An old saying goes: "When the cannons speak, the muses are silent." However, Stefan Batory during the Livonian War took care of creating a refuge for the muses - the Vilnius University. It is clear that the need for a higher educational institution was already brewing in society, and the competition between the Reformation and the Counter-Reformation had a great influence on the decision to establish a university. Lithuanian Catholics - and the Vilna bishop Valerian Protasevich himself (Valerijonas Protasevičius) - tried to get ahead of the Protestants in their intention to establish a collegium. Therefore, the Jesuits, who arrived in Vilna in 1569 at the invitation of the bishop, received funds to open their college and provided for the possibility of its transformation into a university. The college was officially opened on July 17, 1570. The Jesuits set themselves ambitious goals - through the Vilna University to spread science and Catholicism not only in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and neighboring countries, but also in Scandinavia and even in the far eastern regions (up to China! ).

Stefan Batory founds the Vilnius University. Hood. V. Smokovsky, 1828

To transform the college into a higher educational institution, a lot of funds were required, and qualified teachers were needed. An indispensable condition was also the consent of Pope Gregory XIII, which was obtained in 1577. However, the support of the ruler played an important role. On April 1, 1579, King Stephen Bathory, approving the plan and efforts of Bishop Valerian Protasevich, issued a privilege for the opening of the Vilnius Academy, and on October 29, 1579, Pope Gregory XIII issued a bull confirming the transformation of the Vilna collegium into a university. The new school was called the Academy and the University of Vilna Society of Jesus ( Academia et Universitas Vilnensis Societatis Jesu).

Until its closure in 1832, Vilnius University was not only the main Lithuanian educational institution, but also the most important cultural center. the Jesuits, who determined the cultural content of the Baroque era, spread their ideas through the University of Vilnius. It is believed that the level of education at the ancient university was in no way inferior to the universities of Prague, Krakow, Vienna or Rome. Professors invited to the University of Vilnius from these and other Catholic

The large courtyard of the Vilnius University and the Church of St. John. From

“Vilensky Album” by Ya. K. Vilchinsky. Hood. F. Benois, A. Bayo, 1850

universities in Western and Central Europe, brought with them the principles of teaching, high demands, a system of intensive teaching, formed under the influence of the reform of Catholicism, and the influence of Vilna scholars was felt not only throughout Lithuania (first of all, these are the works of K. Sirvydas and Albert Viyuk-Koyalović (Albertas Vijukas-Koyalavičius), but also far beyond the boundaries of ethnic Lithuania and the multinational and multiconfessional Grand Duchy of Lithuania.

Frontispiece of the work "Artis magnae artilleriae" by the famous military engineer of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, creator of the theory of multistage missiles K. Semenovich, 1650

impact on the whole of Europe - this concerns his schools of theology, philosophy, logic, rhetoric and poetics. The works of professors at Vilnius University even reached Protestant England - for example, at

The "Logic" of Martin Smigletsky (1618) was referenced by scientists not only from the Sorbonne, but also from Oxford, and the poetry of Matei Casimir Sarbevsky in 1646 was translated from Latin into English and read in European universities instead of the usual Horace.

The University of Vilnius is one of the oldest universities in Central Europe - only the universities of Prague, Krakow, Pest, Buda and Koenigsberg are older than it. It should be noted, however, that in Vilna the university was founded only two hundred years after the baptism of the country, while in the more progressive Czech Republic this event

Drawings of K. Semenovich's missiles. Amsterdam, 1650

happened 400 years after baptism. There is also a second aspect of the historical significance of the ancient Vilnius University. Since the XIV century. and for two centuries the most eastern university in all of Europe was the University of Krakow, and since the 16th century. for the next 200 years (until the establishment of the Moscow and St. Petersburg universities), this title was rightfully taken over by the Vilnius University. That such a role of the university was far from formal, the founders of the academy, the Jesuits, already understood. One of them then wrote: “We should also not forget that from here the doors to Muscovy are wide open for us, and from there, through the Tatars, we can reach China. Besides, we shouldn't forget about Sweden and Livonia. " These plans cease to seem geographic naivety, if we recall the student of Vilnius University Andrius Rudamina, who carried the ideas of the Society of Jesus all the way to China, where he preached in 1626-1634. and wrote works on asceticism in Chinese. The most northerly Catholic and the most eastern European - this is the central importance of the ancient Jesuit university.

