Socialization process personality consists of three phases.

· In the first, the adaptation of the individual takes place, i.e. assimilating various social norms and values, he must learn to be like everyone else, to become like everyone else, to “lose” his personality for a while.

· The second phase is characterized by the individual's desire for maximum personalization, impact on people, self-actualization.

And only in the third phase, with a favorable outcome, the integration of the individual into the group takes place, when he is represented in others by his characteristics, and the people around him have a need to accept, approve and cultivate only those of his individual properties that appeal to them, correspond to their values , contribute to overall success, etc. Any delay in the first phase or hypertrophy of the second phase can lead to disruption of the socialization process and its negative consequences. Such socialization is considered successful when a person is able to protect and assert his individuality and, at the same time, is integrated into a social group.

Socialization includes various stages, stages. Some scientists distinguish three stages: pre-labor, labor and post-labor... Others divide this process into two stages: "Primary socialization" and "secondary socialization". .

Primary socialization. The term "primary" in sociology refers to everything that constitutes the immediate or immediate environment of a person. However, the primary environment is not only the one closest to a person, but also the most important for his formation, i.e. ranked first in terms of importance. Primary socialization most intensively occurs in the first half of life, this is the area of ​​interpersonal relationships.

· Primary (pre-labor) socialization begins from the moment the individual is born and ends at the time when the individual begins independent labor activity.

Secondary socialization... This is the sphere of social relations that covers the second half of life, when as an adult he is faced with formal organizations and institutions called institutions of secondary socialization: state, media, army, court, church, labor collective, etc. It is at a conscious age that they affect a person especially strongly.

The stage of secondary (labor) socialization begins from the moment of the beginning of labor activity and ends at the time of death

Secondary socialization divided by 3 stages:

a) professional socialization, which is associated with the acquisition of special knowledge and skills, with the introduction to a particular subculture. At this stage, the individual's social contacts expand, the range of social roles expands;

b) inclusion of the individual in the system of social division of labor. It assumes adaptation in the professional subculture, as well as belonging to other subcultures. The speed of social changes in modern societies leads to the fact that there is a need for resocialization, the assimilation of new knowledge, values, instead of outdated ones. Resocialization covers many phenomena (from the correction of reading and speech to professional training or a change in value orientations of behavior);

v) retirement age or disability. Characterized by a change in lifestyle due to exclusion from the production environment.

When does primary socialization end and secondary socialization begins? Some sociologists suggest the following rule. Acquiring political (passport, the right to vote), economic (getting a job), and social (creating one's own family) independence means a qualitative border between the two stages of socialization.

OUTPUT: Consequently, the socialization of a person begins at birth and lasts for the whole life, this process at each stage is carried out by special institutions. These include: family, kindergartens, schools, universities, work collectives, etc. Each stage of socialization is associated with the action of certain agents. Socialization agents are people and institutions associated with it and responsible for its results.

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Pre-labor stage socialization covers the entire period of a person's life before the start of labor activity. In turn, this stage is divided into two more or less independent periods:
a) early socialization spanning the time from birth to school enrollment, i.e. that period, which in developmental psychology is called the period of early childhood;

b) the stage of training, including the entire period of adolescence in the broad sense of the term. This stage includes, of course, the entire time of schooling. There are different points of view regarding the period of study at a university or technical school. If the attitude towards labor activity is taken as a criterion for identifying stages, then the university, technical school and other forms of education cannot be attributed to the next stage. On the other hand, the specificity of education in educational institutions of this kind is quite significant compared to secondary school, in particular in the light of the increasingly consistent implementation of the principle of combining learning with labor, and therefore it is difficult to consider these periods in a person's life according to the same scheme as while studying at school.

Labor stage socialization covers the period of human maturity, although the demographic boundaries of "mature" age are conditional; fixing such a stage is not difficult - this is the entire period of a person's labor activity. Contrary to the idea that socialization ends with the completion of education, most researchers put forward the idea of ​​continuing socialization during the period of work. Moreover, the emphasis on the fact that a person not only assimilates social experience, but also reproduces it, gives particular importance to this stage. The recognition of the labor stage of socialization follows logically from the recognition of the leading importance of labor activity for the development of the individual. It is difficult to agree that labor, as a condition for the deployment of a person's essential forces, stops the process of assimilating social experience; it is even more difficult to accept the thesis that the reproduction of social experience stops at the stage of labor activity.

