Environmental emergencies. Environmental emergency (definition)

Introduction

Chapter 1. Reasons
occurrence of an environmental emergency

1.1.
The essence of environmental pollution

1.2.
Specificity of environmental pollution

Chapter 2. Environmental Emergencies

2.1. Emergency
ecological nature in the field of water pollution

2.2. Emergency
ecological character in the field of soil pollution

2.3. "Greenhouse
effect "as a global ecological disaster

Chapter 3. Emergency
ecological character; its demographic and social implications

Conclusion

List
used literature

Introduction

subdivided into local and global . Local pollution
associated with cities and industrial regions. Global pollution affects
biospheric processes in general on Earth and spread over great distances.
Since the air is in constant motion, harmful substances are transferred to
hundreds and thousands of kilometers. Global air pollution is increasing due to
so that harmful substances from it enter the soil, water bodies, and then enter again
in atmosphere.

Physical pollution includes thermal pollution (intake into
heated gas atmosphere); light (deterioration of natural light
terrain under the influence of artificial light sources); noise (like
a consequence of anthropogenic noise); electromagnetic (from power lines,
radio and television, industrial installations); radioactive associated

processing of asbestos.

All environmental pollution of this type leads to the appearance
environmental hazard and environmental emergencies
character, currently the solution of which is given a huge place as in
national ecology, and in the works of foreign experts.

Chapter 1. Causes of environmental emergencies
character

1.1. The essence of environmental pollution

In addition to gases, the atmosphere contains water and aerosols.In the atmosphere, water
is in solid(ice, snow), liquid(drops) and gaseous
(steam) condition. When water vapor condenses, clouds are formed. Complete
the renewal of water vapor in the atmosphere takes 9-10 days.

In the atmosphere, there are also substances in the ionic state up to several
tens of thousands in 1 cm3 of air.

To understand and solve the problem of protecting the atmosphere, it is necessary
explore its features. The present atmosphere of the Earth is
the result of diverse geological and biological processes that continue
currently.

Unevenness of air heating determines horizontal
movement in the atmosphere from a high-pressure region to a low-pressure region, i.e.
from cold to warm areas. The rotation of the Earth changes their movement patterns. except
pressure is acted upon by the Coriolis force arising from the rotation of the Earth, which
depends on wind speed, latitude and angular velocity.

The atmosphere is heterogeneous not only vertically, but also in
horizontal direction. Air moving over various areas
surfaces (continents, oceans, mountains, forests, swamps, steppes, deserts), changes
its physical properties, that is, there is a transformation of air. Insofar as
the air is never completely at rest, it transforms continuously.
The physical properties of air change especially intensively when it moves.
from one latitude to another - from land to the ocean, and vice versa.

Unequal air directions over different areas
Earth's surfaces form warm and cold, stable and unstable masses
air. When transported horizontally, warm and cold air currents can
approach or move away from each other. When approaching air volumes with
different physical properties horizontal temperature gradients,
humidity, pressure increase, wind speed increases. When you delete a friend
away from each other, the gradients and wind speed decrease.

The zones in which the air masses come together are called
fronts. They continually arise and disintegrate. Frontal zones width
relatively small, but they concentrate large reserves of energy,
the largest eddy-cyclones and anticyclones are formed. They, in turn,
have a large effect on dispersion or high concentration of pollutants
in the atmosphere.

The pollutant can be any physical agent, chemical
substance or species (mainly microorganisms) entering
the environment or formed in it in an amount higher than natural. Under
atmospheric pollution is understood as the presence in the air of gases, vapors, particles,
solid and liquid substances, heat, vibrations, radiation, which are unfavorable
affect humans, animals, plants, climate, materials, buildings and structures.

By origin, pollution is divided into natural, caused by
natural, often abnormal processes in nature, and anthropogenic,
associated with human activities.

1.2. Specificity of environmental pollution

With the development of human production activities, more and more
anthropogenic pollution accounts for the share of atmospheric pollution. Their
subdivided into local and global. Local pollution is associated with
cities and industrial regions. Global pollution affects biosphere
processes in general on Earth and spread over great distances. Because
the air is in constant motion, harmful substances are transferred to hundreds and
thousands of kilometers. Global air pollution is increasing due to the
that harmful substances from it enter the soil, water bodies, and then re-enter
in atmosphere.

Physical pollution includes thermal pollution (intake into the atmosphere
heated gases); light (deterioration of natural illumination of the area under
exposure to artificial light sources); noise (as a consequence
anthropogenic noise); electromagnetic (from power lines, radio and
television, industrial installations); radioactive associated
an increase in the level of radioactive substances entering the atmosphere.

Biological pollution is mainly a consequence of
reproduction of microorganisms and anthropogenic activities. (heat and power engineering,
industry, transport, actions of the armed forces). Production of construction
materials gives up to 10% of all pollution. Large amount of contamination
enters the atmosphere during the operation of the cement industry, during the extraction and
processing of asbestos.

The most common toxic pollutants
atmosphere are carbon monoxide CO, sulfur dioxide SO2, nitrogen oxide NOx, hydrocarbons
CH.

Pollutants enter the body through the respiratory system.
The daily volume of inhaled air for one person is 6-12 m3.
During normal breathing, with each inhalation, the human body receives from 0.5 to
2 liters of air.

Inhaled air through the trachea and bronchi enters the alveoli of the lungs,
where gas exchange takes place between blood and lymph. Depending on the size and
properties of pollutants, their absorption occurs in different ways.

Coarse particles are retained in the upper respiratory tract and, if
they are not toxic, they can cause a disease called field
bronchitis. Fine dust particles (0.5-5 microns) reach the alveoli and can lead to
an occupational disease, which is collectively called pneumoconiosis. His
varieties: silicosis (inhalation of dust containing SiO2), anthracor
(inhalation of coal dust), asbestosis (inhalation of asbestos dust), etc.

A person can live a long time without food (30-45 days), without water - 5
days, without air only 5 minutes. Harmful effects of various and
dust-like industrial emissions per person are determined by the amount
pollutants entering the body, their state, composition and
exposure time. Air pollution can affect health
a person has little influence, and can lead to complete intoxication of the body.

The devastating impact of industrial pollution depends on
type of substance. Chlorine damages the organs of vision and respiration. Fluorides, getting
into the human body through the digestive tract, wash out calcium from the bones and
reduce its content in the blood. Fluoride is harmful if inhaled.
on the respiratory tract. Hydrosulfid affects the cornea of the eyes and organs
breathing causes headaches. Possible fatal at high concentrations
Exodus. Carbon disulfide is a poison of nervous action and can
cause a mental disorder. The acute form of poisoning leads to
narcotic loss of consciousness. Hazardous to inhalation of vapors or compounds heavy
metals. Beryllium compounds are harmful to health. sulphur dioxide amazes
Airways. Carbon monoxide interferes with the transfer of oxygen, which is why
oxygen starvation of the body occurs. Prolonged inhalation of oxide
carbon can be fatal to humans.

Dangerous in low concentrations in the atmosphere aldehydes and ketones.
Aldehydes are irritating to the organs of sight and smell,
are drugs that destroy the nervous system, affect the nervous system
also phenolic compounds and organic sulfides.

The presence of dust in the atmosphere, in addition to the above negative
consequences, reduces the flow of ultraviolet rays to the Earth's surface.
The strongest impact of pollution on human health is manifested in period
smog. At this time, the well-being of people worsens, the number of
pulmonary and cardiovascular diseases, flu epidemics occur.

Air pollution has a detrimental effect on plants. Various
gases have different effects on plants, and the susceptibility of plants to
the same gases are not the same. Sulfur dioxide is the most harmful for them,
hydrogen fluoride, ozone, chlorine, nitrogen dioxide, hydrochloric acid.

Air polluting substances adversely affect
agricultural plants as due to direct poisoning by green
mass and soil intoxication.

Similarly, act acid rain: reduce fertility
soil, adversely affect flora and fauna, reduce the service life
electrochemical coatings, especially chromium-nickel paints, decreases
reliability of machines and mechanisms, more than 100 thousand people are under threat.
used types of colored glass.

