Drawing on a plate E. Populov

Sadko is a young guslar from Veliky Novgorod. At the beginning of the story, he is poor, proud and proud. His only property is the vernal gusli, on which he plays, moving from one merry feast to another.

However, a day comes, and after it another, a third, when Sadko is not invited to an honest feast. The hero's pride is hurt, but he does not show any offense to anyone. He walks alone to Lake Ilmen, sits on a white-combustible stone on the shore and takes out the cherished gusli. Sadko plays, taking his soul away in music. From his play, the water in the lake "stirred up". Not paying attention to this, Sadko returns back to the city.

Soon, history repeats itself. Sadko is again not invited to the feast - one, two, three. He again goes to Lake Ilmen, again sits down on a combustible stone and begins to play. And again the water in the lake sways, foreshadowing something.

When Sadko comes to Lake Ilmen for the third time, a miracle happens. After his playing on the harp, the waters move apart and the sea king himself appears from the depths of the lake, who turns to the hero with the following words:

Ah, you, Sadko Novgorodsky!
I don’t know what will you welcome
For your joys for the greats,
Al an uncountable gold treasury? ..

The king of the sea gives Sadko advice: make a bet with the merchants that he will catch fish in the lake - golden feathers. The king promises to throw these fish into the net to Sadko.

At the next feast, the musician follows this advice. In a circle of heavily drunk merchants, he proposes an argument, boasting that he knows "a wonderful miracle in Lake Ilmen." He invites his rivals, who laugh at his stories:

Let's hit the big bet:
I'll lay my riotous head
And you patch up the shops of red goods.

Three of the merchants agree. The dispute ends in complete victory for Sadko. Throwing the net three times, he pulls out three goldfish. The merchants give him three shops of expensive goods.

From that moment on, Sadko begins to grow rich rapidly. He becomes a successful merchant, gets "great profits". His life is changing, he is overgrown with luxury, giving free rein to whimsical imagination. In his white-stone chambers, Sadko arranges "everything heavenly":

The sun is in the sky and the sun is in the chambers,
There is a month in heaven and a month in the wards,
There are stars in the sky and stars in the chambers. "

He sets a rich feast to which he invites the most eminent citizens of Novgorod. At the feast, everyone eats up, gets drunk and begins to boast to each other - some with valiant prowess, some with countless treasury, some with a good horse, some with a noble kinship, some with a beautiful wife. Sadko remains silent for the time being. The guests are finally wondering why the owner "does not boast of anything." Sadko importantly replies that his superiority is now too obvious to indulge in an argument. And as a proof of his power, he declares that he is able to buy up all Novgorod goods.

Before he has time to utter it, all the guests strike with him “a great bet”, offended by such excessive pride. They decide that if Sadko does not keep his word, he will give thirty thousand rubles to the merchants.

The next day, Sadko wakes up at dawn, wakes up his brave retinue, gives each vigilante a lot of money and one single order: to go to the stalls and buy everything. He himself also goes to the living room, where he buys everything indiscriminately.

The next morning, the hero gets up early again and again wakes up the squad. In the shopping and living rooms, they find the goods twice as much as before and again buy up everything that comes to hand. The shops and shops are emptying - but only until a new day. In the morning Sadko and his warriors see an even greater abundance of goods - now there are three times, and not twice as much as before!

Sadko has no choice but to think about it. He understands that it is not in his power to redeem goods in this wonderful trading city, he admits that overseas goods will also arrive in time for Moscow goods. And no matter how rich the merchant is, glorious Novgorod will be richer than anyone. This is how the vain hero learns a good lesson in time. After the loss, Sadko humbly gives his rivals thirty thousand, and with the remaining money he builds thirty ships.

Now Sadko - gambling and daring - decides to see the world. Through the Volkhov, Ladoga and Neva he goes out into the open sea, then turns south and swims to the possessions of the Golden Horde. There he successfully sells the Novgorodian goods he had taken with him, as a result of which his wealth multiplies again. Sadko pours barrels of gold and silver and turns the ships back to Novgorod.