Post-labor stage socialization is an even more difficult issue. A certain justification, of course, can be the fact that this problem is even newer than the problem of socialization at the labor stage.

The main positions in the discussion are polar opposite: one of them believes that the very concept of socialization is simply meaningless when applied to that period of a person's life when all his social functions are curtailed. From this point of view, this period cannot be described at all in terms of "assimilation of social experience" or even in terms of its reproduction. An extreme expression of this point of view is the idea of ​​"desocialization" following the completion of the process of socialization. Another position, on the contrary, actively insists on a completely new approach to understanding the psychological essence of old age. In favor of this position, there are already quite numerous experimental studies of the persisting social activity of elderly people, in particular, old age is considered as an age that makes a significant contribution to the reproduction of social experience. The question is only about changing the type of personality activity during this period.
Although the question has not received an unambiguous solution, in practice, various forms of using the activity of elderly people are being sought. This also suggests that the problem has at least the right to be discussed.

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^ Stages of socialization:

1) the first stage is age-related (pre-potent (up to 12 years old);

2) teenagers 12 - 16-18 years old;

3) adult after 18.

The socialization line is the line of puberty.

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^ Stages of socialization (A. Jurowski):(occurring simultaneously)

1) is associated with the process of man's assimilation of the system of social relations and norms;

2) characterized by interpersonal relationships (position in the group, group roles) social psychology studies;

3) is associated with the process of spiritual enrichment of the individual, the development of abilities and individual experience.

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^ Stages of socialization (Andreenkova N.V.):

1) primary socialization, or socialization of the child;

2) marginal socialization - a teenager (intermediate);

3) stable, i.e. conceptual - 17-18 - 23-35 years old.

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The process of personality formation, according to D. Smelzer occurs in three different stages:

1. the stage of imitation and copying of adult behavior by children;

2. play stage, when children are aware of behavior as playing a role;

3.the stage of group play, during which children learn to understand what is expected of them

a whole group of people.

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In the process of socialization Z. Freud distinguishes four stages, each of which is associated with certain parts of the body, the so-called erogenous zones:

Oral,

Anal,

Phallic and stage

· Puberty.

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French psychologist J. Piaget preserving the idea of ​​various stages in the development of personality, focuses on the development of the cognitive structures of the individual and their

subsequent restructuring depending on from experience and social interaction.

These stages replace one another in a certain sequence:

Sensory-motor (from birth to 2 years),

Operational (from 2 to 7),

Stage of specific operations (from 7 to 11),

· The stage of formal operations (from 12 to 15).

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A. V. Petrovsky identifies three stages of personality development in the process of socialization: adaptation, individualization and integration.

· On the stage adaptations, which usually coincides with the period of childhood, a person acts as an object of social relations, to which a huge amount of efforts are directed by parents, educators, teachers and other people who surround the child and are in varying degrees of closeness to him. some sign systems created by humanity, elementary norms and rules of behavior, social roles; assimilation of simple forms of activity.

· On the stage individualization there is some isolation of the individual caused by the need for personalization. Here, the person is the subject of social relations. A person who has already mastered certain cultural norms of society is able to manifest himself as a unique individuality, creating something new, unique, something in which, in fact, his personality is manifested. If at the first stage the assimilation was the most important, then at the second - reproduction in individual and unique forms. Individualization is largely determined by the contradiction that exists between the achieved result of adaptation and the need for maximum realization of their individual characteristics. The stage of individualization contributes to the manifestation of differences between people.

· Integration presupposes the achievement of a certain balance between man and society, the integration of the subject of object relations between the individual and society. A person finds that optimal variant of life, which contributes to the process of his self-realization in society, as well as his acceptance of his changing norms. This process is very complicated, since modern society is characterized by many contradictory trends in its development. However, there are optimal ways of life that are most conducive to the adaptation of a particular person. At this stage, the socio-typical properties of the personality are formed, that is, such properties that indicate that a given person belongs to a particular social group.