One of the major problems associated with air pollution,
is the possible climate change from the impact of anthropogenic factors,
which cause:

* direct impact on the state of the atmosphere associated with
increase or decrease in temperature and humidity;

* change in the physical and chemical properties of the atmosphere, its
radiation and electrical characteristics, changes in the composition of the troposphere
(an increase in the concentration of carbon dioxide, nitrogen oxides, chlorofluorocarbons,
methane, ozone, krypton, dust aerosols);

- change in the state and properties of the upper atmosphere, ozone
screen under the influence of freons and nitrogen oxides, as well as the appearance of aerosol in
stratosphere (volcanic eruption);

- a change in the reflectivity of the Earth, affecting
interaction of elements of the climate system (gas exchange between the ocean and
atmosphere, change in atmospheric humidity).

Climate fluctuations affect the state and life
person. With a change in air temperature and precipitation, distributions change
water resources, conditions for the development of the human body.

Climate change is affecting agriculture. At
warming, the duration of the growing season increases (by 10 days per
every ° C temperature rise). Increased concentration of carbon dioxide
leads to higher yields.

As a result of anthropogenic activities in the upper atmosphere
(ionosphere) zones with a reduced electron concentration appear (ionospheric
holes). This is due to the accumulation of diffusion of various substances during
launching powerful rockets, under the influence of electromagnetic radiation from powerful transmitting
devices. Damage is caused by emissions of water and water-containing compounds at start-up
missiles. In this regard, the state of the ionosphere can change significantly,
the ability to transmit radio signals over long distances will deteriorate.

Anthropogenic impact on the atmosphere leads to ionization
air, which determines the electrical properties of the atmosphere. Change in electrical
properties of the atmosphere by more than 10% will lead to unwanted effects and
the aggravation of the problems of electrical injuries.

Chapter 2. Emergency
environmental situations

2.1. Environmental emergencies in the area
pollution of water resources

Intensive development of industry, transport, overpopulation
a number of regions of the planet have led to significant pollution of the hydrosphere. According to
World Health Organization (WHO), about 80% of all infectious
diseases in the world is associated with the unsatisfactory quality of drinking water and
violations of sanitary and hygienic standards of water supply. Surface contamination
reservoirs with films of oil, fats, lubricants prevents gas exchange
water and atmosphere, which reduces the saturation of water with oxygen and negatively
affects the state of phytoplankton and leads to the mass death of fish and birds.

The most intense anthropogenic impacts are
fresh surface water land (rivers, lakes, swamps, soil and
groundwater). Although their share in the total mass of the hydrosphere is small (less than 0.4%),
high activity of water exchange multiplies their reserves. Under
the activity of water exchange is understood as the rate of renewal of individual water resources
hydrosphere, which is expressed in the number of years or days required for a complete
renewal of water resources.

River waters are used especially intensively. Although
riverbeds contain only 1200 kmj
water,
high activity of river water exchange (1 time in 11-14 days) multiplies them
resources. To this should be added the annually renewed useful volume
reservoirs of the world, estimated at 3200 km3.

A special place in the use of water resources is consumption
water by the population. Household and drinking purposes in our country account for
10% of total water consumption.

In the Fundamentals of the water legislation in force in the Russian Federation
emphasizes that rivers are used primarily for the satisfaction of drinking
and household needs of the population. This is predetermined by a huge physiological and
hygienic value of water, its exceptional role in normal flow
the most complex physiological processes in the human body, in creating people
the most favorable living conditions.

The amount of water required for one resident per day depends on
the climate of the area, the cultural level of the population, the degree of improvement of the city
and housing stock. On its basis, consumption rates have been developed, which include
water consumption in apartments, enterprises of cultural and household, communal services
and catering.

Water used for irrigating green spaces and washing streets,
accounted for separately. The total capacity of the city water supply system should
meet the immediate needs of the population, water consumption in public buildings
(children's institutions, catering establishments, etc.), watering green
plantings and household and drinking needs of industrial enterprises.

Use of public water supply prepared for
drinking purposes, for the technological needs of industrial enterprises, except
food industry enterprises should be recognized as irrational. Together with
So in practice, there are often cases when industrial enterprises spend from 25
up to 67% of drinking water, and on average in the country - up to 40% of urban water
water pipes.

Pathogenic microbes penetrate into open water bodies when discharged
sewage from river vessels, when banks are polluted and washing off pollution from
the surface of the soil by atmospheric precipitation, when watering livestock, washing clothes and
bathing.

Infectious diseases of the population associated with water supply,
reaches 500 million cases per year. Therefore, water quality is one of the
the most important problems.

Great influence on the composition of natural waters, both surface and
underground is caused by their technogenic pollution. Therefore, the role of water in the development
diseases of a non-infectious nature is determined by the content of chemical
impurities, the presence and amount of which is due to man-made and
anthropogenic factors ..

Experimental and clinical-medical research has established
adverse effect on the body of water hardness caused by the total
the content of calcium and magnesium salts. High rigidity can play
etiological role in the development of human urolithiasis. Urologists distinguish
the so-called "stone" zones - areas where urolithiasis
can be considered endemic.

Not only surface, but also underground
water. By the mid-90s. more than 1000 foci of pollution of underground
waters, 75% of which falls on the most populated part of Russia. Generally
condition groundwater assessed as critical and has
a dangerous tendency for further deterioration.

Groundwater suffers from pollution from oil fields,
enterprises of the mining industry, waste of filtration fields,
slag ponds and dumps of metallurgical plants, chemical storages
waste and fertilizers, landfills, livestock complexes, sewer
drains of settlements.

Substances polluting groundwater are dominated by petroleum products,
phenols, heavy metals (copper, zinc, lead, cadmium, nickel, mercury), sulfates,
chlorides, nitrogen compounds.

Smaller pollution levels do not lead to disease, but
affect the health of the population, causing nonspecific signs
its violation and weakening the body's defenses.

2.2. Environmental emergencies in the area
soil pollution

The duration of the soil formation process for various
continents and latitudes ranges from several hundred to several thousand years.

Human economic activity is currently becoming
the dominant factor in the destruction of soils, reducing and increasing their fertility.
Under the influence of man, the parameters and factors of soil formation change - reliefs,
microclimate, reservoirs are being created, land reclamation is being carried out.

Aridization of land - a complex of processes for reducing the moisture content of extensive
territories and the resulting decrease in biological productivity
ecological systems. Under the influence of primitive agriculture, irrational
the use of pastures, the indiscriminate use of technology on the lands of the soil
turn into deserts.

Soil erosion is the destruction of soil by wind, water, machinery and
irrigation. The most dangerous water erosion- soil washout by thawed, rain
and storm waters. Water erosion is observed at a steepness of 1–2 °. One
erosion is facilitated by the destruction of forests, plowing on the slope.

Wind erosion characterized by the most
small parts. Wind erosion contributes to the destruction of vegetation on
areas with insufficient humidity, strong winds, continuous grazing
livestock.

Technical erosion associated with the destruction of the soil under
the impact of transport, earthmoving machinery and equipment.

Irrigation erosion develops as a result
violations of irrigation rules in irrigated agriculture. Salinization of soils mainly
associated with these violations. Currently, at least 50% of the area irrigated
of land is saline, millions of hectares of previously fertile land have been lost.

Changes in the content of trace elements in the soil affects
the health of herbivores and humans, leads to metabolic disorders,
causes various local endemic diseases. For example,
lack of iodine in the soil leads to thyroid disease, lack of calcium in
drinking water and food - to damage to joints, their deformation,
growth retardation.

In podzolic soils with a high iron content,
interaction with sulfur forms iron sulfide, which is strong
poison. As a result, microflora (algae, bacteria) is destroyed in the soil, which
leads to loss of fertility.

The soil becomes dead when it contains 2-3 g of lead per 1 kg
soil (around some enterprises, the lead content in the soil reaches 10-15
g / kg).

Carcinogenic (chemical, physical,
biological) substances that cause tumor diseases in living organisms,
including cancerous. The main sources of regional soil pollution
carcinogenic substances - vehicle exhaust, industrial
enterprises, refined products.

Disposal of industrial and household waste to landfills leads to
pollution and irrational use of land, creates real
threats of significant pollution of the atmosphere, surface and ground waters, growth
transportation costs and irretrievable loss of valuable materials and substances.

2.3. The greenhouse effect as a global
ecological catastrophy

Sulfur oxides are the main pollutant, the source of which is
thermal stations, boiler houses, heavy industry complexes. Sulfur dioxide and
nitrogen oxides interacting with water vapor (clouds) generate acidic rains,
which destroy crops, vegetation, fish stocks.

