15

The meaning of the literary text. Verbal Image as an Actualizer of Meaning on the Example of R. Musil's Novels "The Confusion of Törless's Pupil" and "A Man Without Properties"

", ie components of the general meaning: 1) complementarity (meanings complement the content, developing, enriching<...>The movement from the topic to the idea of ​​the text is the process of interaction of various components of this system, as one-level<...>whole, the interpreter can separate those implications that are typical and appropriate components<...>Semantic component in the interpretation of literary text // Research on literary text<...>Understanding of the original text as a component of the activity of a translator of fiction.

16

No. 4 [Oikumena. Regional studies, 2010]

Scientific-theoretical journal OYKUMENA ​​regional studies. The journal's topics are related to a general assessment of the current state of socio-humanitarian research in the Far East.

technocratic principles in all regions, especially in small towns and villages, led to the fact that the "component<...>the Chinese population of the country of their Chinese names and culture, the proclamation of the cultures of the hill tribes as a component<...>can play a role in the creation of a theory and methodology for the study of other phenomena and their constituent components<...>Intermediate values ​​are determined using categorical principal component analysis. 2 The exception is<...>) or one of the optimal scaling methods (categorical principal component method) - depending on

17

Ways of modernization of research and educational activities in the field of culture and art: materials of the 4th international scientific and practical. conferences (Krasnodar, April 5, 2014) .- Krasnodar, 2014 .- 336s .- (Social and humanitarian bulletin)

The reports on the problems of organizing educational activities in the context of innovative development are presented. The main directions of development of scientific research in the field of education, culture, art are noted.

In this sense, facilitation acts as a pedagogical strategy.<...>Education is meaningless without education of feelings.<...>It can perform functions in society without being a document in the full sense of the word.<...>of this or that concept, the exchange of meanings.<...>The need-motivational component.

18

No. 12 [Political Linguistics, 2004]

The journal aims to facilitate the exchange of the latest information in the field of political linguistics, as well as in the field of relations between language, culture and society. Includes five main sections - "Theory of Political Linguistics", "Political Communication", "Language - Politics - Culture", "Linguistic Expertise: Language and Law" and "From the History of Political Linguistics". Designed for philologists, political scientists, sociologists and all those who are interested in the problems of political communication.

Since the discussion of history researchers about the meaning of the revolution is essentially reduced to a discussion about the meaning<...>In this sense, this concept takes on a metaphorical meaning.<...>As one of the components of the mechanism metaphor, A.P.<...>Significant in this sense is the symbolic component in the case of "live broadcast" and in the oral political<...>If the first component of the magnet is nominative and therefore indisputably terminological, then the other components are

19

Literary eras and literary trends

FSBEI HPE "ShSPU"

These educational materials consider the general patterns of the historical development of fiction from antiquity to the twentieth century inclusive, characterize the main literary eras, trends, trends, schools, which allows you to see the historical and literary process in its continuity. Educational materials are intended for students of philological and humanitarian faculties of pedagogical universities, and can also be useful to teachers of language and literature and students of senior secondary schools.

All these are songs in the literal sense of the word.<...>It makes no sense to look for more psychological content in them.<...>meaning .<...>a person with his environment, and the concept of the latter includes both spiritual and material components<...>It made sense only as a part of the whole that he constantly felt. "

20

No. 4 [Veterinary medicine. Abstract journal, 2001]

Published on a quarterly basis by the TsNSKhB since 1996. The journal is an organ of current information on domestic and foreign literature on veterinary medicine and can serve as a reference manual for scientists and practical veterinarians, as well as librarians and employees of scientific and technical information bodies. Every year, the RJ includes over 1000 publications about the most significant articles from scientific veterinary journals and collections received in the library funds. The bibliographic description is accompanied by an abstract or abstract. The reference apparatus includes author and subject indexes.

Influence of feeding of a shark fish to sheep with a limited feeding regime on the level of biochemical components<...> <...>Immunogenicity of various components of the bacterial cell of the causative agent of necrobacteriosis [Compilation<...>Leadim is a drug based on a complex of bacteriolytic enzymes and a bactericidal component with an extended<...>Vetseptol consists of a mixture of glucose, salt components and an antiseptic, polyparenchymine from products

21

The article is devoted to the increase in humanitarian knowledge, professional dissatisfaction in historical science, and the revision of some historical events.

"to abandon the poison, now especially dangerous, from the routine of learning and from empiricism in the guise of common sense

22

No. 3 [New literature on social sciences and humanities. Linguistics: Bibliography. decree., 2011]

branch annotated current bibliographic index on linguistics, published by INION RAS. Published since 1993, it is a continuation of the bibliographic indexes "New Soviet Literature on Linguistics" and "New Foreign Literature on Linguistics". Contains information about domestic and foreign publications on the problems of general, applied and private linguistics, entering the INION library. The index includes literature in Western European, Slavic and Eastern languages. The publication is provided with an author's and subject indexes, a list of sources used.

"The logic of meaning" by Gilles Deleuze as a universal methodological basis for understanding linguistic phenomena<...>On the meaning of philosophical translation // Vestn. Leningrad. state un-that.<...>Grammatical categories in the perception of comic meaning // Vestn. Chelyabin. state un-that. Philology.<...>Concept: meaning, concept, meaning // Questions of Germanic studies. - Pyatigorsk, 2010. - Issue. 10. - S. 50-57.<...>"The Word Was Toward God": Higher Meaning or Nonsense?

23

No. 9 [New literature on social sciences and humanities. Philosophy. Sociology: Bibliography. decree., 2011]

Intuitive components in decision making // Philosophy, Science, Education. - 2010 .-- M., 2010 .-- S.<...>Self-realization as a component of acmeological development // Scientific Notes of the Department of Acmeology and Psychology<...>The motive of meaning in the philosophy of S.N.<...>Spengler on the meaning of history // Uchen. app.<...>4, 76, 859 and parks 581 and socio-cultural context 581 and shape 581 Meaning of life 145, 643, 825, 860 Meaning

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No. 10 [New literature on social sciences and humanities. Philosophy. Sociology: Bibliography. decree., 2011]

The index has been published since 1946 and comes out monthly. Its purpose is to provide information on domestic and foreign literature on philosophy and sociology. The literature is described in accordance with GOST 7.1-84 "Bibliographic description of the document". Descriptions are accompanied by annotations. The publication is provided with copyright and subject indexes

Ontology, methodology, epistemology, axiology and dialectics of social work as a component of "philosophy<...>T. Scanlon: A Critique of the Dual Effect Doctrine as a Key Component of Non-consequentialist Moral<...>Rock music as a component of the spirituality of informal youth subcultures // Vestn.<...>National cuisine of Jews - Hashkenazi as a component of identification (France). 1519 Code: 07037644 Matta<...>50, 972 The meaning of life 140, 146, 153, 161, 181, 182, 183, 185 Russia sociocultural context 1223 Meaning