13.

Through the arch near the library you can go to the courtyard of Dauksha (on the diagram # 8), framed by the Faculty of History and the apartments of the professors. Mikalojus Dauksha is one of the founders of Lithuanian writing in the 16th century. A wooden monument to him hangs right on the tree:

14.

Well, now - deep into the University Quarter! True, at the exit from the gateway, an aunt caught up with us and asked who allowed us to come here. I was scared - "what a bummer ?!" - but in Lithuania this is somehow easier: it turned out that you just have to pay for tickets, which were accompanied free of charge by a diagram of university courtyards, on which the cashier had drawn the aisles in front of our eyes with a pen.
So, the next one is the central courtyard of Sarbevia at the university:

15.

Matvey Kazimierz Sarbeviy (Sarbevsky) is a 17th century Polish poet who wrote in Latin and was rewarded by the Pope himself. The left building (1799-17801) was built as a professorial apartment, and now belongs to the philological faculty. The right wing is based on the 17th century, but took on its current appearance in the 1830s. Finally, right on the course - the former university stable, which changed its purpose many times and since 1979 has been rebuilt into the "Literra" bookstore, notable for its paintings that immortalize the most important graduates and teachers and their deeds.

16.

The Sarbevia courtyard is located in the heart of the university. Let's go first to the right, up the stairs under the Liberty Bell ...

17.

To the Bolshoy Dvor, or Skarga Yard in honor of the first rector of the Vilnius University Petr Skarga. It acquired its current appearance with arcades in 1610 - how many generations of students remember their alma mater like that ?!

18.

There is a whole pantheon of memorial plaques under these arcades:

19.

And on the reverse side - this is the view. On the right is the university aul (1762, i.e. the assembly hall), and on the left is the main facade of the Church of St. John (1738-49). All this was created by Johann Glaubitz - the most outstanding master and legislator of the "Vilna Baroque" - an architectural style that has become, without exaggeration, a "visiting card" of the ON, similar to our ornamental pattern. At the same time, the present bell tower was built - the highest (68m) in Vilnius ... however, I have already told a lot about it.

20.

And in general, the Church of St. John is one of the most amazing churches where I have been. And it's not even a matter of magnificent decoration, as an external one:

21.

So it is internal with a gallery of various Saints John (Baptist, Theologian, Chrysostom, Nepomuk, Kapistarn, etc.):

22.

Not in the finest organ music that continuously poured in the hall (the organ itself was erected in 1830-35, and, like in the Cathedral, is considered the largest in Lithuania):

23.

But the fact is that for the first time I see in the church building the connection of religion with science! The sculptures of saints are side by side with portraits of professors and monuments to figures of Polish culture, which in the 19th century could not be installed on city streets:

24.

50.

But perhaps the most interesting three years in the life of this palace - 1863-65, when six Lithuanian and Belarusian provinces were led by Governor-General Mikhail Muravyov, later Muravyov-Vilensky. By that time, he had fought pretty well on various fronts (including Poland in the 1830s), led several provinces and founded a mathematical society in Moscow. In Poland, Lithuania and 17% of Belarus they hate him and call him "Executioner Ants" and "Hanging Ants", but apart from any executions and exile, he also stifled freedom by peaceful means, from economic to ecclesiastical. Muravyov's logic was simple: the Belarusian peasantry are the same Russian peasants, only under a Catholic master, and therefore it is necessary to weaken the noble landowners, to strengthen Orthodoxy and public education according to the all-Russian model: "What the Russian bayonet has not completed, the Russian school will complete!" Under him, churches were massively closed and handed over to the Orthodox (which, alas, was sometimes accompanied by the destruction of their relics), hundreds of churches were built in the pseudo-Russian style - they are now called "ants", and they are found in all western provinces. Hundreds of public schools were also founded in those years, with teaching in Russian. In general, such an effective and rapid assimilation of the region hardly had any analogues in history. The hatred of Muravyov is quite understandable here - in fact, he destroyed the Grand Duchy of Lithuania as a historical community. However, no one then foresaw such an effect as the emergence of a new historical community - the Belarusians, who distanced themselves from the Lithuanian past, but did not merge with the Great Russians either.
In 1906-1915, the museum of Muravyov-Vilensky was located in the carddeguard of the palace.