Along with sulphurous gas, a negative effect on the condition
atmosphere is produced by carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide produced from combustion
hydrocarbons (coal, oil and other organic fuels). Here the main
transport is a source of pollution. For all previous years, the share
carbon dioxide in the atmosphere increased by 20% and by the beginning of the XXI century. may amount to
30-40%,

Such a physicochemical change in the atmosphere can lead to
the greenhouse effect. Its essence is that the accumulation of carbon dioxide in
the upper atmosphere will interfere with the normal heat transfer process
between the Earth and Space, to contain the heat accumulated by the Earth as a result
human economic activities, as well as during volcanic eruptions and
geothermal waters.

The greenhouse effect is expressed in an increase in temperature, a change in
weather and climate. Already in our time, with modern anthropogenic loads,
every 10 years the temperature will rise by 0.5 ° C, which will increase the level
Of the World Ocean due to the melting of ice for every 10 years by 1-1.2 m. It is known that
a rise in the level of the World Ocean by 6 m will lead to the inundation of 1/6 of the Earth's land mass.
Another consequence of the greenhouse effect is an increase in land desertification.
due to the intense evaporation of moisture contained in the soil. Already 6 million hectares
lands turn into the desert every year.

Air pollution is also associated with the deterioration of
ozone layer, the main function of which is to protect humans and natural
the environment of the Earth from the destructive effects of ultraviolet radiation from Space.
Under the influence of ozone-depleting substances - freon, chlorine, carbon,
emitted by refrigeration units, cars, aerosol cans,
there is a gradual destruction of this layer. It is known that in the northern regions
The European continent over the populated areas, its thickness
decreased by 3%. Reducing the ozone layer by 1% leads to an increase
oncological diseases by 6%.

Other equally important objects of pollution are reservoirs,
rivers, lakes, the World Ocean. Billions merge into the oceans every year
tons of liquid and solid waste. Among them, oil prevails, which gets into
ocean from ships, as a result of oil production in the marine environment, as well as due to
numerous tanker accidents and ruptures of oil pipelines and tanks. Spill
oil leads to the formation of a thin film on the surface of open reservoirs,
preventing natural gas exchange between the waters of the World Ocean and
atmosphere. This leads to the death of the living resources of the sea, including algae,
plankton producing oxygen.

Oxygen in the atmosphere is replenished from two sources -
vegetation (40%) and the World Ocean (60%). According to the famous
researcher of the World Ocean Jacques Yves Cousteau, it is the seas and oceans that are
the main lungs of planet Earth.

As a result of oil and other pollution of the World Ocean
there are also such negative phenomena as the reproduction of a single-celled
golden algae, which in the process of development absorbs oxygen and releases
carbon dioxide. Rna is very prolific and develops at lightning speed. Usually
its belt is 10 km wide and 35 m thick; the speed of such
belts - 25 km per day. In the process of movement, this mass of algae destroys all
living in the ocean. Such phenomena are observed in the North Sea and in the south of Scandinavia.

Pollution of the oceans leads not only to a reduction in
food supplies and sea products, but also contaminate them with harmful
human substances. It was found that the Baltic cod has 1 kg of mass up to
800 mg of mercury, which is more than in a medical thermometer.

Chemicals have become a massive source of environmental pollution
used in agriculture, construction and in everyday life: mineral
fertilizers, pesticides, solvents, aerosols, varnishes and paints. On the planet
5 million various chemicals are produced or used and
connections. The toxicity of the action has been studied only for 40 thousand substances.

These and other consequences of environmental pollution
negatively affect the physical health of a person, his nervous,
mental state, on the health of future generations. Some data: 20%
the population is constantly sick with allergies, and 35% of the population of industrial cities -
diseases as a result of the harmful effects of a polluted environment;
every day 25 thousand people die on the planet due to poor-quality water (containing
high concentration of harmful substances).

This is confirmed by data on nervous diseases, an increase in
the percentage of the birth rate of defective children (from 4 to 11%).

Due to intensive economic activity, there is
gradual depletion and destruction of the natural environment, i.e. the loss of those natural
irreplaceable resources that serve as a source of human
economic activity. At the current rate of consumption of proven reserves
coal, oil, natural gas and other minerals, according to scientists,
enough for industrial use for 50-500 years. Moreover, a smaller indicator
we are dealing with liquid hydrocarbons, i.e. oil.

True, society has the prospect of using other types
energy, in particular nuclear, wind, solar, sea tides,
geothermal waters, the energy of hydrogen, the reserves of which are still considered
inexhaustible. However, the use of atomic energy on a large scale
production is hampered by the unresolved problem of disposal of nuclear waste
industry. The development of hydrogen as a source of energy is still possible only
theoretically, since technologically this problem has not yet been solved.

Chapter 3. Emergencies of ecological character; his
demographic

and social implications

The ecological crisis is called that stage of interaction of society
and nature, in which the contradictions between economic
human activities and ecology, economic interests of society in
development of natural resources and environmental requirements for environmental protection
Wednesday. According to its structure, the environmental crisis is usually divided into two parts:
natural and social. Natural part indicates
the onset of degradation, destruction of the natural environment. Social side
the ecological crisis lies in the inability of state and
public structures to stop the degradation of the environment and improve it.
Both sides of the ecological crisis are closely interconnected. Offensive
ecological crisis can be stopped only with rational
state structure, developed economy and as a result of emergency measures to
environmental protection.

The sanitary condition of the Neva Bay is of concern,
sufficient purification and disinfection discharge waste water. As a result
the indicator of bacterial pollution of waters exceeds the established ones by 100 times
hygienic standards.

Cultural-historical and ecological expeditions of recent years
showed that the Volga and the Caspian Sea are on the brink of disaster Negative
the ecological consequences have reached gigantic proportions. Artificial
reservoirs contribute to the development of drought at a distance of up to 30 km from the coastal
lines. Due to irretrievable water consumption, the runoff of small
rivers and the Volga itself. In the conditions of a 12 times reduced water exchange and
simultaneous increase in the volume of contaminated wastewater from fields and territories
industrial enterprises created a difficult hydrochemical situation, looming
threat to the ecosystem of the Volga delta, fish resources, human health and
flora.

Despite the stabilization of salt concentration in recent years,
The Sea of Azov has also lost its unique fishing value.

The most unfavorable environmental situation was created in
connection with the drying up of the Aral Sea.

Acquired exceptional pungency in our country ecological
problems of big cities. They are often associated with economic
helplessness and mismanagement. For example, environmental issues
Petersburg, scientists associate with the situation on Ladoga, reminiscent
Baikal, with the only difference that Ladoga is smaller than Baikal, and polluting
there are more objects on it. At the same time, Ladoga is the largest freshwater
the lake of Europe and the main source of water supply for the city of five million. She
holds about 900 km3 of water, twice as fresh as water
Baikal.

Ladoga water was considered very tasty and approached in softness
to the rain. Currently, due to waste pollution from pulp and paper
enterprises and livestock farms, many parts of Ladoga "bloom"
due to the massive development of blue-green algae. The waters of Ladoga are re-enriched
compounds of nitrogen and phosphorus. Poisonous secretions of algae poison Ladoga
water, and, dying and decomposing, algae take oxygen from it. Complete
business wastewater from adjacent cities and towns.

The ecological balance in the North Sea is also seriously disturbed.
It is supplied annually with about 11 thousand tons of lead, 28 thousand tons of zinc, 950 tons
arsenic, 335 tons of cadmium, 75 tons of mercury, 150 thousand tons of oil. According to reports from various
sources on Earth from the atmosphere into the sea annually gets about 2 million tons
solutions of various acids, 100 thousand tons of phosphates, 1.5 million tons of nitrogenous compounds,
which are a breeding ground for the intensive growth of algae. In the spring
1988, thousands of tons of fish became victims of the "algal plague", 10%
the number of seals. Killer Algae Invasion Should Probably Be Considered
as a kind of response from nature to the ongoing pollution of the seas.

A particular danger to all life on Earth is radioactive
environmental contamination- ionizing radiation, which is
"achievement" of humanity in the XX century. The main sources of radioactive
contamination are nuclear reactors of power plants, sea ships and
enterprises of the military-industrial complex. As a result of exposure to radiation
radiation sickness develops, genetic laws are violated. Claims
for excess radiation in our country, you can also address
enterprises using or dealing with radiation materials
processing and disposal.