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No. 11 [New literature on social sciences and humanities. Philosophy. Sociology: Bibliography. decree., 2011]

The index has been published since 1946 and comes out monthly. Its purpose is to provide information on domestic and foreign literature on philosophy and sociology. The literature is described in accordance with GOST 7.1-84 "Bibliographic description of the document". Descriptions are accompanied by annotations. The publication is provided with copyright and subject indexes

On the problem of the archaic component in the consciousness of the individual // The problem of assembling subjects in the post-nonclassical<...>The new role of language: focus on the activity-based nature of cognition and its modal-constructive component<...>The worldview function of the philosophy of history: the connection between the meaning of life and the meaning of history // Uchen. app.<...>Features of the patriotic component of the content of education in Russian religious and secular educational<...>62, 115, 199, 247, 367, 547, 551, 577, 643 China 347 The meaning of life 163, 177, 316, 794, 801, 868 Meaning

26

Peace as an exercise of beauty. Fundamentals of aesthetics

M .: Progress-Tradition

The work of the outstanding Russian philosopher N.O. Lossky, created by him in the last years of his life, completes the system of personalistic ideal-realism. For a number of reasons, this work remained unpublished and until the time of this publication lay in the archives of the Institute for Slavic Studies in Paris. BUT. Lossky conceived it as a textbook that was to be included in the curriculum of Orthodox education.

He explains that this is not about truth in subenpiito and sense, i.e. in the sense of the consent of my representatives<...>ling with the cognizable object, but about the truth in the objective sense.<...>Beauty in nature and its meaning.<...>“I wanted to comprehend the meaning of every person,” he says (93).<...>In the book, at every step, the words good and evil are encountered, but not in the sense of moral good and evil, but in the sense

27

No. 2 [New literature on social sciences and humanities. Philosophy. Sociology: Bibliography. decree., 2012]

The index has been published since 1946 and comes out monthly. Its purpose is to provide information on domestic and foreign literature on philosophy and sociology. The literature is described in accordance with GOST 7.1-84 "Bibliographic description of the document". Descriptions are accompanied by annotations. The publication is provided with copyright and subject indexes

Development of the philosophical component in theoretical historiography. 280 Code: 27417632 Harper A.J.<...>Social representations as components of everyday ideology. 483 Code: 080531112 Popova I.M.<...>"The frustration of the lost meaning" and the philosophical legacy of L.N.<...>Education as an integral component of the "quality of life" category.<...>7, 304, 434 The meaning of life 141, 150, 622, 679, 783 The meaning of history 278 Dreams 68, 733, 981 Sobornost

28

# 1 [New literature on social sciences and humanities. Religious studies: Bibliography. decree., 2012]

The index includes the following types of publications in Western European, Slavic and Eastern languages: monographs, collections of articles, abstracts of dissertations, individual articles and reviews from collections, almanacs, journals and other periodicals, bibliographic and reference publications, manuscripts deposited with INION. The literature is described in accordance with GOST 7.1-84 "Bibliographic description of the document". Descriptions are accompanied by annotations. The publication is provided with an author's and subject indexes, a list of sources used. The index is intended for researchers, teachers of higher education, graduate and senior students, practitioners, as well as for use in bibliographic and reference work of scientific libraries and information centers.

The cognitive aspect of the symbolic component in the structure of the concepts of God and the Devil in Russian, French<...>The problem of the ontological status of the religious component of Russian philosophy of the late XIX - first half<...>National-religious component of university education: philosophical and cultural dimension<...>The religious and moral meaning of the romantic lyrics of M.Yu.<...>The eschatological meaning of the poem by S.A.

29

No. 8 [New literature on social sciences and humanities. Literary criticism: Bibliography. decree., 2011]

It is a continuation of the bibliographic indexes "New Soviet Literature on Literary Criticism" and "New Foreign Literature on Literary Criticism". Published monthly. Contains information about domestic and foreign literature on the theory and history of literary criticism, literature of all countries and peoples, folklore, which comes to the library of INION RAS. The publication is intended for use in scientific, educational, bibliographic and reference activities. The index includes information about books and articles from magazines and collections. Each issue is supplied with auxiliary author's and subject indexes.

The phenomenon of Chesterton journalism: common sense through the prism of paradox // Semantic space of text<...>Esoteric component in the context of the Irish literary revival // Word and text in cultural<...>Esoteric component (images-symbols, mythologemes, mystical motives) in the poetry of W.B. Yeats.<...>The religion of "common sense": From the lectures on Leo Tolstoy / Publ. prepare<...>Brodsky // Values ​​and meanings. - M., 2010. - No. 3. - S. 125-140. 733 Code: 13567632 Khudaiberdina M.U.

30

Religion of Dmitry Merezhkovsky. "Neo-Christian" doctrine and its artistic embodiment monograph

M .: FLINT

The monograph is a systematic study of the religious, philosophical and artistic heritage of D.S. Merezhkovsky - one of the brightest "spiritual leaders" of the literary and philosophical process at the turn of the XIX-XX centuries. The author analyzes the essence and main components of the "non-Christian" doctrine of Merezhkovsky and, on the basis of the definition of a single "picture of the world" of the writer and thinker, builds an integral concept of his work. The assessment of the specifics of the original heretical religion of the “Third Testament of the Holy Spirit”, created by Merezhkovsky and the leaders of the so-called “new religious consciousness”, as opposed to the traditional Orthodox Christian doctrine, verified in the work, allows us to clearly demonstrate where the “non-traditional” searches for God lead. In general, the study contributes to a significant clarification and correction of the prevailing ideas about religious and artistic modernism in Russia in the late 19th - early 20th centuries.

The epistemological component is immeasurably stronger here, it becomes equivalent to the ontological component.<...>The meaning of creativity is to become androrin.<...>Chulkov, and the "emblem of meaning" A.<...>The same is the meaning of sayings 6 1 and 64.<...>make sure that the theoretical constructions he builds contain not only a purely speculative component

31

Practical thinking: theoretical problems and applied aspects [monograph]

The monograph is a generalization of the research and theoretical developments of the team of the Yaroslavl scientific school, devoted to the problem of practical thinking. The work is divided into two main sections. The first section is devoted to theoretical and research problems of practical thinking. It consists of four parts: "Practical thinking in the context of general theoretical problems of psychological science." “Practical thinking in the interaction of the subject with the world”, “The transformative orientation of practical thinking” and “The subject of practical thinking. Experience and Situation ". The second section, presented in the fifth part of the monograph "Methodological aspect of studying and diagnosing the peculiarities of practical thinking", includes practice-oriented development of the team in the field of research and diagnostics of the peculiarities of practical thinking.