51.

Well, along the street of St. John, we return to Pilies. The axes of the Old City - Pilies, Didjoyi and Ausros-Vartu - will be devoted to the next part.

P.S.
And Boris Godunov was going to open a university in Moscow - but: hunger, uprising, Troubles, further decline and alienation. However, Moscow University could still be, it could well be younger than Vilensky not by almost two centuries, but by 30-40 years. "Give me, Nicholas boyar's son, the Ipatiev Chronicle on the right hand, and the Laurentian Chronicle on the Shuitsa!"

LITHUANIA-2013
and a table of contents.
The border of the Lithuanian principality.
... Smolyany, Lepel and Babtsy.
... Begoml, Budslav, Vileika.
... Smorgon, Krevo, Medininkai.
Vilnius.
.
.
Vilnius University.
Pilies - Didjoyi - Ausros-Vartu. The axis of the Old City.
Temples of the Old City.
The streets of the Old Town and Uzupis.
Bernardines and Saint Anne.
New town. Station and Pogulyanka.
New town. Lukiskes (Lukishki).
New town. Zverinas (Menagerie) and Shnipishkes.
Antakalnis (Antokol)
Belmontas and the Cannon Factory.
Vilna calvaria.
Life in the treasury. People and realities of Vilnius.
Paneryay (Ponary).
Lithuania. Past and present.
History and architecture.
Color and features.
People and realities.
Dzukiya (Dainawa).
Trakai.
Aukstadvaris and the Devil's Pit.
Rumshishkes. Lithuanian skansen.
Kedainiai (although he is no longer in Dzukija).
Kaunas.
Lithuania Minor (Memelland).
Samogitia (Zhmud, Samogitiya, Lower Earth).
Aukštaitija (Upper Land).
Latgale in Latvia.
The way home through Lubavichi.

The large courtyard of the university. Ser. XIX century.

higher educational institution and educational management body of the Vilna educational district in 1803-1832.

History

The higher education institution in Vilna was founded in 1579 by King Stephen Bathory and Pope Gregory XIII as the Academy and University of the Vilna Society of Jesus. In 1773, as a result of the reform under the auspices of the Educational Commission, the Academy and the University was transformed into the “Main Lithuanian School” and received subordination of all educational institutions of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, and after the third partition of the Commonwealth, the Main Lithuanian School was transformed into the Main Vilna School.

By an act signed on April 4, 1803 by Emperor Alexander I, the Main Vilna School was transformed into the Imperial Vilna University. The educational institutions of the Vilna educational district, which covered eight provinces of the Russian Empire, were transferred to the jurisdiction of the university. In 1803, Prince Adam Czartoryski was appointed the trustee of the Vilna educational district, who contributed to the flourishing of the university. Czartoryski held the position of trustee for twenty years, combining it with the posts of Deputy Minister of Foreign Affairs and Minister of Foreign Affairs.

In accordance with the "Charter or general decree of the Imperial Vilnius University and the schools of its district" approved on May 18, 1803, the university was simultaneously an educational, scientific and educational and administrative local institution that elected directors of gymnasiums, superintendents of county schools and other officials, who controlled educational and methodological , disciplinary, economic activities of district educational institutions, published and censored educational and methodological literature. The teachers' seminary at the university trained qualified school teachers.