Pollution poses a great danger to life on Earth
radioactive waste of the World Ocean. Discharge into the sea of low solid waste
the level of activity has been carried out in almost all countries since the beginning of development
nuclear energy and industry. Before 1971, radioactive waste discharges
were conducted without control by international organizations. The first discharges of such
waste in our country were associated with sea trials of atomic underwater
boats and icebreaker "Lenin".

In general, in Siberia, forests are cut down annually on an area of 600 thousand hectares,
and in about the same area, it dies from fires. Artificial
forest restoration does not exceed 200 thousand hectares. Thus, it is restored
only 1/6 of what perishes. A. Isaev believes that with such management, forest
Siberia's resources will be completely depleted in 30-40 years. Then
an ecological catastrophe will come, because after the disappearance of the great
Siberian taiga with all its original inhabitants, the destruction of forest
soil, the hydrological regime will change, the river runoff will decrease,
the climate of the region.

They cause a lot of harm to forests, especially in the European part of Russia,
applied methods of pest control; they often cause
serious damage to other forest dwellers, disrupting sustainable ecological
chains. Almost uncontrolled self-harvesting of timber is widespread, on
which account for up to 1/5 of the total volume of felling in the country.

Acid rains complete the deplorable picture of massive destruction of forests.
They dry out, dry tops develops over large areas. Acid
increases the mobility of aluminum in soils, which is toxic to small roots,
and this leads to oppression of foliage and needles, fragility of branches. Not happening
natural regeneration of coniferous and deciduous forests. These symptoms
accompanied by secondary damage from insects and tree diseases.
The destruction of forests is increasingly affecting young trees.

The decrease in agricultural land continues, especially
arable land. Over 50 years, more than 1 million hectares of arable land have been withdrawn from agricultural use.
lands. The main reasons: wind and water erosion of soil, the onset of cities and
settlements on the best arable land, depletion of soil biopotential due to
improper use of mineral fertilizers, fungicides, mass
soil salinization due to irrigated agriculture. Dangerous sizes have acquired
processes of waterlogging, overgrowing of land with shrubs and small forests. In Russia
there are about 13% of such lands, a lot of disturbed lands are obtained as a result of mining
minerals, in the construction of highways, river dams B
currently, urgent reclamation, i.e. restoration, needs 1.5
million hectares of land.

Conclusion

The prevailing environmentally unhealthy situation around the world
today requires special attention from both the representatives themselves
innovative developments and production technologies, as well as specialists
environmental monitoring.

Environmental emergencies are complex in their specifics, since they
irreparable and together create the concept of an ecological crisis.

By its structure, the environmental crisis is usually divided into two
parts: natural and social.

Natural part indicates an offensive
degradation, destruction of the natural environment.

Social side of the environmental crisis is
the inability of state and public structures to stop the degradation
the environment and make it healthier. Both sides of the ecological crisis are closely
interconnected. The onset of the ecological crisis can only be stopped
with a rational state structure, a developed economy and as a result
emergency measures for environmental protection.

The need to comply with environmental safety measures in
currently requires serious consideration and decision both at the national
the level within each individual state, and internationally, since
environmental disasters are widespread and affect huge
territory, while causing colossal damage to both the economy and
the lives of thousands and millions of people.

List of used literature

1.
Andreeva
T.A. Environmental monitoring. - M., 2005

2.
Arustamov
E.A. Life safety. - M., 2000

3.
Security
and nature protection / Ed. Anastasyuka D.M. - M., 2001

4.
Mamontov
T.N. Threat to the ecological safety of Russia. - SPb., 2006

5.
The basics
life safety. / Ed. Solovieva - M., 2001

6.
Sergeev
D.V. Environmental disasters and emergencies. - M., 2005

7.
Ustinova
T.M. Life safety. - M., 2003

Environmental emergencies

Environmental emergencies and their impact on changes in the state of the environment.

Humanity is increasingly suffering from environmental emergencies. Natural and man-made disasters such as floods, droughts, cyclones, earthquakes, landslides and wildfires are increasing in frequency and severity around the world. Despite efforts made, anthropogenic accidents such as chemical releases and oil spills have not been prevented; along with this, armed conflicts also become the causes of environmental emergencies in many parts of the world. The disasters have wreaked havoc on the economy and caused many deaths, but environmental emergencies will continue to occur for the foreseeable future. Ecosystem degradation, rapid industrial growth and increased use of chemicals raise hopes for a timely and effective response to emergencies. In addition, there has also been an increase in the number and complexity of emergencies involving natural and anthropogenic elements. At the same time, the pace of industrial development in many developing countries outstrips the ability of governments to develop infrastructure for disaster management, which creates significant vulnerability and greater dependence on international aid. , social, political and environmental conditions. As a result of high rates of population growth and urbanization, an increasing number of people are at risk during times of disaster. Underdeveloped economies and smaller economies in particular can be at serious risk when property and investment are threatened. Insufficient capacity to deal with emergencies, whether due to underdeveloped governance mechanisms or inadequacies in the concentration and use of economic resources, can be both a cause and a consequence of vulnerability. In turn, a vulnerable environment makes emergencies even more devastating. Poverty is a serious threat to the environment in general and to human settlements and biodiversity in particular. The increase in man-made and natural disasters and man-made accidents and their intensification may well change the global environment in such a way that it will directly affect the world economy. All of these threats to the environment have become apparent in recent natural disasters and environmental emergencies. The worst disasters in the past two years have led to tensions over national, regional and global resources. Many natural disasters have occurred concurrently with national or cross-border conflicts, leaving the environmental agenda to compete with global challenges such as peacekeeping and peacebuilding, relief and reconstruction, poverty alleviation and sustainable development.

Emergencies are generally defined as the unexpected occurrence of events with protracted and severe consequences. Environmental emergencies are unexpected natural and man-made disasters or incidents that cause or threaten to cause environmental damage and loss of life, and destruction of property. Despite their unexpected manifestation, many emergencies affect the life of a country or region for a long time. Many aspects of emergencies require a combination of rapid response and long-term mitigation. The most important consideration in responding to emergencies is not the incident itself, but the ability of the affected population to cope with the consequences and return to normal. Complex emergencies and environmental emergencies have much in common. Most importantly, emergencies involve events, actions or cumulative circumstances that have tragic consequences for local, regional and global environmental conditions. They may be ecological in origin, but they can also be the result of hostilities, underdevelopment, inappropriate policies, inappropriate development choices, or administrative deficiencies. Emergencies affect the environment when they have a direct or indirect impact on the environment and human settlements, which manifests itself on a much wider scale than immediate humanitarian responses. Changing environmental conditions can provoke emergencies due to the simultaneous increase in pressure on the environment. Disaster prevention and disaster mitigation are central components in the global effort to keep the environment safe. Pollution prevention through cleaner production is a process where cleaner, safer and more environmentally friendly technologies are applied throughout production and consumption, from resource exploitation. before waste disposal, making full use of materials that prevent pollution and reduce the risk to people and the environment. Cleaner production is a fundamental approach to preventing and reducing the risk of environmental emergencies, especially man-made emergencies.

Some negative environmental consequences do not manifest themselves immediately, but months and years after the emergency itself. Therefore, it is important to foresee their possibility in advance in order to take measures to normalize the ecological situation.

The environmental crisis increasingly impedes humanity's transition to sustainable development, despite a number of important political decisions taken in recent decades at the international and national levels. Today there is not a single country in the world about which one could say that its development is sustainable. The planet's natural capital continues to decline rapidly, accompanied by rising social inequality, environmental pollution and increasing environmental health impairments. At the turn of the millennium, a significant part of the world's refugees began to be people fleeing environmental disasters.