On the way back, the caravan of ships gets caught in a terrible storm. The waves beat the ships, the wind tears the sails. Sadko realizes that this is a fool of his old acquaintance - the sea king, who has not been paid tribute for a long time. The merchant turns to his squad with the order to throw a barrel of silver into the sea. But the elements do not calm down. The ships cannot move because of the storm. Throwing a barrel of gold - the same result. Then Sadko understands: the king of the sea demands "a living head in the blue sea." He himself invites his warriors to cast lots. They are thrown twice, and both times the lot falls on Sadko.

And now Sadko the merchant gives the last orders before sinking to the bottom. He bequeaths his estates to the churches of God, the young wife and the poor brethren, and the rest to his brave warriors. Saying goodbye to his comrades, he takes the old spring harp and stays on the waves on the same board. At the same moment, the storm subsides, the ships take off and disappear into the distance.

Sadko falls asleep on his raft right in the middle of the sea. He wakes up in the possession of the sea king. In a white-stone underwater palace, he meets the king himself. He does not hide the celebration:

For ages you, Sadko, rode the sea,
I, the king, did not pay tribute,
And all nonh came to me in gifts.

The king asks the guest to play the harp. Sadko begins a dancing melody: the tsar, unable to bear it, starts dancing, becoming more and more excited. Sadko plays for a day, then the second and third - without a break. The Tsar continues his dance. A terrible storm arose on the sea from this dance. Many ships sank and crashed, flooded the shores and villages. The people everywhere prayed to Mikola Mozhaisky. It was he, saint, who pushed Sadko on the shoulder, quietly and sternly explaining to the guslar that it was time to end the dance. Sadko objected that he had an order and he could not disobey the king. "And you pick the strings," the gray-haired old man taught him. And he also gave this advice. If the sea king orders to marry, do not argue with him. But from hundreds of proposed brides to choose the latest - Chernavushka. Yes, on the first wedding night, do not commit fornication with her, otherwise he will forever remain at the bottom of the sea.

And in one movement Sadko breaks the cherished strings and breaks his favorite psaltery. The storm is dying down. Grateful for the music, the sea king invites Sadko to choose his bride. Early in the morning Sadko goes to the bride. He sees three hundred painted beauties three times, but misses all of them. Behind all, the girl Chernavushka walks with her eyes downcast. Sadko calls her his betrothed. After the wedding feast, they are left alone, but Sadko does not touch his wife. He falls asleep next to Chernavushka, and wakes up to find that he is in Novgorod, on the steep bank of the Chernava River. On Volkhov, he sees his suitable intact ships. There, his wife and squad commemorate Sadko. They do not believe their eyes when they see him alive, meeting them in Novgorod.

He hugs his wife, then greets his friends. Unloads its wealth from ships. And he is building the cathedral church of Nikolai Mozhaisky - as the saint asked him to do.

Since then, "Sadko did not travel to the blue sea anymore, / Sadko began to live in Novi-grad."

Retold

The epic “Sadko” is one of the pearls of Russian folk epics of the Novgorod cycle. Its main theme is a colorful description of the commercial merchant life of Novgorod and the fantastic wanderings of the guslar merchant through the depths of the sea.

The storyline of the epic is built in conditional three parts, each of which has its own inherent self-sufficiency. And the work itself has a pronounced dramatic conflict of a historical nature.

History

According to historians, the first basis of the ancient epic about Sadko was a song about a Novgorod merchant named Sodko Sotynets. He was mentioned in the Novgorod Chronicle of 1167 as the builder of the Borisoglebsk Church in Novgorod. It is noteworthy that the prototypes of the main characters - Sadko-guslar and the sea king, are found in the epic stories of different peoples - Greek, Finnish, Estonian, Kyrgyz and Old French legends.

Analysis

Description of the work

The action takes place in a wealthy and prosperous Novgorod. The young singer-guslar Sadko pleases numerous Novgorod merchants with his sweet-voiced singing. At one of the feasts, realizing that no one is listening to him, the saddened singer goes to the shore of Lake Ilmen. Having poured out his soul in a beautiful, but at the same time filled with sorrow song, Sadko excited the sea king with his singing, who thanked the guslar with the opportunity to gain wealth. Having won a dispute among three merchants that a fish with golden feathers is found in Lake Ilmen, Sadko becomes a rich man and within twelve years multiplies his property many times over.