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In some cases, resocialization is distinguished as an independent stage. Re-socialization- this is the process of eliminating previously existing patterns of behavior and reflexes and acquiring new ones. In this process, a person experiences a sharp break with his past, and also feels the need to study and be exposed to values ​​that are radically different from those prevailing before. The need for this stage arises in the following cases:

1) If an individual ends up in a place of deprivation of liberty.

2) If the social status of the individual changes.

3) If the social living conditions of the individual change.

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OUTPUT:

Many psychologists and sociologists emphasize that the process of socialization

continues throughout a person's life, and it is argued that socialization

adults differ from the socialization of children in several ways.

The socialization of adults rather changes external behavior, while the socialization of children forms value orientations. Socialization of adults is designed to help a person acquire certain skills; socialization in childhood is more concerned with motivating behavior.

Since birth, a person is surrounded by different people, so it can be argued that he is a part of social interaction. During his life, he acquires different experiences, adapts to life in society, as a result of which the personality is socialized. It has several types that differ from each other.

What is personality socialization?

This term is understood as the process of assimilation by a person of social experience from the society to which he belongs, and the active implementation and increase in the number of social ties. Throughout life, people not only perceive social experience, but also adjust it to fit their own concepts and values. Socialization of the individual is a kind of experience that consists of many components, for example, the norms and values ​​of the social environment, and the culture of work of various types of activity are included here.

Socialization of personality - psychology

A person has a need to belong to society, that is, to identify himself with the people who surround him. The socialization of the individual in psychology occurs as a result of fulfilling the requirements of society, which makes us develop our own line of behavior in different situations, and it will depend on the concepts and character of a person. The formation of a socio-psychological type occurs during contact with society and the influence of the micro- and macroenvironment, as well as culture and different values.

Socialization of a person is a two-way process, which manifests itself in the fact that a person not only adapts to certain conditions and norms, but also forms his own. People strive to become part of a group in order to understand what "we" are and get rid of loneliness. Interacting with others gives you self-confidence and makes you influence your social life.

What contributes to the socialization of a person?

A person is influenced by a number of factors that shape his values, concepts and attitude to the world.

1. The process of social adaptation begins in early childhood, when parents instill both physical and mental skills.
2. Education takes place from kindergarten to university. As a result, different knowledge is accumulated, thanks to which the world, society and so on are cognized.
3. Self-control in the socialization of a person is of great importance, since a person must have the qualities for the correct reaction in different situations. The psychological protection of a person is important, contributing to a better understanding of the differences between the inner and outer world.

Types of personality socialization

There are several types of socialization, which depend on different factors. Personality socialization mechanisms can be divided into two groups:

1. Primary- implying the perception of society in childhood. The child is socialized, focusing on the cultural position of the family in which he is brought up, and on the perception of the world by the adults around him. Hence, we can conclude that parents form the first social experience of their child.
2. Secondary- do not have a time limit and last until a person enters a certain social group. With age, the child begins to get into different formations, for example, in a kindergarten or sports sections, where he learns new roles and, on the basis of this, learns to perceive himself from the other side. It is worth noting that often socialization and personality are faced with some inconsistencies, for example, family values ​​do not correspond to the interests of the selected group, and then a person self-identifies and makes a choice based on experience and feelings.

Sex-role socialization of personality

This type is also called gender socialization, and it implies a person's assimilation of peculiar differences between a man and a woman. There is an acceptance of existing patterns of behavior, norms and values ​​of both sexes, as well as the influence of the public and the social environment in order to instill a number of rules and standards. This continues throughout life. The concept of socialization of a person in terms of gender identifies the following mechanisms for its implementation:

1. Societally acceptable behavior will be encouraged, and deviations from the norms will be punished.
2. A person chooses sex-role models suitable for him in close groups, that is, in a family, among peers, and so on.