The main global factors of destabilization of the natural environment, which manifest themselves as the consequences of environmental emergencies, include:

Growth in the consumption of natural resources with their reduction;

Growth of the world's population while reducing habitable territories;

Degradation of the main components of the biosphere and the resulting decrease in the ability of nature to self-support and ensure the existence of human civilization;

Potential climate change and depletion of the Earth's ozone layer;

Decrease in biological diversity;

Increasing environmental damage from natural disasters and man-made disasters;

Naturally, threats of disasters caused by the presence of global problems also exist in Russia. According to many experts, the rate and extent of environmental degradation in the country is at the world average level, but at the same time, in terms of the nature of land and forest degradation, Russia is closer to developing countries, and in terms of emissions of toxic substances into the air and water environment, their mass and diversity - to industrially developed countries. At the same time, the features of environmental degradation in Russia include the highest radiation pollution in the world and a higher level of pollution with toxic heavy metals, pesticides, organic compounds compared to other developed countries. A significant negative impact is exerted by the predominantly extensive nature of the economy, accompanied by the irrational use of many types of natural resources, irrational volumes of extraction of natural raw materials, the concentration of production only in certain regions without taking into account the economic capacity of the corresponding ecosystems, and the lack of processing capacity for household and industrial waste. To this should be added the presence of obsolete technologies at most enterprises, the unreliability of technological equipment due to the aging of fixed assets, etc.

The vast territory of Russia is characterized by a variety of natural and climatic zones from polar, with permafrost, short summers, sparse vegetation, in the environment of which recovery processes are slow, and ensuring the ecological safety of economic activities is very difficult, to the southern Caspian semi-deserts with an arid climate and 30 -th degree heat. In addition, the territory of the Russian Federation is exposed to more than 30 types of dangerous natural processes and phenomena, the development and manifestation of which in the form of natural disasters and natural disasters causes great damage and even leads to human casualties. Among them, the most frequent are floods, forest fires, hurricanes, storms, typhoons, long and heavy rains, earthquakes, heavy snowfalls, landslides, avalanches and avalanches, droughts, sinkholes of the surface layer of the earth, volcanic eruptions, etc. About 400 cases of manifestation are recorded annually similar phenomena. The risk of natural emergencies and preventive measures are assessed and developed by specialists of the Ministry of the Russian Federation for Civil Defense, Emergencies and Elimination of the Consequences of Natural Disasters, who monitor and control dangerous natural phenomena and predict them. The EMERCOM of Russia pays a lot of attention to working with the population and educational activities: special programs are broadcast on television, explanatory literature is distributed, and courses of lectures and practical exercises are developed.

It is important to take into account that one of the signs of a natural object is its relationship with the natural environment. Anthropogenic or natural influence on one natural object inevitably entails an influence on another.

Environmental problems in terms of the depth of negative impact and catastrophic consequences for all living things are incomparable with any other problems. The cause of the ecological crisis is its anthropogenic nature, caused by the ecological nihilism of decision-makers and the ecological illiteracy of the population. Underestimation of the importance and necessity of priority solution of environmental problems will result in serious consequences. Nature is not a bottomless, inexhaustible pantry, it is a living organism, the health of which has already been significantly undermined by the growing withdrawal of natural resources, intensive economic activity and the accumulation of an exorbitant load of waste that poison all living things. The increase in global environmental pollution has led to a decrease in immunity and deterioration of human health, the emergence of new diseases, to a sharp warming of the planet's climate, and not by 0.5 ° in 100 years, as predicted, but by 1.5 °. Temperatures are expected to rise to 4 ° over the next 50 years.

The guarantee of technogenic and environmental safety is determined, first of all, by the development of safe technologies, high-quality production parameters and the availability of resources used to reduce the likelihood of dramatic consequences of its functioning, predicting natural disasters and concentrating funds to eliminate their consequences.

United Nations Environment Program, 2001

B.V. Azimov, A.M. Navitniy Problems of eliminating environmental consequences in emergency environmental situations / Environmental regulation of economic activities of enterprises: technical, legal, tax, investment issues. Digest of articles. - Perm, 2000

Environmental doctrine of the Russian Federation, M., 2001

Brinchuk M.M. Environmental law. M .: Yurist, 1998.

For the preparation of this work were used materials from the site

Literature

1. Life safety, ed. Arustamova E.A., M .: Publishing House "Dashkov and K", 2000, p. 367.

Environmental emergencies are very diverse and practically cover all aspects of human life and activities. By the nature of the phenomena, they are divided into four main groups:

¦ changes in the state of land (soil degradation, erosion, desertification);

¦ changes in the properties of the air (climate, lack of oxygen, harmful substances, acid rain, noise, destruction of the ozone layer);

¦ change in the state of the hydrosphere (depletion and pollution of the aquatic environment);

¦ change in the state of the biosphere.

Question 2. Change in the state of land (varieties, characteristics)

Literature

1. Life safety, ed. Arustamova E.A., M .: Publishing House "Dashkov and K", 2000, pp. 194-195.
2. www.sufit.narod.ru - Types of environmental emergencies.

Changes in the state of land:

¦ soil degradation,

¦ erosion,

¦ desertification.

Intensive soil degradation is a gradual deterioration of soil properties under the influence of natural causes or human economic activity (improper agricultural practices, pollution, depletion). Degradation occurs with improper use of fertilizers and pesticides.

Thoughtless reclamation work reduces the humus layer, fertile soils are covered with unproductive soil.

Forestry damages and destroys the undergrowth and herbaceous cover. Tractor drags are especially harmful to the soil. When the forest is uprooted, a large amount of humus is taken out along with the roots.

Soil degradation includes erosion processes, accompanied by changes in soil flora and fauna, a decrease in fertility, and the formation of barren, desert lands.

Soil erosion is understood as the various processes of destruction of soils and underlying rocks by various natural and anthropogenic factors. In accordance with the reasons, water erosion, wind, glacial, landslide, river, biological erosion is distinguished.

Desertification is a decrease or destruction of the biological potential of land space, accompanied by a decrease in its water resources, the disappearance of its continuous vegetation cover, impoverishment and restructuring of the fauna. Desertification is the result of the impact of the unstable environment of arid (dry) lands with irrational human use. For example, overgrazing, lack of rational balance between agriculture and animal husbandry, destruction of vegetation during fuel procurement, road construction, and geological exploration.

All environmental emergencies occur as a result of man-made and natural emergencies. An emergency situation resulting from an accident, a hazardous natural phenomenon, catastrophe, natural or other disaster, the situation in a certain territory, can entail human casualties, damage to human health and the environment, significant material losses and disruption of the living conditions of people.

Environmental emergencies include:

- changes in the state of soils, bowels of the earth, landscapes;
- changes in the state of the atmosphere, hydrosphere, biosphere.

Environmental emergencies are related to:

1) with changing land conditions:
- - catastrophic subsidence, landslides, collapses of the earth's surface due to the development of subsoil during the extraction of minerals and other human activities;
- - the presence of heavy metals (radionuclides) and other harmful substances in the soil in excess of the maximum permissible concentration (MPC);
- - intensive soil degradation, desertification in vast areas due to erosion, salinization, waterlogging;
- - crisis situations associated with the depletion of non-renewable natural resources;
- - critical situations associated with the overflow of storage sites (dumps) with industrial and household waste and their pollution of the environment. Structural landslides (structure - homogeneous cohesive clayey rocks: clays, loams, clay marls).

The main reasons for the formation of landslides are:

- excessive steepness of the slope (slope);
- overloading the upper part of the slope with various dumps and engineering structures;
- violation of the integrity of the slope rocks by trenches, upland ditches or ravines;
- trimming the slope and its sole;
- moisturizing the sole of the slope.

Landslide locations:

- natural slopes of hills and river valleys (on slopes);
- slopes of excavations, consisting of layered rocks, in which the fall of the layers is directed towards the slope or towards the excavation.

Landslide conditions:

- artificial earthen structures with steep slopes;
- cuts formed in homogeneous clay soils on the watersheds of the upland;
- deep sections for opencast mining of mineral deposits;
- embankments filled with the same rocks during waterlogging of the soil and vegetation cover and clayey rocks lying near the day surface.

Hurricanes, storms, storms are meteorological hazards characterized by high wind speeds. These phenomena are caused by the uneven distribution of atmospheric pressure on the earth's surface and the passage of atmospheric fronts separating air masses with different physical properties. The most important characteristics of hurricanes, storms and storms that determine the volumes of possible destruction and losses are: wind speed, width of the zone covered by the hurricane, and the duration of its action.

Intense soil degradation- gradual deterioration of soil properties under the influence of natural causes or human economic activity (improper agricultural technology, pollution, depletion). Degradation occurs with improper use of fertilizers and pesticides. For example, increasing doses of pesticides containing salts of heavy metals can reduce soil fertility, and improper processing leads to the destruction of microorganisms and worms in the ground. Thoughtless reclamation work reduces the humus layer, fertile soils are covered with unproductive soil.