It is in this sense that A.<...>Moreover, adaptation is understood both in the sense of material properties and in the cognitive sense, depending on<...>In this sense, the problem space is related to all other components of life and professional<...>M .: Meaning. 2000.200 s. 90. Trifonova S. A.<...>extracting meaning from them, etc. - in a word, the production of meaning. "

32

No. 5 [New literature on social sciences and humanities. Philosophy. Sociology: Bibliography. decree., 2011]

The index has been published since 1946 and comes out monthly. Its purpose is to provide information on domestic and foreign literature on philosophy and sociology. The literature is described in accordance with GOST 7.1-84 "Bibliographic description of the document". Descriptions are accompanied by annotations. The publication is provided with copyright and subject indexes

The phenomenon of life and the biological component of the universe // Consciousness and physical. reality. - M., 2010. - T. 15<...>Noetic sense of humor (humor as a form of expression of the meaning of life) // Innovative personal potential<...>Analysis of the work of G.GShpet "Phenomenon and meaning.<...>Shpet: the perspective of the logic of content (meaning) // Creative heritage of G.G.<...>Thomas Reed and David Hume on Common Sense // Vestn.

33

No. 9 [New literature on social sciences and humanities. Philosophy. Sociology: Bibliography. decree., 2012]

The index has been published since 1946 and comes out monthly. Its purpose is to provide information on domestic and foreign literature on philosophy and sociology. The literature is described in accordance with GOST 7.1-84 "Bibliographic description of the document". Descriptions are accompanied by annotations. The publication is provided with copyright and subject indexes

Three ways of understanding the world by man: through objective meanings, subjective meaning and a priorism of the object<...>Antinomy of being and meaning. Meaning and finalism. 197 Code: 08997642 Portmore D.W.<...>Ideological component in the national consciousness of Russians // Man in the space of culture: "Russian<...>The concept of "other meaning" in the philosophy of L. Shestov and N.<...>Ethnosocial components of a person's communicative competence // Uchen. app.

34

# 1 [New literature on social sciences and humanities. Philosophy. Sociology: Bibliography. decree., 2012]

The index has been published since 1946 and comes out monthly. Its purpose is to provide information on domestic and foreign literature on philosophy and sociology. The literature is described in accordance with GOST 7.1-84 "Bibliographic description of the document". Descriptions are accompanied by annotations. The publication is provided with copyright and subject indexes

E. Levinas: Nihilism and the Problem of the Meaning of Being and Human Life.<...>The meaning of the article in the light of modern discussions of the topic of "falsification of history".<...>Ethnocultural component in the formation of Russian identity // Issues of national and federal<...>The meaning of the book is in history (history of ideas). 868 Code: 067921112 Pervushina V.N.<...>The problem of the ontological status of the religious component of Russian philosophy of the late XIX - first half

35

Philosophy of culture

FSBEI HPE "ShSPU"

The manual is recommended for use for the implementation of the main course "Philosophy of Culture" at the Faculty of History and Philology. It can also be used for all humanitarian specialties, as well as undergraduates, graduate students and doctoral students to consolidate basic knowledge and improve the general level of qualification training of teaching staff.

The concept of "baroque" appears as a general and holistic meaning - as a meaning that is obviously set before the whole<...>In the full sense of the word, it is the theology of Crisis (judgment) - but in the sense of salvation, not destruction.<...>Genre is a "form of meaning" (V.V. Kozhinov) in the sense in which "the world has a meaning" (M.M.<...>This is the occult meaning of this foul language. "<...>The meaning of the story. M., 1990.22.Berdyaev N.A. The meaning of creativity // Berdyaev N.A.

36

Systems analysis in economics

M .: Publishing house "Finance and Statistics"

For the first time, the provisions of systems theory and systems analysis are considered in relation to the requirements of analysts who study economic systems. Classic analytical and specific structural analysis procedures are presented. Considerable attention is paid to the description of the basic methodology for carrying out system analysis and the formation of work plans for the study of specific systems.

What set of structural components is used to build a composition model? 5.7.<...>The name should reflect the meaning of the content of the stream.<...>Initially, they proceed from considerations of common sense.<...>What semantic components should a high-quality problem statement contain? 20.12.<...>Its meaning is as follows.

37

The Meaning of Anxiety

M .: Institute of general humanities. research

Anxiety is a pervasive and profound phenomenon of the twentieth century. The phenomenon of anxiety is important not only in the treatment of emotional and behavioral disorders, but also for literature, sociology, politics and economics, education, religion and philosophy.

In addition, if, without risking at all, in the highest sense (and participation in the highest sense means awareness<...>When the verbal or motor components of emotional states are partially or completely suppressed,<...>positions, in turn, generate various emotions (both neurophysiological and hormonal components<...>475 The obsessive component of action can be seen in the fact that more or less intense anxiety arises<...>In addition, if I did not take risks at all, in the highest sense (and taking risks in the highest sense of the word means

38

New renaissance

The book tests the assumption that our time can be considered an unprecedented shift and the threshold of an unimaginable historical era. The stages of a decisive uprising against historical fate in the early Italian Renaissance are traced. Its typical characteristics are critically evaluated, the defining figures of Dante, Petrarca, Leonardo da Vinci, Machiavelli, Guicciardini are considered. In comparing the new ethical approaches with the Renaissance poetic philosophy, the general features of the revival as a historical beginning are revealed.

The modern man does not believe not only that things have meaning to us, but that they have meaning in themselves.<...>Its teacher Max Dvořák has already written about the meaning of the cathedral.<...>The loss of mid-life occurs in many senses.<...>Wisdom is understood here in the old sense of the highest virtue.<...>The machine also has a mystical meaning of initiation into the cult of technology.

39

Management of sustainable development of active systems monograph

Rostov n / a .: SFedU Publishing House

The monograph describes the author's concept of managing the sustainable development of active systems, based on the use of hierarchical differential-game models and information technologies for their analysis. Along with theoretical ones, the applied models of management of ecological-economic, organizational, social systems, as well as models of active systems management in the conditions of corruption are considered. The monograph reflects the results of scientific research and can be used for methodological purposes.

In this sense, the notorious statement of T.<...>The meaning of the introduced concept of ILCS is as follows.<...>can be performed with this component.<...>OLAP system includes two main components: OLAP server and OLAP client.<...>Let us now consider the composition of the imitation system and the interaction of its components.

Life ").<...>At the same time, no correlations were found between the components "meaning of life", "religion" and "image of I"

41

Modern Russian language. Lexicology: theory, training, control study. allowance

M .: FLINT

The manual presents a set of educational, scientific and methodological materials intended for studying the course “Modern Russian language. Lexicology". It contains the necessary theoretical information on the main sections, a system of training and control tasks, which can be used both for work in practical classes and for independent study. New theoretical approaches to language learning (cognitive, pragmatic, linguocultural) are highlighted. The language material of modern media was used, which most fully reflects the active processes in vocabulary and phraseology.