Family socialization of personality

The child learns to perceive the world not only through the direct influence of adults, that is, upbringing, but also by observing the behavior of people around. It is important to note that often the development and socialization of the personality in the family stumbles upon the discrepancy between the models of behavior of the parents and the requirements that they put forward to the child. An example is a ban on smoking, but at the same time one of the parents or other family members has such a bad habit. The main factors of personality socialization are:

1. Family composition and structure, that is, how relatives interact with each other.
2. The position of a child in the family, for example, he may be a grandchild, a grandmother, a brother, a sister, a son, a father, and a stepson, a stepmother. It is proved that the socialization of a child brought up in a complete family and a single mother is different.
3. The chosen parenting style, so parents and grandparents can instill different values ​​in a child.
4. The moral and creative potential of the family is no less important for the socialization of the individual.

Professional and labor socialization

When a person gets to work, there is a change or correction of his character and behavior during the activity. The peculiarities of the socialization of the individual in the labor sphere are expressed in the fact that adaptation is carried out both within the framework of the collective and in professional stratification. To improve one's own status, the availability and development of labor skills is of great importance.

Subcultural group socialization

Each person must master social roles that are related to the culture of the environment where he lived, studied, worked, communicated, and so on. The essence of personality socialization is based on the fact that each region has its own distinctive features, due to which society is formed. If we focus on subcultural-group socialization, then nationality, religious affiliation, age, sphere of activity and other factors will be taken into account.

Personal socialization functions

For a person and society as a whole, socialization is important and its main functions include:

1. Regulatory. Everything that surrounds a person, to a greater or lesser extent, influences him. These include: family, country politics, religion, education, economy, and so on.
2. Personal transformative. The process of socialization of the personality occurs during the time when a person communicates with other people, showing his individual traits and separating from the “herd”.
3. Value-orientation. This function has a connection with the first in the presented list, since a person adheres to the values ​​that are characteristic of his inner circle.
4. Information and communication. During communication with different people, a person receives information that, to one degree or another, influences the formation of his lifestyle.
5. Creative. With proper social education, a person will strive to create and improve the world around him. Faced with different problems, he will find solutions based on his own knowledge and experience.

Stages of personality socialization

The process of personality formation in society takes place in several stages:

1. Childhood. It is proved that at this age the personality is formed by about 70%. Scientists have determined that up to the age of seven, a child understands his own “I” much better than in older years.
2. Adolescence. During this period, most of the physiological changes occur. From the age of 13, most children strive to take on as many responsibilities as possible.
3. Youth. Describing the stages of personality socialization, it is worth noting that this stage is the most intense and dangerous, and it begins at the age of 16. During this period, a person makes important decisions in which direction to move on, which society to become a part of, and so on.
4. Adulthood. Starting from the age of 18, most people work in the direction of work and personal life. A person learns himself through work and sexual experience, and also through friendship and other spheres.

- a complex organism in which all cells are closely interconnected and the efficiency of the life of society as a whole depends on the activities of each of them.

In the body, new ones come to replace the dying cells. So in society, every second new people are born who do not know anything yet; no rules, no rules, no laws by which their parents live. They need to be taught everything so that they become independent members of society, active participants in its life, capable of teaching the new generation.

The process of assimilation by an individual of social norms, cultural values ​​and patterns of society's behavior to which it belongs is called socialization.

It includes the transfer and mastery of knowledge, abilities, skills, the formation of values, ideals, norms and rules of social behavior.

In sociological science, it is customary to distinguish two main types of socialization:

1. primary - the assimilation of norms and values ​​by the child;
2. secondary - the assimilation of new norms and values ​​by an adult.

Socialization is a set of agents and institutions that form, direct, stimulate, and restrict the formation of a person.

Socialization agents Are specific people responsible for teaching cultural norms and social values. Institutions of socialization — institutions influencing the process of socialization and guiding it.

Depending on the type of socialization, primary and secondary agents and institutions of socialization are considered.

Primary socialization agents- parents, brothers, sisters, grandmothers, grandfathers, other relatives, friends, teachers, leaders of youth groups. The term "primary" refers to everything that constitutes the immediate and immediate environment of a person.

Secondary socialization agents- representatives of the administration of a school, university, enterprise, army, police, church, media workers. The term "secondary" describes those who are in the second echelon of influence, having less important impact on the person.

Primary institutions of socialization- a family, school, peer group, etc. Secondary institutions- this is the state, its organs, universities, church, mass media, etc.