Soil erosion-various processes of destruction of soils and underlying rocks by various natural and anthropogenic factors. Distinguish: water erosion, wind, glacial, landslide, river, biological.

2) with a change in the composition and properties of the atmosphere:
- - abrupt changes in weather or climate as a result of anthropogenic activities;
- - excess of MPC of harmful impurities in the atmosphere;
- - temperature inversions over cities;
- - acute "oxygen" hunger in cities;
- - significant excess of the maximum permissible level of city noise;
- - the formation of an extensive zone of acid precipitation;
- - destruction of the ozone layer of the atmosphere;
- - significant changes in the transparency of the atmosphere.
3) associated with a change in the state of the hydrosphere:
- - a sharp shortage of drinking water due to depletion of water or its pollution;
- - depletion of water resources necessary for organizing domestic water supply and ensuring technological processes;
- - violation of economic activity and ecological balance due to pollution of the zones of inland seas and the world's oceans.
4) associated with a change in the state of the biosphere:
- - the disappearance of species (animals, plants) sensitive to changes in environmental conditions;
- - death of vegetation over a wide area;
- - a sharp change in the ability of the biosphere to reproduce renewable resources;
- - mass death of animals.

Earthquakes cause fires, gas explosions, dam breaks.

Volcanic eruptions- poisoning of pastures, death of livestock, hunger. Flooding leads to soil water pollution, poisoning of wells, infections, and mass diseases.

Protective measures against environmental disasters

When planning protective measures against environmental disasters, it is necessary to limit secondary consequences as much as possible and, through appropriate preparation, try to completely eliminate them. A prerequisite for successful protection from natural and ecological emergencies is the study of their causes and mechanisms. Knowing the essence of the processes, you can predict them. And a timely and accurate forecast of dangerous events is the most important condition for effective protection. Protection from natural hazards can be active (construction of engineering and technical structures, mobilization (activation, concentration of forces and means, to achieve a certain goal) of natural resources, reconstruction of natural objects, etc.) and passive (use of shelters). In most cases, active and passive methods are combined. An emergency source affects humans and the environment with damaging factors. Depending on the environment of occurrence, the sources of danger can be:

- the internal environment of a person;
- natural habitat;
- artificial habitat; professional activity;
- non-professional activities;
- social environment.

Water pollution

The intensive development of industry, transport, overpopulation of a number of regions of the planet have led to significant pollution of the hydrosphere.

According to the World Health Organization (WHO), about 80% of all infectious diseases in the world are associated with unsatisfactory drinking water quality and violations of sanitary and hygienic standards of water supply. Pollution of the surface of reservoirs with films of oil, fats, lubricants prevents gas exchange of water and the atmosphere, which reduces the saturation of water with oxygen and negatively affects the state of phytoplankton and leads to mass death of fish and birds.

Groundwater suffers from pollution from oil fields, mining enterprises, waste from filtration fields, dumps of metallurgical plants, storage of chemical waste and fertilizers, landfills, livestock complexes, sewage from settlements. Of the substances polluting underground waters, oil products, phenols, heavy metals (copper, zinc, lead, cadmium, nickel, mercury), sulfates, chlorides and nitrogen compounds prevail. Lower levels of pollution do not lead to the development of the disease, but affect the state of health of the population, causing nonspecific signs of its impairment and weakening the body's defenses.

Introduction

The topic of the test is "Environmental emergencies." It will reveal the answers to the following questions: the concept of emergency situations, the concept of ecology, the term ecological character, classification of emergency situations of an ecological character, conclusion, list of used literature, etc.

The purpose of studying the discipline of Belarusian Railways is to provide rules of conduct in emergency situations (ES). The impact of emergencies on human life and health, the formation of the necessary skills for the prevention and elimination of the consequences of emergencies, the protection of people and the environment - all this is the subject of studying the Belarusian Railways discipline. The discipline of Belarusian Railways is included in the cycle of disciplines in the specialty "Social and Cultural Service and Tourism".

The phrase "emergency situations (ES)" is firmly entrenched in the life and consciousness of a modern person. This is due to the fact that the history of the development of earthly civilization and the modern world are inextricably linked with emergencies: earthquakes, floods, hurricanes, cold, heat, fires, etc. On our planet, something is constantly exploding, flooded, damaged, destroyed, while people are injured and killed. The history of the development of human society is inextricably linked with real emergencies. Often, emergencies became the cause of death and suffering of people, destruction of material assets, changes in the environment, and the usual way of life. Sometimes emergencies led to the decline of civilizations and states, served as an impetus for the development of peoples and regions. Large-scale emergencies led to the undermining of economic and political systems, a revision of the issues of interaction between man and nature, man and technology, people among themselves.

1. Emergency. Basic concepts

An emergency situation (ES) is a situation in a certain territory or water area resulting from an accident, hazardous natural phenomenon, catastrophe, natural or other disaster, which may entail human casualties, damage to human health or the environment, significant material losses, and violation of the living conditions of people. Emergencies are distinguished by the nature of the source: natural, man-made, biological and social, and military. And also in terms of scale: local, local, territorial, regional, federal and transboundary (from GOST R 22.0.02-94 with the change in 2000 "Safety in emergency situations").

The source of emergencies is a dangerous natural phenomenon, an accident or a dangerous man-made incident, widespread infectious diseases of people, farm animals and plants, as well as the use of modern means of destruction, as a result of which an emergency occurs. Hazard source - any activity or state of the environment that can lead to the realization of a hazard or the occurrence of hazard factors. By origin, the sources of danger are natural and anthropogenic.

Sources of danger

Natural sources of danger arise from natural phenomena, and they can also arise in the internal environment of a person (aging, some diseases associated with the aging of the body, etc.). The sources of anthropogenic hazards are people themselves, as well as technical means, buildings and structures, transport routes - everything that is created by man. Emergency events underlying emergency situations can be classified according to a significant number of characteristics:

- by signs of manifestation (type and type);

- by the nature of damaging factors or sources of danger (thermal, chemical, radiation, biological, etc.);

- at the place of origin (constructive, production, operational, weather, geophysical, etc.);

- by the intensity of the flow;

- by the scale of the impact (defeat);

- by the nature of the impact on the main targets (destruction, infection, flooding, etc.);

- by the durability and reversibility of the consequences, etc.

The first classification of emergencies in our country was developed by the Scientific and Technical Committee of the USSR Civil Defense and approved in the instruction "On the procedure for exchanging information about emergencies in the Russian Federation" by order of the State Committee for Emergency Situations of the Russian Federation dated April 13, 1992, No. 49.

In accordance with GOST R 22.0.02-94, there are several features that allow attributing a certain event to an emergency: the presence of an emergency source; threat to the health of human life; violation of the normal conditions of human life; damage (property of people, objects of the economy and the environment); presence of emergency borders. GOST R 22.0.02-94 - this standard, which establishes terms and definitions of basic concepts in the field of safety in emergency situations. The terms established by this standard are mandatory for use in all types of documentation and literature on safety in emergency situations included in the scope of standardization work or using the results of these works. Developer: All-Russian Research Institute for Civil Defense and Emergencies. Document status: valid. Date of publication: 01.11.2000. Effective date: 01.01.1996. Date of last change: 23.06.2009.

All emergencies are classified as conflict and non-conflict, characterized by the speed and scale of their spread.

Conflict situations include military clashes, economic crises, social explosions, national and religious conflicts, rampant criminality, terrorist acts, etc.

Non-conflict emergencies include man-made, environmental and natural phenomena that cause emergencies. According to the speed of propagation, all emergency situations are divided into: sudden, fast, moderate and slow spreading.

In terms of the scale of their spread, all emergencies are divided into local, local, territorial, regional, federal and transboundary.

2. The relationship of emergency situations with the environment

Environmental emergencies include:

- changes in the state of soils, bowels of the earth, landscapes;

- changes in the state of the atmosphere, hydrosphere, biosphere.

Environmental emergencies are related to:

1) with a change in the state of land:

- catastrophic subsidence, landslides, collapses of the earth's surface due to the development of subsoil during the extraction of minerals and other human activities;

- the presence of heavy metals (radionuclides) and other harmful substances in the soil in excess of the maximum permissible concentration (MPC);

- intensive soil degradation, desertification in vast areas due to erosion, salinization, waterlogging;

- crisis situations associated with the depletion of non-renewable natural resources;

- critical situations associated with the overflow of storage sites (dumps) with industrial and household waste and their pollution of the environment. Structural landslides (structure - homogeneous cohesive clayey rocks: clays, loams, clay marls).