The article touches upon the problem of teaching textual activity to foreign students. From the standpoint of the semantic-cognitive approach, the process of qualitative formation of the skills and abilities of mastering and constructing a text is carried out taking into account the stages of the communicant's speech-thinking activity and involves the analysis of the semantics, syntactics and pragmatics of the signs that make up the text, their translation using mental operations into the structures of internal speech and the production of these structures into the external plan with the involvement of presuppositions and subtext.

meaning.<...>The semantics of inner speech is the meaning, which consists of a presupposition (a part of the meaning that is not expressed<...>) → to the meaning → to the thought.<...>The units of the code are language signs and their components.<...>knowledge programming an unambiguous understanding of a phrase and its components.

43

the purpose of this study is to identify and compare the semantic structure of the meanings of ornithonyms in the Russian and German languages. Based on the analysis of the definitions of the most famous dictionaries of the Russian and German languages, the semantic volume of the lexical meanings of ornithonyms is investigated

The scientist emphasizes that when describing the cultural component of the meaning of a word, it is necessary to take into account the content<...>contexts, that “reference point in the characterization of words, the cultural component of the meaning of which is due to<...>reveal the meaning incomprehensible at first glance.<...>Types of values ​​and their structural components / L.M.<...>On the cultural connotative component of vocabulary / Yu. A.

44

Pragmatics and semantics of means of expressing evaluation in Russian monograph

Moscow: Moscow State University named after Ivan Fedorov

This publication is devoted to the most important problem of understanding the systemic structure of the evaluative fragment of the language and the methods and means of its implementation in speech activity. The study not only presents a modern view of the problem in terms of the interaction of semantics, grammar and pragmatics, but also for the first time presents an assessment as a functional-semantic category, implemented in speech activity by a system of multi-level linguistic means. A detailed description of the process of performing these means of the evaluation function, which unites them into a functional-semantic field of evaluation with a nuclear and peripheral zone. The speech means of the axiological "trinity" (cognitive, communicative and emotional) in the evaluative statement and the text are revealed. Cases of grammatical and semantic-pragmatic "transformation" of lexical, word-formation and syntactic units under the "evaluative ray" are demonstrated. When expressing a value attitude - positive or negative - the speaker is presented as a connoisseur or critic, in dynamics reflecting the linguistic picture of the world with its subjective-objective component of a qualitative assessment.

In the structure of the “proper” evaluative value, the descriptive and evaluative components of meaning are combined,<...>In the context, the meaning of the word roosters in the combination of Indian roosters consists of the components "men" (name<...>Particles in statements with an evaluative component of 219 meanings of value attitudes disappear: Well done!<...>Particles in utterances with an evaluative component 225 "misalignment of meanings" of the utterance, loss of contact<...>The interaction of the evaluative (positive or negative) and existential components of meaning in the semantic

45

Linguistic anomalies in literary text: Andrei Platonov and other monographs

M .: FLINT

The book is devoted to a comprehensive study of the phenomenon of linguistic anomalies in a literary text within the framework of a sequential consideration of linguistic anomalies as a "world-forming", style-forming and text-forming factor on the levels of "artistic world" - artistic speech - artistic narration, which is carried out on the basis of texts taken separately, "exemplarily anomalous" the author, who is Andrey Platonov. The book outlines the ways of creating a holistic theory of linguistic anomalies in a literary text and substantiates the relevant typology of linguistic anomalies in relation to the specifics of the artistic word.

meaning, only non-conventional components collide here.<...>sense, here unconventional components collide, the anomalousness of which is revealed when handling<...>the meaning of a word, phrase or statement; (2) excessive verbalization of the presuppositional component<...>meaning at the level of a word or utterance; (3) excessive "literalization" of the presupposive component<...>What is the general meaning of such strange "operations" on non-verbalized components of meaning

46

The concept of the linguistic status of connotation is opposed by extreme points of view, or excluding connotation from the sphere of linguistics in general, on the sole basis that connotative semantics as a sign system should be attributed to the field of semiotics;

Morris (1971) in semiosis, along with the traditional three components: a sign, a designatum (a class of objects<...>, denotatum), the interpreter (meaning, content of the sign) of the additional fourth component - the interpreter<...>All components of semiosis are organically linked to each other, if we proceed from the polyfunctionality of the<...>, in our opinion, is very productive in the study of the components of culture in the connotative content<...>meaning).

47

M .: PROMEDIA

The article considers the issue of the principles of the syntactic description of a sentence within the framework of the functional-communicative linguodidactic model of the language on the example of binominative characterization sentences.

nevertheless, to very tangible meaningful shifts, complication of the main meaning with connotative meanings<...>Bezyaeva, we understand the linguistic way of transmitting meanings (a possible state of affairs), which operates<...>speaking in the process of thinking, bringing these meanings into a predicative connection.<...>It is this center of the IC that determines the main meaning of the statement.<...>meaning.

48

Speech situations of understatement in dialogical discourse (based on the material of the English language) abstract

M .: PROMEDIA

The work develops criteria for the classification of specific ways of transmitting subtext information in dialogical communication. Speech situations of understatement are analyzed from the standpoint of pragmalinguistics, psycholinguistics and sociolinguistics. The mechanism of explication of the hidden meaning in the situation of understatement has been established.

A description of the functional features of figures and structures with an implicit value component represents<...>Implicit meanings are an important and indispensable, information-intensive component of the verbal<...>In the case when some components of the utterance imply other components, the structural<...>meaning, the rest of the components have to be reconstructed based on the verbalized content.<...>Understatement is an informative and functionally significant component of the communication process.

49

Metaphorical images of Russia, America and Germany in the political discourse of the German media abstract

In the metaphorical images of different countries, the value meanings of sympathy and antipathy are found.<...>the political discourse of the German media, allows you to identify the technique of meaning formation as a set of split components<...>meaning formation ”[Arutyunova 1999, p. 336], which consists in the fact that split components are detected<...>meaning.<...>One of the components of the interpreters are the expressive components of the meaning contained in the actual

50

The article deals with the cognitive nature of semiotics and the possibilities of using its apparatus in cognitive studies of language. As an example, a modeling construction is analyzed - the London metatext, i.e. "All-encompassing" verbalization of the concept "London", and a strategy for its semiotic interpretation is proposed

the book "Semantic primitives", basic relational concepts of Sapir, Elmslev figures, semantic components<...>Weinreich, Birwish semantic markers, Apresyan's elementary meanings suggested that<...>The structure of the London text is kaleidoscopic, probabilistic, since the components of meaning are actualized<...>formalized interpretive procedures and precisely described as actualizable semantic components<...>of a different kind - statements based on propositional functions with constant and variable components

The concept of the LZ component. Macro- and microcomponents of the semantic structure of the word .. Denotative component of the LZ. Denotation and reference. Significative component of LZ. LZ and concept. The concepts are everyday and scientific.

Structural (paradigmatic and syntagmatic) components of the LZ. Motivating component of LZ. The concept of the internal form of a word. The pragmatic component of the LZ. Emotional, expressive and stylistic coloring of the word. Connotation concept. Semantic analysis methods. Component (seed) analysis. Sema concept. Typology of this.