Aula University

The university was the richest among all Russian universities: in addition to the staffing amount of 130 thousand rubles per year, allocated to all universities, the funds amounted to annual receipts of 105 thousand rubles from the income of former Jesuit estates, as well as additional one-time allocations (in 1804, 70 thousand rubles of awards from Alexander I, in 1807 a subsidy of 30 thousand rubles, in 1811 - 60 thousand rubles.The number of students grew from 290 in 1804 to 1,321 in 1830. By 1823 it had become the largest university in Russia and Europe, the number of students exceeding Oxford University Initially, the University of Vilnius awarded doctoral and master's degrees in a wide range of scientific disciplines - literature, government revenue management and trade, foreign state relations, jurisprudence, architecture, etc. In 1819, the university was deprived of the right to confer master's and doctoral degrees; get a candidate's degree. In 1821 it was also forbidden to issue candidate diplomas.

Secret student patriotic organizations operated at the university. In 1823, dozens of university students, including Adam Mitskevich, were arrested on charges of belonging to them. 108 of them were brought to trial. After a long stay in custody during the investigation and trial, 20 people were deported to various cities in Russia. Adam Czartoryski was removed. His place was taken by N. N. Novosiltsev. In connection with the filomat trial on the initiative of Novosiltsev from the university, by a decree on August 14, 1824, in order to "suppress the harmful influence that the party opposing the university administration had had," Professors Jozef Golukhovsky, Ignatius Danilovich, Joachim Lelevel, and also Michal Bobrovsky were dismissed and expelled from Lithuania.

Due to the direct participation or indirect involvement of students and teachers in the uprising of 1831 on May 1, 1832, the university was abolished by the rescript of Nicholas I. The Faculty of Medicine was transformed into the Medical-Surgical Academy, the theological - into the Catholic Theological Academy.

Since 1855, the buildings of the university housed the Museum of Antiquities, later the Public Library, the archive, and also two men's gymnasiums. At various times, they studied the writer and collector A.V. Zhirkevich, the Polish statesman Y. Pilsudski, the Soviet statesman F.E.Dzerzhinsky, the actor V.I.Kachalov, the artist M.V. Dobuzhinsky, the Lithuanian composer K. Galkauskas , literary theorist M. M. Bakhtin.

The tradition of student organizations in 1932-1936 was continued by the "Front" - a legal organization. She worked under the influence of the Communist Party of Western Belarus, united about half of the Polish, Belarusian, Lithuanian students, influenced the intelligentsia and national organizations. The Front's print organ is the Zew newspaper; published the newspapers Po Prostu and Karta, popular in Poland, in which Maksim Tank and Jerzy Putrament collaborated; illegal revolutionary leaflets. The Polish authorities banned the organization's activities, and the leaders were imprisoned.

Main Vilna school

After the abolition of the Jesuit Order in 1773, the Vilna Academy and the University came under the jurisdiction of the Eduction Commission (Commission for National Education), the governing body of education in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in 1773-1794. The educational institution was transformed into the Main School of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania ( Schola Princips Magni Ducatus Lithuaniae), in which education began to be more secular. All educational institutions of the region were transferred to the jurisdiction of the Main School, in relation to which it played the role of a central governing institution.

After the partitions of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, this educational institution was renamed the Main Vilna School.

Imperial Vilnius University

By an act signed on April 4 (16), 1803 by Emperor Alexander I, the Main Vilna School was transformed into the Imperial Vilna University. The university developed rapidly thanks to favorable conditions, secured by incomes from Poiesuit estates and the patronage of the trustee, Prince Adam Czartoryski. At the time of the rector's rector Jerome Stroinovsky (1799-1806), foreign professors had to be attracted, then they were increasingly replaced by local natives. The seven-year rector's office of Jan Snyadetsky (1807-1814) is considered "the best time of the university."