The main reasons for the formation of landslides are:

- excessive steepness of the slope (slope);

- overloading the upper part of the slope with various dumps and engineering structures;

- violation of the integrity of the slope rocks by trenches, upland ditches or ravines;

- trimming the slope and its sole;

- moisturizing the sole of the slope.

Landslide locations:

- natural slopes of hills and river valleys (on slopes);

- slopes of excavations, consisting of layered rocks, in which the fall of the layers is directed towards the slope or towards the excavation.

Landslide conditions:

- artificial earthen structures with steep slopes;

- cuts formed in homogeneous clay soils on the watersheds of the upland;

- deep sections for opencast mining of mineral deposits;

- embankments filled with the same rocks during waterlogging of the soil and vegetation cover and clayey rocks lying near the day surface.

Hurricanes, storms, storms Are meteorological hazards characterized by high wind speeds. These phenomena are caused by the uneven distribution of atmospheric pressure on the earth's surface and the passage of atmospheric fronts separating air masses with different physical properties. The most important characteristics of hurricanes, storms and storms that determine the volumes of possible destruction and losses are: wind speed, width of the zone covered by the hurricane, and the duration of its action. In the regions of the European part of the Russian Federation, the wind speed during hurricanes, storms and storms varies from 20 to 50 m / s, and in the Far East from 60 to 90 m / s.

Soil erosion- various processes of destruction of soils and underlying rocks by various natural and anthropogenic factors. Distinguish: water erosion, wind, glacial, landslide, river, biological.

2) with a change in the composition and properties of the atmosphere:

- abrupt changes in weather or climate as a result of anthropogenic activities;

- excess of MPC of harmful impurities in the atmosphere;

- temperature inversions over cities;

- acute "oxygen" hunger in cities;

- significant excess of the maximum permissible level of city noise;

- the formation of an extensive zone of acid precipitation;

- destruction of the ozone layer of the atmosphere;

- significant changes in the transparency of the atmosphere.

3) associated with a change in the state of the hydrosphere:

- a sharp shortage of drinking water due to depletion of water or its pollution;

- depletion of water resources necessary for organizing domestic water supply and ensuring technological processes;

- violation of economic activity and ecological balance due to pollution of the zones of inland seas and the world's oceans.

4) associated with a change in the state of the biosphere :

- the disappearance of species (animals, plants) sensitive to changes in environmental conditions;

- death of vegetation over a wide area;

- a sharp change in the ability of the biosphere to reproduce renewable resources;

- mass death of animals.

Earthquakes cause fires, gas explosions, dam breaks.

Volcanic eruptions- poisoning of pastures, death of livestock, hunger. Flooding leads to soil water pollution, poisoning of wells, infections, and mass diseases.

Protective measures against environmental disasters

- the internal environment of a person;

- natural habitat;

- artificial habitat; professional activity;

- non-professional activities;

- social environment.

Water pollution

The intensive development of industry, transport, overpopulation of a number of regions of the planet have led to significant pollution of the hydrosphere.

Fresh surface waters of the land (rivers, lakes, swamps, soil and ground waters) are exposed to the most intense anthropogenic impact.

The activity of water exchange is the rate of renewal of individual water resources of the hydrosphere, which is expressed in the number of years or days required for the full renewal of water resources. River waters are used especially intensively. A special place in the use of water resources is occupied by the consumption of water by the population. . Domestic and drinking purposes in our country account for 10% of the total water consumption. Rivers are needed to meet the drinking and domestic needs of the population. This is predetermined by the enormous physiological and hygienic value of water, its exceptional role in the normal course of complex physiological processes in the human body, in creating the most favorable living conditions for people.

The amount of water required for one resident per day depends on the climate of the area, the cultural level of the population, the degree of improvement of the city and the housing stock. On its basis, consumption rates have been developed, which include the consumption of water in apartments, enterprises of cultural and domestic services, utilities and public catering. Water used for irrigating green spaces and washing streets is accounted for separately.

The total capacity of the city water supply system must meet the immediate needs of the population, water consumption in public buildings (children's institutions, catering establishments, etc.), watering of green spaces and household and drinking needs of industrial enterprises. The use of municipal water supply, prepared for drinking purposes, for the technological needs of industrial enterprises, except for food industry enterprises, should be recognized as irrational. In practice, it is also not uncommon for industrial enterprises to consume from 25 to 67% of drinking water, and on average in the country - up to 40% of the water in urban water supply systems. Pathogenic microbes penetrate into open water bodies when discharging sewage from river vessels, when banks are polluted and contaminants are washed off the soil surface with precipitation, when watering livestock, washing clothes and bathing.

Infectious diseases of the population associated with water supply reaches 500 million cases per year.

Therefore, water quality is one of the most important issues. Technogenic pollution has a great influence on the composition of natural waters, both surface and underground.

Therefore, the role of water in the development of diseases of a non-infectious nature is determined by the content of chemical impurities in it, the presence and amount of which is due to technogenic and anthropogenic factors. (From the foundations of the water legislation in force in the Russian Federation).

By the mid-90s. more than 1000 foci of groundwater pollution have already been identified, 75% of which are in the most populated part of Russia. In general, the state of groundwater is assessed as critical and has a dangerous tendency for further deterioration.

3. Environmental emergencies in different areas

The duration of the soil formation process for various continents and latitudes ranges from several hundred to several thousand years.

Human economic activity is currently becoming the dominant factor in the destruction of soils, reducing and increasing their fertility. Under the influence of man, the parameters and factors of soil formation - reliefs, microclimate - are changing, reservoirs are being created, and land reclamation is being carried out.

The main property of the soil is fertility. It is related to soil quality. The following processes are distinguished in the destruction of soils and a decrease in their fertility.

Sushi aridization - a complex of processes for reducing the moisture content of vast territories and the resulting reduction in the biological productivity of ecological systems. Under the influence of primitive agriculture, irrational use of pastures, and the indiscriminate use of technology on land, soils are turning into deserts.

Soil erosion.

Soil erosion is the destruction of soil by wind, water, machinery and irrigation. The most dangerous is water erosion - soil washout by melt, rain and storm waters - water erosion is noted at a steepness of 1–2 °. Water erosion is facilitated by the destruction of forests, plowing on the slope.

There are three types of erosion:

– wind erosion is characterized by the removal of the smallest parts by the wind. Wind erosion is facilitated by the destruction of vegetation in areas with insufficient humidity, strong winds, continuous grazing.

– technical erosion (associated with the destruction of the soil under the influence of transport, earth-moving machinery and equipment);

- irrigation erosion (develops as a result of violation of irrigation rules in irrigated agriculture). Soil salinization is mainly associated with these disturbances.

Currently, at least 50% of the irrigated land area is salinized, millions of hectares of previously fertile land have been lost.

A change in the content of trace elements in the soil affects the health of herbivores and humans, leads to metabolic disorders, and causes various endemic diseases of a local nature. For example, a lack of iodine in the soil leads to thyroid disease, a lack of calcium in drinking water and food - to joint damage, deformation, and growth retardation. In podzolic soils with a high iron content, when it interacts with sulfur, iron sulfide is formed, which is a strong poison. As a result, the microflora (algae, bacteria) in the soil is destroyed, which leads to a loss of fertility. The soil becomes dead when the content of lead is 2-3 g per 1 kg of soil (around some enterprises the lead content in the soil reaches 10-15 g / kg).

The soil always contains carcinogenic (chemical, physical, biological) substances that cause tumor diseases in living organisms, including cancerous ones.

The main sources of regional soil contamination with carcinogenic substances are vehicle exhaust, industrial emissions, and petroleum products. Disposal of industrial and household waste to landfills leads to pollution and irrational use of land, creates real threats of significant pollution of the atmosphere, surface and ground waters, an increase in transport costs and the irrevocable loss of valuable materials and substances.