If we return to the definition of LZ, then we will see that LZ is conditioned by a number of factors, both linguistic and extralinguistic (non-linguistic). These include, first of all, real reality (relation to an object), thinking (relation to a concept) and a language system (relation to language). In addition, the LZ also reflects the mental, emotional activity of a person, his attitude to the designated, or pragmatics. This conditionality by different factors forms the basis of the LZ structure, or its component composition. Thus, a component is understood as a component of the LZ, due to a certain factor, or an aspect of its consideration. These components can be considered macrocomponents, as opposed to smaller ones, into which they are decomposed, or microcomponents, which we will talk about a little later.

Each word is associated with certain objects and phenomena of the world around us, because calls them. This is how the object relatedness of a word finds expression in LZ: the word names objects, i.e. the realities of the surrounding world, "pieces of reality." It is this aspect of V.V. Vinogradov called it "subject-material content." The connection of a word with an object of the real world lies in the fact that the LZ reflects the main features of the named objects, the most essential for distinguishing the given word (and the object called by it) from others. In fact, the definitions in explanatory dictionaries are a listing of these signs of realities. For example: HOUSE - "a building, structure (with walls, roofs, windows, etc.) created by people and intended for human living or his activities." The named object can be not only really existing, but also imagined, imaginary, even a “fantastic construct” (mermaid, centaur), and this also finds (or should be) reflected in LZ and its interpretation. For example: DOMOVOY - "according to the superstitious ideas of the Slavic peoples: a good or evil spirit living in the house." At the same time, "subject" is understood here rather broadly, i.e. like any reality: not only material things, but also attributes attributed to them and actions performed by them or with them, etc. For example: DOMESTIC - “related to the home, intended for the home, or living in the home”; HOME - "to do the house, housekeeping." Therefore, the word "object" is often replaced by the term denotatum (Latin: designated) or referent (designated object), or simply signified. The correlation of a word with an object, reality (denotatum, referent) is called in this case denotative (referential) reference, and the corresponding component (or aspect) of LZ is called a denotative component, or denotative meaning. The terms denotatum and referent are sometimes used as synonyms, but sometimes they are distinguished as general (denotatum is an object as a representative of a class of objects) and private (referent is a specific designated object of speech) object relatedness (see.

Above - the meaning and meaning): HOUSE in general and the HOUSE, which I am talking about now; any DOMOVOY and DOMOVOY A.S. Pushkin (“I pray to you, my good brownie, keep the village, the forest and my wild garden”). This feature of the word to call the general and the particular at the same time was well expressed by L.V. Shcherba in his "Experience ...": "When I say a philosopher, it can mean some philosopher (I would like to publish an article and a philosopher), or any philosopher (a philosopher used to value form) or a given philosopher (the philosopher approached the interlocutor ), the last meaning in terms of function in speech is more or less synonymous with a proper name, instead of which the philosopher is said in the latter case ”.

Only significant words have a substantive relevance. Official words and interjections, without naming objects of reality, i.e. without performing a nominative function, they have no denotative attribution.

However, words and their LZs relate to the real world not directly, but through the concept, thinking (categories of logic). The essential features of a number of homogeneous objects are generalized in our minds into the concept of these objects (through the means of the previous stages of human cognition of reality: perception and representation). By the totality of such essential features, we get an idea and make up a concept about some realities, even unfamiliar ones. Thus, a concept is a generalized image of an object, a thought about an object, highlighting its essential features. It is in this generalized form that the concept is embodied in the word, in its LZ. The correlation of a word with a concept is called conceptual reference, and the corresponding LZ macrocomponent is called a lexical concept, or a significatum (more rarely, a designatum), or a significative meaning.

All words, even without denotative attribution, have a significative reference (meaning). not only significant, but also official, and interjections, and pronouns, although there is no consensus about this (as well as about proper names that do not generalize). Nevertheless, LZ of these categories of words contain, albeit the most generalized, concepts of connections and relationships in reality. Their LZ meanings are as individual as those of the words "full-valued", so we always distinguish by their LZ the preposition POD from ON (and even see their semantic opposition, antonymy), the union A from AND, the particle SAME from EVEN, the interjection AX from FU, and the pronoun OH is from TOT. The generalized concept that they express is their LZ (it is no coincidence that in the school textbook of the Russian language for grade 5 LZ is defined simply as "what the word means"). In this regard, see, for example, the remark of E.A. Starodumova about particles (in the book: “Particles of the Russian language”, 2002): “If we proceed from the universal definition of the two-sidedness of a linguistic sign, then a particle, like any word, ... has its own meaning that distinguishes each particle from others ... Let's say , such units, how exactly, only, even, after all, perhaps, etc. exist to express different meanings and cannot be used indifferently in speech, without any choice. Since the individual meaning of individual particles is beyond doubt, their meanings should be defined as lexical ... ".

Concepts can be everyday and scientific. Everyday concepts are expressed in primary generalizations, everyday ideas of people about reality. They are embodied in the everyday meanings of words, a naive picture of the world is reflected in their lexical concepts. On the basis of everyday thinking, scientific thinking develops, carried out in the form of scientific concepts. These concepts are expressed by the terminological meanings of words. So, in the word WATER, in everyday terms, they stand out as essential signs "a liquid without color and odor, which can be drunk, which can be washed." In scientific terms, the first place is taken by such signs as "a substance that is a combination of two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom." Often this difference can be seen in examples of the description of a word in an explanatory dictionary and terminological or encyclopedic. The first usually describes the everyday meanings of words. The second are terminological, or the concepts themselves. Everyday meanings are more individual for each carrier, scientific ones are more objective. This distinction between types of values ​​is based on the reasoning of A.A. Play about the "nearest" and "further" meaning of the word. The first is nationwide, it summarizes only the most essential features of an object, the second - all its features, it is this that is the basis for everyday, individual meaning. "From personal understanding arises the highest objectivity of thought, scientific, but not otherwise than through the medium of popular understanding" (AA Potebnya. "From notes on Russian grammar"). Another "further" development of meanings is figurative thinking, which forms the artistic or aesthetic meanings of words. They are even more individual - for each author (poet or writer). Let us compare the everyday concept expressed by the word BIRCH (“White birch covered with snow under my window, like silver”), scientific botanical (Birch is widespread in central Russia) and individual author's, for example, by S. Yesenin (“Sleepy birches smiled, disheveled silk braids ").

Thus, LZ is, first of all, a subject-conceptual (denotative-significative) reference of a word, for brevity it is often called simply a denotative (or conceptual) meaning.

However, LZ as a linguistic category cannot be reduced only to this: it is also conditioned by the language itself, first of all by its system, or rather, by its place in the language system. This aspect of LZ is called structural meaning. Structural significance is manifested in the features of its structure, i.e. the presence of microcomponents due to the lexical system of the language (recall the 3rd part of the definition of LZ).