Due to the direct participation or indirect involvement of students and teachers in the uprising of 1831, the university was abolished by the rescript of Nicholas I on May 1, 1832. The medical and theological faculties were transformed into the Medical-Surgical Academy (later merged into the Kiev University of St. Vladimir, 1842) and the Catholic Theological Academy (later transferred to St. Petersburg, 1842).

The higher education institution in Vilna was founded in 1579 by King Stephen Bathory and Pope Gregory XIII as the Academy and the University of Vilnius of the Society of Jesus (Almae Academia et Universitas Vilnensis Societatis Jesu).

The educational institutions of the Vilna educational district, which covered eight provinces of the Russian Empire (Vilna, Grodno, Minsk, Mogilev, Vitebsk, Volyn, Podolsk, Kiev), were transferred to the university's jurisdiction.

In 1773, as a result of a reform under the auspices of the Educational Commission (National Education Commission), the Academy and the University were transformed into the "Main Lithuanian School".

After the third partition of the Rzecz Pospolita, the Main Lithuanian School was transformed into the Main Vilna School. By an act signed on April 4 (16), 1803 by Emperor Alexander I, the Main Vilna School was transformed into the Imperial Vilna University.

In 1803, the post of trustee of the Vilna educational district was held by Prince Adam Czartoryski, for twenty years (until 1823), combining it with the posts of Deputy Minister of Foreign Affairs (1802-1804) and Minister of Foreign Affairs (1804-1807), contributed to the flourishing of the university.

The university was at the same time an educational, scientific and educational administrative local institution that elected directors of gymnasiums, supervisors of county schools and other officials, supervised educational, methodological, disciplinary, economic activities of district educational institutions, published and censored educational and methodological literature.

The number of students rose from 290 in 1804 to 1,321 in 1830. By 1823 it became the largest university in Russia and Europe, surpassing Oxford University in the number of students.

Initially, the University of Vilnius awarded doctoral and master's degrees in a wide range of scientific disciplines - literature, government revenue management and trade, foreign state relations, jurisprudence, architecture and others. In 1819, the university was deprived of the right to confer master's and doctoral degrees; graduates could obtain a candidate's degree. In 1821, it was forbidden to issue candidates' diplomas.

Secret student patriotic organizations (philomats, filarets, "radiant" or "radiant") operated at the university. In 1823, dozens of university students, including Adam Mitskevich, were arrested on charges of belonging to them. 108 of them were brought to trial. After a long stay in custody during the investigation and trial, 20 people were deported to various cities in Russia. Czartoryski was removed. His place was taken by N. N. Novosiltsev.

It consisted of four faculties - Ø physical and mathematical, Ø medical, Ø moral and political (with theology), Ø literary with fine arts. There were 32 departments, 55 subjects were taught. The university owned a botanical garden, an anatomical museum, a clinic, a physics and chemistry laboratory, and a library of 60 thousand volumes.

The teaching was carried out mainly in Polish and Latin. After the displacement of Czartoryski, the reading of individual subjects in Russian was gradually introduced. After the reform of 1803, two departments were established where philosophy was taught - the department of logic and the department of metaphysics and morality.

The rector and deans were elected for three years. Rectors were Jerome Stroinovsky (1799-1806), Jan Sniadetsky (1807-1814), Shimon Malevsky (1817-1822), mathematician Jozef Twardovsky (1823-1824).

The university was famous for its professors and students. The lecturers were invited from other scientific centers in Europe. The University of Vilnius taught: v physicians Johann Frank (1745-1821) and his son Joseph Frank (1771-1842), v popularizer of Adam Smith's theory Jan Znosko (1772-1833), v philologist and poet Eusebiusz Slovacki (1772, according to other sources 1773-1814), father of the poet Juliusz Slowacki. v physician, pioneer of smallpox vaccination in Lithuania August Beku (1775-1824), stepfather of the poet Juliusz Slowacki, v historians Joachim Lelevel (1786-1861) and Jozef Goluchowski (1797-1858), etc.