The socialization process consists of several stages, stages

1. Adaptation stage (birth - adolescence). At this stage, an uncritical assimilation of social experience occurs, the main mechanism of socialization is imitation.
2. The emergence of a desire to distinguish oneself from others is the stage of identification.
3. The stage of integration, introduction into the life of society, which can take place either safely or unsuccessfully.
4. Labor stage. At this stage, there is a reproduction of social experience, impact on the environment.
5. Postpartum stage (advanced age). This stage is characterized by the transfer of social experience to new generations.

Stages of the process of personality socialization according to Erickson (1902-1976):

Stage of infancy(from 0 to 1.5 years). At this stage, the mother plays the main role in the child's life, she feeds, cares for, gives affection, care, as a result, the child forms a basic trust in the world. The dynamics of the development of trust depends on the mother. The lack of emotional communication with the baby leads to a sharp slowdown in the psychological development of the child.

Early childhood stage(from 1.5 to 4 years old). This stage is associated with the formation of autonomy and independence. The child begins to walk, learns to control himself when performing acts of defecation. Society and parents teach the child to be neat, tidy, and begin to shame him for "wet pants."

Childhood stage(from 4 to 6 years old). At this stage, the child is already convinced that he is a person, since he runs, knows how to speak, expands the area of ​​mastering the world, the child develops a sense of enterprise, initiative, which is laid in the game. Play is important for a child, as it forms initiative, develops creativity. The child masters relationships between people through play, develops his psychological capabilities: will, memory, thinking, etc. But if the parents strongly suppress the child, do not pay attention to his games, then this negatively affects the development of the child, contributes to the consolidation of passivity, insecurity, and feelings of guilt.

Stage associated with primary school age(from 6 to 11 years old). At this stage, the child has already exhausted the possibilities of development within the family, and now the school introduces the child to knowledge about future activities, conveys the technological ethos of culture. If a child successfully masters knowledge, he believes in himself, he is sure, calm. Failures in school lead to feelings of inferiority, disbelief in their strengths, despair, and loss of interest in learning.

Adolescence stage(from 11 to 20 years old). At this stage, the central form of ego-identity (personal "I") is formed. Rapid physiological growth, puberty, concern about how he looks in front of others, the need to find his professional vocation, abilities, skills - these are the questions that confront a teenager, and these are already the demands of society for him about self-determination.

Stage of adolescence(from 21 to 25 years old). At this stage, the search for a life partner, cooperation with people, strengthening ties with everything becomes relevant for a person, a person is not afraid of depersonalization, he mixes his identity with other people, a feeling of closeness, unity, cooperation, intimacy with certain people appears. However, if the diffusion of identity also passes to this age, the person becomes isolated, isolation, loneliness becomes fixed.

Maturity stage(from 25 to 55/60 years old). At this stage, the development of identity goes on throughout your life, you can feel the impact from other people, especially children: they confirm that they need you. At the same stage, a person invests himself in good, beloved work, caring for children, and is satisfied with his life.

Stage of old age(over 55/60 years old). At this stage, a complete form of ego-identity is created on the basis of the entire path of personality development, a person rethinks his whole life, realizes his “I” in spiritual thoughts about the years he has lived. A person "accepts" himself and his life, realizes the need for the logical conclusion of life, shows wisdom, a detached interest in life in the face of death.

At each stage of socialization, a person is influenced by certain factors, the ratio of which is different at different stages.

In general, there are five factors that influence the process of socialization:

1. biological heredity;
2. physical environment;
3. culture, social environment;
4. group experience;
5. individual experience.

Each person's biological heritage provides “raw materials” that are then transformed into personality traits in a variety of ways. It is thanks to the biological factor that there is a huge variety of individuals.

The socialization process covers all strata of society. Within its framework assimilation of new norms and values ​​instead of old ones called re-socialization, and the loss of a person's skills of social behavior - desocialization... The deviation in socialization is usually called deviation.