From the course "Introduction to Linguistics" you already know that the language system is represented by two types of relations: paradigmatics (ie relationships based on similarity or opposition of concepts) and syntagmatics (ie relationships based on contiguity of concepts, word compatibility). Both that and another determine the component composition of the individual LZ of each word. For example, in the LZ of the word HOUSE “building for human habitation”, we distinguish not only the “structure” component, but also the “dwelling” component, since there are words that call buildings not for housing (barn, barn), the component “for humans,” because there are words that call a dwelling (and structure) for animals (barn, stable). LZ synonyms HOUSE, BUILDING, BUILDING, CONSTRUCTION differ in terms of components: type of structure, size, material, purpose, etc. (BUILDING is small, utility, usually wooden, BUILDING is usually large, stone, and the HOUSE is usually residential and can be wooden). All these components are distinguished in the individual LZ of each word due to their systemic paradigm (in this case, synonymous) connections (We will talk in more detail about the lexical system from the point of view of paradigmatics and syntagmatics later, in the next topic). These synonyms also differ in compatibility: for example, one can say a theater building, a university building, but such combinations with the word HOUSE are impossible (this is prevented by the component “dwelling” in the LZ of the latter). And vice versa, it is impossible to use the word BUILDING in the address, only the word DOM, because the address primarily implies accommodation. (See: "New explanatory dictionary of synonyms of the Russian language", issue 2).

Thus, we are talking about structural meaning when we assume that LZ is the structure of microcomponents, the composition of which is determined by the paradigmatics and syntagmatics of the word.

Thus, the conditionality of the LZ by synonymous relations is expressed in the distribution of the attributes of one concept in the LZ of semantically close words. If a word is not in synonymous relations with other words, all the essential features of a concept are concentrated in one of its meanings. This can be especially clearly demonstrated in the comparison of correlative words of different languages. For example, the word ONE in Russian means “without others, apart from others, alone” and has no synonyms. In English, this meaning is distributed in a number of synonyms that differ in the components of the general meaning: the intensity of the state of loneliness, the emphasis on the very fact of physical or spiritual isolation, etc. (ALONE - "Soames was left alone again"; SOLITARI - "He imagined how he would go wandering alone in search of luck" (i.e. alone, alone with himself); LONELY - "You can be alone even in a crowd" (i.e. e. lonely); and others: LONESOME, FORLONE, DESOLATE (see: "The English-Russian synonymous dictionary"). The opposite example: one Czech word HNEDY in Russian corresponds to a number of synonyms that differ in shades of meaning: BROWN ("dark brown -yellow, cinnamon-colored "), COFFEE (" dark brown, roasted coffee "), CHOCOLATE (" dark-dark brown, chocolate-colored "), CHESTNUT (" light brown, chestnut-colored "), NED (" brown, about the color of the horse ", KARI (" dark brown ", about the color of the eyes) - the last component is determined syntagmatically.

It is the systemic connections between words that determine the formation of the same type of figurative meanings (by analogy) in words of the same lexico-semantic group, for example, in zoomorphism words (names of animals used in a figurative metaphorical meaning to characterize a person): HARE - "coward", FOX - "Cunning", BEAR - "clumsy person", etc. However, the transfer of meaning stops when a name already exists to denote a given concept in the lexical system of the language. For example, the names of many fruit trees (PEAR, PLUM, APRICOT, CHERRY, etc.) are also used in a figurative metonymic meaning to designate the fruits of this tree (compare: plant plum and plum jam), but the word APPLE does not develop such a meaning, therefore that to denote the fruit of an apple tree in the lexical system of the Russian language there is the word YABLOKO.

The word is an element of not only the lexical, but also the grammatical system of the language. Therefore, a change in the grammatical status of a word is reflected in its lexical semantics. For example, when a word moves from one lexico-grammatical class to another, its LZ also changes: cf. a tablespoon and a student canteen.

The conditionality of LZ by the grammatical system of the language can also manifest itself in the dependence of individual lexical meanings on the grammatical form of a word or grammatical structure. For example, in the plural form, a noun may develop another LZ: cf. trotting horse running and going on the races ("competitions, horse races at the hippodrome"). We will talk in more detail about grammatically conditioned meanings in the next topic "Types of LZ".

Thus, LZ turns out to be conditioned not only by the subject-conceptual reference of the word, but also by the lexical-grammatical system of the language, the place of the word in this system. This also determines the component composition of the LZ, in particular the set of microcomponents of the denotative part of the meaning (DZ).

However, this does not limit the component composition of the semantic structure of the word. Not only the object and concept, as well as the place in the system, determine the nature of the LZ, but also the speaker's attitude to the named object. This aspect of the semantics of the word is called pragmatic, or pragmatics, which is to some extent complementary and even somewhat opposed to the denotative. If the denotative component of the meaning contains information about the called object of reality, then the pragmatic component contains information about a person's attitude to this object.

For example, the words DOM, DOMIK and DOMISHKO with the same DZ ("building for human habitation") differ in the expression of attitude to the denotation: neutral, positive and negative.

Sometimes this component of meaning is called connotative, or connotation (Latin: connotatio - "additional meaning"). In a narrow sense, connotations include emotional-expressive, evaluative or stylistic information, in a broad sense, any additional component of meaning (associative, background, national-cultural, etc.).

Emotional connotation (or emotional coloration of a word) means the expression by a word of emotions, feelings (in addition to DZ): irony, jokes, affection, contempt, etc. For example: TO CURN ("humiliating, importunate to ask" - contemptuously). Usually, the emotional coloring of a word is demonstrated in dictionaries with the help of appropriate labels. For example: HOUSE - mind-weasel.

Expressive coloration is the same as emotional, but it is also information about intensification (strengthening of a trait). For example: DOMISCHE - will strengthen. to the HOUSE.

Evaluative connotation is an expression of approval or disapproval. For example: DOMINA - disapproves. to the HOUSE. Most often they are combined, because complement each other, therefore they are called together emotional-evaluative connotation.

Stylistic connotation is information about the use of a word in a specific style (stylistic coloration of a word). For example: HOUSE, HOUSE. DOMINA - colloquial, PENATY - high.

Thus, connotation is understood as non-denatative and non-grammatical meaning, emotional and stylistic content that is part of the semantics of a word (or represents it in its entirety).

As already mentioned, connotations (in a broad sense) include both socio-historical and national-cultural information. For example, the word TEREM contains information that in the old days in Russia they called the boyar house (the components "in the old days", "in Russia", "boyarsky" are cultural and historical connotations). We will talk in more detail about the national-cultural component of meaning in a special topic later.

Various associations and symbols (symbolic meanings) are sometimes considered connotations (K). For example, many animal names contain the following connotations (from which figurative meanings are sometimes formed): CAT - a symbol of laziness, Donkey - stupidity, PIG - uncleanliness, etc.