Demographic and social consequences of the emergency

An environmental crisis is the stage of interaction between society and nature, at which the contradictions between human economic activity and the environment, the economic interests of society in the development of natural resources and environmental requirements for environmental protection are aggravated to the limit. According to its structure, the ecological crisis is usually divided into two parts: natural and social. The natural part indicates the onset of degradation, destruction of the natural environment. The social side of the ecological crisis lies in the inability of state and public structures to stop the degradation of the environment and improve it. Both sides of the ecological crisis are closely interconnected. The onset of the ecological crisis can be stopped only with a rational state structure, a developed economy and as a result of emergency measures for environmental protection.

Despite the stabilization of salt concentration in recent years, the Sea of Azov has lost its unique fishing value.

The most unfavorable ecological situation was created in connection with the drying up of the Aral Sea.

The ecological problems of large cities have become extremely acute in our country, often associated with economic helplessness and mismanagement. For example, scientists associate the environmental problems of St. Petersburg with the situation on Ladoga, which resembles Baikal, with the only difference that Ladoga is smaller than Lake Baikal, and there are more polluting objects on it. At the same time, Ladoga is the largest freshwater lake in Europe and the main source of water supply for the city of 5 million. It contains about 900 km 3 of water, which is twice as fresh as the waters of Lake Baikal.

Ladoga water was considered very tasty and had a special softness. At present, due to waste pollution from pulp and paper enterprises and livestock farms, many parts of Ladoga "bloom" due to the massive development of blue-green algae. Ladoga water now contains compounds of nitrogen and phosphorus. Poisonous secretions of algae poison Ladoga water. Algae, dying and decomposing, take oxygen from the water. Domestic wastewater from adjacent towns and villages also ends up in Ladoga.

Radioactive contamination of the environment

A particular danger to all life on earth is ionizing radiation, which is the "achievement" of humanity in the XX century - radioactive contamination of the environment. The main sources of radioactive contamination are nuclear reactors of power plants, sea ships and enterprises of the military-industrial complex. As a result of exposure to radiation, radiation sickness develops, genetic patterns are violated. Claims for excess radiation radiation in our country can also be addressed to enterprises using radiation materials or dealing with their processing and disposal. A great danger to life on earth is posed by radioactive waste pollution of the world's oceans. Low level solid waste has been dumped into the sea in almost all countries since the beginning of the development of nuclear power and industry. Until 1971, radioactive waste was discharged without control by international organizations. The first discharges of such waste in our country were associated with sea trials of nuclear submarines and the icebreaker "Lenin".

Forest

In general, in Siberia, forest is cut down annually on an area of 600 thousand hectares, and on the same area it is burned by fires. Artificial forest restoration does not exceed 200 thousand hectares. Thus, only 1/6 of what perishes is restored. Almost uncontrolled self-harvesting of forests is widespread, accounting for up to 1/5 of the total volume of felling in the country. Acid rains complete the deplorable picture of massive destruction of forests. They dry out. Acid increases the mobility of aluminum in soils, which is toxic to small roots, and this leads to oppression of foliage and needles, fragility of branches. There is no natural regeneration of coniferous and deciduous forests. These symptoms are accompanied by secondary damage from insects and tree diseases. The destruction of forests is increasingly affecting young trees.

The decrease in agricultural land, especially arable land, continues. Over 50 years, more than 1 million hectares of arable land have been withdrawn from agricultural use. The main reasons: wind and water erosion of soils, the advance of cities and towns to the best arable lands, depletion of soil biopotential due to improper use of mineral fertilizers, fungicides, massive soil salinization due to irrigated agriculture. The processes of waterlogging, overgrowing of land with shrubs and small forests have acquired dangerous dimensions. In Russia, there are about 13% of such lands. A lot of disturbed land was obtained as a result of mining, during the construction of highways, river dams. Currently, 1.5 million hectares of land are in need of restoration.

Conclusion

Danger lurks from all sides. Under certain conditions, negative factors may arise that can lead to one or a combination of undesirable consequences for a person:

- deterioration of human health, i.e. illness, injury, death of a person;

- deterioration of the environment.

The danger of emergency situations can come both from the environment and from the internal environment of a person. Source of danger- any activity or state of the environment (including internal) that can lead to the realization of a hazard or the emergence of hazard factors. By origin, the sources of danger are of two types: natural and anthropogenic. Natural sources of danger arise from natural phenomena, and they can also arise in the internal environment of a person (aging, some diseases associated with the aging of the body, etc.). The sources of anthropogenic hazards are people themselves, as well as technical means, buildings and structures, transport routes - everything that is created by man. Speaking about environmental emergencies, the role of anthropogenic influence on their manifestation should be emphasized. Numerous facts of imbalance in the natural environment as a result of human activity are known, leading to an increase in hazardous impacts. At present, the scale of the use of environmental resources has increased significantly, as a result, the features of the global environmental crisis have begun to appear. Nature knows how to answer man for his rude intrusion into her. You should be careful. Environmental emergencies are complex in their specificity, since they are irreparable and together create the concept of an environmental crisis.

List of used literature

1. Rusak O.N., Malayan K.R., Zanko N.G. "Life safety". Tutorial. Doe, 2000;

2. L.P. Kukin, V.L. Lapin, E.A. Podgornykh “Life safety. Safety of technological processes and production (Labor protection) ". Textbook for universities. High School, 1999;

3. B.S. Mastryukov "Safety in Emergency Situations", 1998;

4. http://www./referat-33913.html;

5. Federal Law of the Russian Federation "On the Protection of the Population and Territories from Natural and Technogenic Emergencies" (dated December 21, 1994, No. 68-FZ, as amended by Federal Laws dated 28.10.2002 No. 129-FZ, dated 22.08.2004 No. 122-FZ , dated 04.12.2006 No. 206-FZ, dated 18.12.2006 No. 232-FZ, dated 30.10.2007 No. 241-FZ);

6. State standard of the Russian Federation "Safety in emergency situations". (Date of introduction 1996–01–01);

7 ... B.V. Azimov, A.M. Navitniy "Problems of Elimination of Environmental Consequences in Emergency Environmental Situations". "Environmental regulation of economic activities of enterprises: technical, legal, tax, investment issues." Digest of articles. (Perm, 2000);

8 ... Ecological doctrine of the Russian Federation, M., 2001;

9 ... Brinchuk M.M. "Environmental Law", 1998.

Environmental emergencies. Environmental emergency (definition)

Introduction

Chapter 2. Environmental Emergencies

Question 2. Change in the state of land (varieties, characteristics)

The intensive development of industry, transport, overpopulation of a number of regions of the planet have led to significant pollution of the hydrosphere.

Fresh surface waters of the land (rivers, lakes, swamps, soil and ground waters) are exposed to the most intense anthropogenic impact.

Infectious diseases of the population associated with water supply reaches 500 million cases per year.

Therefore, water quality is one of the most important issues. Technogenic pollution has a great influence on the composition of natural waters, both surface and underground.

By the mid-90s. more than 1000 foci of groundwater pollution have already been identified, 75% of which are in the most populated part of Russia. In general, the state of groundwater is assessed as critical and has a dangerous tendency for further deterioration.

The main property of the soil is fertility. It is related to soil quality. The following processes are distinguished in the destruction of soils and a decrease in their fertility.

Soil erosion.

Soil erosion is the destruction of soil by wind, water, machinery and irrigation. The most dangerous is water erosion - soil washout by melt, rain and storm waters - water erosion is noted at a steepness of 1–2 °. Water erosion is facilitated by the destruction of forests, plowing on the slope.

There are three types of erosion:

– wind erosion is characterized by the removal of the smallest parts by the wind. Wind erosion is facilitated by the destruction of vegetation in areas with insufficient humidity, strong winds, continuous grazing.

– technical erosion (associated with the destruction of the soil under the influence of transport, earth-moving machinery and equipment);

- irrigation erosion (develops as a result of violation of irrigation rules in irrigated agriculture). Soil salinization is mainly associated with these disturbances.

Currently, at least 50% of the irrigated land area is salinized, millions of hectares of previously fertile land have been lost.

The soil always contains carcinogenic (chemical, physical, biological) substances that cause tumor diseases in living organisms, including cancerous ones.

Demographic and social consequences of the emergency

Despite the stabilization of salt concentration in recent years, the Sea of ​​Azov has lost its unique fishing value.

The most unfavorable ecological situation was created in connection with the drying up of the Aral Sea.

Radioactive contamination of the environment

Forest

Conclusion

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Despite the stabilization of salt concentration in recent years, the Sea of Azov has lost its unique fishing value.