The socialization model is determined by, what society is committed to values what type of social interactions should be replicated. Socialization is organized so as to ensure the reproduction of the properties of the social system. If the main value of society is the freedom of the individual, it forms such conditions. When a person is provided with certain conditions, she learns independence and responsibility, respect for her own and someone else's individuality. This manifests itself everywhere: in the family, school, university, at work, etc. Moreover, this liberal model of socialization presupposes an organic unity of freedom and responsibility.

The process of socialization of a person continues throughout his life, but it proceeds especially intensively in his younger years. It is then that the foundation of the spiritual development of the individual is created, which increases the importance of the quality of upbringing, increases responsibility society, which sets a certain coordinate system of the educational process, which includes the formation of a worldview based on universal human and spiritual values; development of creative thinking; the development of high social activity, commitment, needs and the ability to work in a team, the desire for new things and the ability to find the optimal solution to life problems in non-standard situations; the need for constant self-education and the formation of professional qualities; the ability to make decisions independently; respect for laws, moral values; social responsibility, civic courage, develops a sense of inner freedom and dignity; education of the national self-awareness of the Russian citizen.

Socialization is a complex, vital process. It largely depends on him how the individual will be able to realize his inclinations, abilities, to take place as.

Socialization of personality- this is the process of entry of each individual into the social structure, as a result of which changes occur in the very structure of society and in the structure of each personality. This is due to the social activity of each individual. As a result of this process, all the norms of each group are assimilated, the uniqueness of each group is manifested, the individual learns patterns of behavior, values ​​and social norms. All of this is essential for successful functioning in any society.

Stages of personality socialization.

Personal socialization process goes through three main phases in its development.

The first phase is to master social values ​​and norms, as a result of which the individual learns to fit the whole of society.

The second phase consists in the individual's striving for self-personalization, self-actualization and a certain impact on other members of society.

The third phase is the integration of each person into a specific social group, where he reveals his own properties and capabilities.

Only a consistent course of the entire process can lead to a successful completion of the entire process. The process of socialization itself includes the main stages of personality socialization... Modern sociology is capable of solving these issues in an ambiguous way. Among the main stages are: pre-labor stage, labor stage, post-labor stage. The main stages of personality socialization:

Primary socialization - the process takes place from birth to the formation of the personality itself;

Secondary socialization - at this stage there is a restructuring of the personality during the period of maturity and stay in society.

Let's consider this process depending on age in more detail at each stage.

Childhood - socialization begins from birth and develops from the earliest stage of development. As you know, it is at this age that the personality of each person is formed by almost 70%. With a delay in this process, irreversible consequences are traced, since it is in childhood that the beginning of socialization itself is laid. Up to 7 years of age, understanding your own I takes place in the most natural way than in older years.

Adolescence is an equally important social stage in the general life cycle of each individual, since during this stage the greatest number of physiological changes occur, puberty and the formation of the personality begin. From the age of 13, children try to take on as many responsibilities as possible.

Youth (early maturity) - the age of 16 is considered the most dangerous and stressful, since now each individual independently and consciously decides for himself which society he should join and choose for himself the most suitable social society in which he will stay for a fairly long time.

In older years (approximately between the ages of 18 and 30), the basic instincts and formation of socialization are redirected to work and their own love. The first ideas about oneself come to every boy or girl through work experience, sexual relations and friendship. Improper mastering, or perception can lead to serious irreversible consequences. And then the person will live unconsciously until the crisis, which occurs at the age of 30.

It is the young years that are most actively used for becoming in their own lives and choosing a social community.

Socialization concept

First of all, when considering the question of the stages of socialization, let us define the concept of socialization.

Definition 1

Socialization is the process of assimilation by a person of social norms and values, the system of knowledge that exists in society, rules of behavior, and psychological attitudes.

Socialization is integrative in nature and includes training, upbringing, adaptation to society, the result of which is the assimilation of the norms and values ​​of society by a person.

Society is not static, and therefore a person has to learn and adapt to changes in society, and society - to a person. Thus, we can say that the socialization of the individual occurs throughout the entire human life.

Stages of socialization

Taking into account that the process of socialization is long, some stages of socialization can be distinguished.

Primary and secondary socialization should be distinguished.

Primary socialization begins with the birth of a person before becoming an adult. The main institution of socialization during this period is the family, school, and peers.