Thus, the semantic structure of a word consists of a number of macrocomponents: ГЗ + ЛЗ (ДЗ) + (СЗ) + (К). Many of these components can be considered as part of the LZ, then its structure can be represented as follows: LZ = KZ + (GZ) + (SZ) + DZ + K.

For example: DOMISHKO

KZ - "subject"

GZ - "inanimate" (other GZ are not included in the LZ of this word)

SZ - "small"

DZ - "house": "structure", "for housing", "person"

K - derogatory, contemptuous; colloquial

The main thing in this structure is, of course, DZ (denotative meaning) - information about an object.

No less important are grammatical meanings, of which only CG (categorical, part-of-speech meaning) is an obligatory component of LZ, the rest of LZ are not included in LZ or only some are included: for example, gender m. Or f. animate nouns, i.e. these GZs are motivated by objective reality: living / nonliving, male / female gender (rather, these are lexical and grammatical meanings).

SZ is also an obligatory component of LZ, but only for derivative words (non-derivative words do not have them at all).

Not every word has K (connotation), and this component is always complementary to DZ.

Some words are motivated, i.e. understandable, we will explain the reason for their nomination (why it is so named): FUNERAL (grows on stumps), WINDOWSILL (located under the window), WEDNESDAY (average day of the week). This feature, which is the basis of the name, is called the motivating component of the semantics of the word (the motivation of the word), or the etymological meaning. Since it is reflected in the sound shell (phonetic form) of the word, it is also called the internal form of the word (WF) - the term was introduced by A.A. Potebnya. Thus, the semantic structure of motivated words can include this component as well. Words with a clear WF are called motivated.

For example, LZ of the word COCK consists of the following components: KZ ("subject"), GZ ("animated", "masculine"), DZ ("bird", "chicken family", "male", "with bright plumage and large red comb "), VF (" sings "- that's why it is named), K (" fighter "). Thus, the word COCK is motivated.

However, the WF can be lost, forgotten. So the words MAN, TABLE, CURRANT, IZBA, etc. are no longer motivated. The loss of EF is called de-etymologization. A special science (a section of historical lexicology) - etymology is engaged in the search and study of the forgotten VF. The etymological meanings of words are given in special etymological dictionaries. So, the etymology of the word STOL is "to lay" (to lay), i.e. something laid, and the words IZBA - (istba) - "heat" - that is, a warm house, a house with a stove. Words with a lost WF are called unmotivated. Let's compare the words GLOVE, GLOVE and MITTEN. The first two have a clear WF (hand, finger), so they are motivated, but the last one is unmotivated, his WF is lost, and it can only be recognized by the etymological dictionary (VAREZHKA - Varega / varga - from Old Russian var - "protection").

The loss of WF occurs because the sign underlying the name is not always the most significant, but most often just the first one that catches the eye. Therefore, even if the WF is understandable, it is not always a component of the LZ and therefore often is not even reflected in the interpretation of LZ. For example, in the interpretation of the word WEDNESDAY it is noted only that this is “the third day of the seven-day week”, and that it is “the middle” is often not mentioned. But in the meanings of the words TUESDAY, THURSDAY, FRIDAY, their motivating feature is included ("the second day of the week", "the fourth day of the week", "the fifth day of the week"). This discrepancy between the real and etymological meaning is often noticed by children: let us recall examples from the famous book of K. Chukovsky "From Three to Five": "Why Shrovetide? We need a pancake maker, because we do not eat butter, but pancakes. ”

Speaking about the components of the LZ, we indicated the macrocomponents, but in the examples we have already cited microcomponents more than once, i.e. elementary units of meaning. It is the conceptual core of the word, its DZ that can be divided into smaller units of meaning, each of which corresponds to a specific feature of the called object (denotation). For example, HOUSE: 1) "building"; 2) "for housing"; 3 persons". Each of these microcomponents is usually called the term seme, and the very method of decomposition of LZ into semes was called component, or seed analysis. The totality of elementary meanings (seme) constitutes the structure of the LZ, or sememe. (The semantic structure of the word as a whole includes, thus, also grammatical features, or semes, often called grammemes). An elementary unit of the semantic structure of a word is, therefore, the seme, which “is a reflection in the minds of native speakers of distinctive features that are objectively inherent in the denotation, or attributed to it by a given linguistic environment and, therefore, are objective in relation to each speaker” (V.G. . Hack). In fact, in the descriptive interpretation of LZ in explanatory dictionaries, each word of the interpretation indicates one sign of the subject (this).

Since the LZ of a word is a structure, the semes in it are also organized in a special way, i.e. are a kind of hierarchy. In this regard, it is customary to distinguish between the following types of semes: archiseme (generic, main seme) and differential (specific, distinctive) semes.

For example, in LZ the words HOUSE of the archiseme “structure” (it is common for all words that name any structures, for example, SAN, KOROVNIK, etc.), and differential semes are “for housing” (and not for something else, cf. BARN) and "man" (and not an animal, cf. cowshed). Thus, differential semes stand out relative to other words.

There are also optional semes (optional), peripheral semes (minor) and potential semes. They reflect the insignificant (nondiscriminatory) features of the object, which, however, may appear in certain conditions. For example: FIR-tree: 1) "tree" - archiseme; 2) "coniferous"; 3) "evergreen"; 4) "cone-shaped" - differential semes; 5) "a symbol of the New Year" - a potential seme (Do not forget to buy a Christmas tree; "The Christmas tree cried at first from the warmth of the home ...").

It is on their basis that derivative, figurative meanings are often developed. For example, in the semantics of the word DOM, in addition to the already highlighted semes, it is possible to single out the potential “for family living”, on the basis of which one of the derived meanings of the word “family” arose (compare: to be friends at home).

In the method of component analysis, the record of the seme can be represented in encrypted form, for example, using letters:

A - archiseme,

b, c - differential semes,

(d) (f) - potential semes.

This approach to the analysis of the semantics of a word allows us to compare the distinctive features of different words and to identify their systemic relationships based on the identity or opposition of distinctive features. So, with the synonymy of words, the essential distinctive features coincide. For example:

HOUSE: building, for housing, person (family) A b c (d)

IZBA: building, for housing, person (family) (village) A b c (d) (e)

Component analysis allows you to establish integral (identical) and distinctive features in one lexico-semantic group of words, for example, "human dwelling": DOM, IZBA, KHATA, PALACE, TEREM, in which words can be grouped according to integral and differential features: "material" (wood or stone), "location" (urban or rural), "national" (Russian or non-Russian), "prosperity" (poor or rich), etc. (See table 3):

Table 3. Component analysis of LSG “human dwelling”. Explanations for the table: A - archiseme (genus); b, c - differential (species) semes: b - appearance, material; c - social status; (d) - potential semes, national and cultural connotations.