Secondary socialization occurs throughout a person's life and is characterized by the destruction of previously learned norms and the assimilation of new ones.

The stages of socialization are associated with the age periods of human development. Consider the features of the stages in each of the periods.

Childhood- one of the key stages of socialization, this period accounts for the formation of 70% of a person's personality. Violations of the socialization process at this stage have irreversible consequences for a person's personality, because in this period, the formation of a person's own “I” takes place.

Teenage years... This stage can also be assigned one of the key roles, since during this period significant physiological and psychological changes are taking place.

Maturity... It is associated with a conscious choice of one's environment, professional activity, etc. Old age... It is characterized by the extinction of physical capabilities and the need to adapt to a new stage in one's life.

More detailed age stages of socialization were proposed by Erickson. Let's consider them.

• Infancy - at this stage, the key role is assigned to the mother, who forms the child's basic trust in the surrounding society through caring for him.
• Early childhood is characterized by the formation of the child's independent status, his independence. At this stage, the child learns to walk independently, eat, etc.
• The third stage, age 3-5 years, manifests itself in a playful way, which allows the child to expand his knowledge of the world, master interpersonal relationships, and develop psychological capabilities. In the case of suppression at this stage of development, the prohibition of games, the child forms a sense of guilt, self-doubt.
• Younger school age is characterized by a change in the key agent of socialization, where the central place is no longer the family, but the school. At this stage, the child's ideas about professions, modern culture, norms and values ​​are laid. If successful, the child proceeds to the next stage confident in his abilities, purposeful. Otherwise, a sense of fear, guilt and self-doubt is fixed in the child.
• Adolescence and stage 5 are determined by significant physiological changes in the body, the manifestation of interest in their appearance and their position among their peers, the need for professional self-determination.
• At the stage of youth, a person faces the question of finding and choosing a spouse, close interpersonal communication, and a deep connection with his social group is formed.
• The adult stage of socialization is associated with self-realization of the individual. At this stage, a person transfers his experience to children, gets involved in interaction with family, colleagues, is satisfied with his life.
• The final stage after 50 years is characterized by the person's awareness of his own "I". During this period, a person is aware of his life and accepts it.

Also, depending on the forms of socialization, the following stages of socialization can be distinguished: pre-labor - childhood, adolescence; labor - maturity; post-labor - old age.

Each subsequent stage of socialization involves the expansion of forms of interaction between man and society.

The pre-labor stage, which falls on the period of childhood and adolescence, is characterized by a passive form of socialization, in which a person learns, without questioning existing social norms and experience, and strives to integrate into society.

At the labor stage in the period of maturity, a person combines a passive form of assimilation of social experience and an active form, characterized by the beginning of professional activity.

For the final post-working period, the period of old age, the accumulation and preservation of the acquired experience with its subsequent transfer to the next generation is characteristic.

Stages of socialization according to A.V. Petrovsky

From the point of view of subject-object social relations, Petrovsky A.V. the following stages of socialization were distinguished:

• Adaptation. The period of adaptation falls on the period of childhood. During this period, a person acts as an object of relations, subject to the action of such agents of socialization as family, school, peers, etc. During this period, a person actively learns, forms his personality.
• Individualization. At this stage, a person is the subject of social relations. The leading activity is not the assimilation of social norms, but their reproduction, which allows a person to express his personality, individualize, and distinguish himself from other people.
• Integration. At this stage, a person acts simultaneously both as an object and as a subject of social relations. This stage is characterized by the achievement of the optimal position of a person in society, which allows him to self-actualize and harmoniously exist in society.

Stages of socialization according to Kohlberg

Kohlberg proposed his own periodization of socialization. A feature of its periodization is the lack of connection with age and connection with the formation of certain cognitive skills. They were allocated the following stages:

• Avoidance of punishment;
• Desire for encouragement;
• Accommodation and desire for approval;
• Awareness of the norms and values ​​of society;
• Awareness of the contradictions of society, the formation of concepts of "bad" and "good";
• Formation of your own principles and values.

Remark 1

Thus, depending on the acquisition of certain skills, some people can complete the process of socialization, going through all the stages in their youth, and some do not complete the process of socialization throughout their life.