Common semantic features also make it possible to establish systemic connections within a word (between its individual meanings). For example, in the word DOM, the same (integral) semes connect all the initial and derived meanings:

1) a building for human (family) housing,

2) family (members of the same clan, relatives),

3) genus (several related generations from one root),

4) dynasty (ruling clan).

Component analysis also opens up new possibilities for the lexicographic description of the semantics of a word: using a set of semes, or, as they are also called, semantic factors. So, in the automated "Russian Semantic Dictionary" (Yu.N. Karaulov et al., 1982), the meanings are presented in the form of "a coded record of the meaning of each unit as a set of semantic factors." For example, in the word DOM, the following (encoded by the roots of words) semantic factors are highlighted: 1. apartment-, 2. lived-, 3. seven-, 4. vme-, 5. construction-, 6. zda-, 7. institution-, 8.hoz-, 9.people-, 10.house-, 11.room-, 12.zh-.

This is convenient for identifying various semantic relationships, and we will use such a record in the further conversation about LZ and systemic connections of a word: homonyms, synonyms, antonyms, etc.

Denotative, significative, emotional-stylistic and structural components of the word. Motivation as a possible component of the meaning of a word.

In the language, the word is included in 4 main types of relations:

attitude to objects and phenomena of the outside world

relation to the concept

attitude to the feelings and desires of a person

relation to other words of the language

In accordance with this, several types of the lexical meaning of the word are distinguished:

denotative meaning- characterizes the correlation of the word with the designated object (situation), i.e. the relation of a phonetic word to a specific designated object, a subject of speech (table, forest).

Nominative and informative components of meaning, abstracted from stylistic (emotional, evaluative, expressive) and other components.

significative meaning- the relation of a word to a concept, a generalized mental picture of a class of objects (table: kind of furniture on which objects are placed or put); basic meaning for lexicologists.

- Determines the meaning, the relation of a word to a concept, i.e. mental mapping of classes.

Reveals the essential features of this word that distinguish it from other items of the same class.

Example: consider the above word table

Detonat - designation of the class of specific serial items - "type of furniture"

Significat - represents its properties: "(in the form of furniture) in the form of a wide horizontal board on legs, supports"

These two components are never opposed, but closely interact.

emotional-stylistic (pragmatic) meaning- is associated with an emotionally expressive and evaluative reflection of objects and phenomena of the external world (positive or negative assessment).

The attitude of the speakers towards the object is expressed

Not only the communicative function is performed (the aspect of understanding the word and awareness of its meaning), but also the evaluative function (the emotional side)

Example: there is nothing in common between the words swallow and gold in terms of detonative and significative aspects, but in the stylistic aspect (in the figurative meaning of each of these words) they are close synonyms.

structural significance- correlative meaning, indicates the relation of a word to other words of the language with which it can enter into syntagmatic and paradigmatic relations:

syntagmatic structural meaning

Characterizes the linear relationship of words, i.e. the ability to enter into semantic relationships with other lexical units: drink - coffee, tea

Combine units of a language in their simultaneous sequence. On such relationships, words are built as a set of morphemes and syllables, phrases and analytical names, sentences (as a set of sentence members) and complex sentences. When using a language, syntagmatic relations allow the simultaneous use of two or more units of the language.

paradigmatic structural meaning

Characterizes the vertical relationship of words belonging to a certain class

They combine language units into groups, categories, categories. Paradigmatic relations are supported, for example, by the consonant system, the declension system, the synonymous row. When using the language, paradigmatic relations allow you to choose the desired unit, as well as form forms and words by analogy.

The difference between syntagmatics and paradigmatics for example:

Word of the Road (vin.P., Unit h.)

All kinds of combinations with verbs, adjectives, etc .:

I see the road, cross the road, build a road, a wide road, etc.

Those. these combinations reveal formal and semantic connections of words.

Syntagm. Relationships: road, road, roads, etc. (using case changes of the word)

Paragmatic. Relationships: path, path, path - words that are close in meaning, which form a synonymous group, which is built precisely on the paragmatic. Relationships of lexical meanings.

Vocabulary. Ticket number 4.

CHAPTER 1. Implicit content of the statement as a subject of research.

1.1. Logical and philosophical concepts of the implicit in speech.

1.2. Comprehension of the implicit in the framework of the philosophy of everyday language.

1.3. Implicit in speech as a subject of research in the theory of speech influence.

1.4. Consideration of the implicit in its own linguistic aspect.

Conclusions on the first chapter.

CHAPTER 2. Principle of replenishment of implicit information.

2.1. The essence of the nomination.

2.2. The poly-situational nature of the content side of the statement.

2.3. The nature of the opposition between explicit and hidden situations in the content of the statement.

2.3.1. Linguistic expression of the category of time.

2.3.2. Reflection in the language of the category of space.

2.4. The principle of revealing the hidden components of the meaning of the statement.

Conclusions on the second chapter.

CHAPTER 3. Experience of text analysis based on the principle of completing implicit information.

3.1. Linguistic manifestation in the text of the category of existence.

3.2. Linguistic expression of the category of time in the text.

3.3. Reflection in the text of the category of space.

3.4. Verification (logic of interrogative statements).

Conclusions on the third chapter.

Recommended list of dissertations

• Speech situations of understatement in dialogical discourse: on the material of the English language 2010, Candidate of Philology Shatskikh, Natalia Nikolaevna

• Implicit modality of an utterance in a communicative-pragmatic aspect 2005, candidate of philological sciences Fedoseeva, Anna Vladimirovna

• The phenomenon of communicative freedom in oral and written discourse 2005, Doctor of Philology Kudryashov, Igor Aleksandrovich

• Cognitive-typological aspect of implicative communication: Based on French texts and their translations into Russian 2001, Doctor of Philology Nefedova, Lilia Amiryanovna

• Implicit invective in modern Russian: structural-semantic and communicative-pragmatic characteristics 2011, Ph.D. in Philology Zalozhnaya, Irina Vasilievna

Dissertation introduction (part of the abstract) on the topic "Hidden components of the meaning of an utterance: the principle of identification"

Similar dissertations in the specialty "Theory of language", 02/10/19 cipher VAK

• Implementation of the category of implicitness in modern Russian literary text: against the background of the German language 2007, candidate of philological sciences Ivankova, Irina Vladimirovna

• Implicitness in the context of translation 2003, candidate of philological sciences Kashichkin, Alexander Viktorovich

• Methods of transferring implicit information in the Tatar literary language 2007, candidate of philological sciences Sitdikova, Farida Bizyanovna

• Functioning of implicit means of temporal localization of action in English-language discourse 2009, candidate of philological sciences Larina, Olga Vsevolodovna

• Indirect and implicit negation in modern German dialogical discourse: semantic-syntactic and pragmatic aspects 2010, Candidate of Philology Miloserdova, Olga Sergeevna

Conclusion of the thesis on the topic "Theory of language", Khvorostin, Denis Vladimirovich

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