One day Sadko the merchant embarks on a long trade journey, loading thirty ships with untold riches. Suddenly, a strong storm played out forcing Sadko to try to appease the sea king, but the lot shows that the sea ruler does not need riches, he needs a sweet-voiced singer-guslar. From morning to evening, he pleased Sadko with his game, the king and his entire retinue, he was promised untold riches, but dreams of his beloved Novgorod turned out to be stronger than the devilish temptation of the underwater world. Thanks to his love for the sea beauty Chernavushka and the help of the famous Saint Nicholas the Wonderworker (Mozhaisky), Sadko returns to his hometown, arranges a feast and builds a church in the name of the saint who saved him.

Epic quotes

“How about something, Sadku, to boast? But I don’t have a lot of uncountable gold treasury, And I don’t have as a beautiful young wife, And as for me, Sadku, I only have one and I boast: In Ilmen, yes, like in a lake. A natural fish is like golden feathers. "

“And how hello, rich merchant, Sadko and Novgorod! And no matter how much you traveled on the sea, And how you did not pay tribute to the king of the sea in the blue sea, And now he himself has come to me all in gifts "

“And who can boast of what at a feast: And another boast like an uncountable golden treasury, And another boast and a good horse, And another boast of strength, good luck; And how smart he is bragging about A and an old priest, old mother, And a mad fool is bragging about how, And how bragging about his young wife. "(The narrator)

main characters

A talented young singer-guslar. Sacrifices himself during a storm, thus saving the lives of his squad. In this act, the Christian spirit of the hero is manifested along with high morality and patriotism.

The image of the lord of the seas is very ambiguous, it combines both might and destructive force, and love for the talent of the guslar-singer Sadko. This character acts first as a benefactor, and after a lapse of time - as an enslaver of the singer, while he does not understand that for Sadko there is nothing more dear than earthly life in his hometown.

The structure of the work

The plot-compositional construction of the epic includes three self-sufficient parts. According to Belinsky, a dramatic conflict of a historical nature is clearly expressed in the work. The uniqueness of the work is a combination of three epics of different times of writing, ranging from the early pagan (the image of the good sea king) and ending with the Christian (the image of St. Nicholas the Wonderworker). The choice of the main character is also unusual - not an epic hero, but a poor talented guslar singer.

Final conclusion

The epic “Sadko” is a unique monument of Russian culture, which expresses the entire historical and patriotic essence of the image of a wandering singer-guslar who defeated both merchants and the seductive temptations of fantastic underwater life.

The holiness of the image of his native Novgorod is what turns out to be above all for Sadko, a patriot and a Christian. The epic is of particular historical value - it shows the everyday life of Novgorodians in all its manifestations with great truthfulness.

Events in the epic take place in the city of Novgorod. It splits into two parts (Sadko receives wealth and Sadko from the Sea King). The main character - guslar Sadko... At the beginning of the epic he was neglected by the Novgorod boyars, they stopped calling him to feasts. Offended, Sadko goes to Lake Ilmen, sits on the "white-combustible stone" and begins to play "guslki yarchaty". The Sea King liked his game:

As it happened in the lake, the water became in love, The king of the sea appeared, He walked out of Ilmen from the lake, He himself spoke these words: gentle game ". 1

The Sea King decided to help Sadko, to endow him with untold wealth. I told him to make a bet with the merchants of Novgorod that he would catch a fish in the lake - a golden feather. The tsar will send this fish to Sadko on the net.

Guslyar did just that and won three shops of red goods in a dispute with the merchants, became rich, erected magnificent chambers, decorating them with marvelous paintings:

He arranged everything for Sadke in a heavenly way: In the sky the sun and in the chambers the sun, In the sky there is a month - and in the chambers there is a month, In the sky there are stars - and in the chambers there are stars. 2

Sadko "invited noble guests to his feast for a feast," who ate, got drunk and boasted about boasting. " shops, in the morning new and new ones brought from all over Russia appeared in them. And Sadko realized that he was not a rich Novgorod merchant - richer than his glorious Novgorod. that he is richer and stronger than an entire merchant city, devoid of the sympathy of the people. Bylina makes him recognize the victory of Novgorod. It clearly expresses the idea of ​​the trading power of the great city of northern Russia.

In the second part of the epic, Sadko, a wealthy merchant, equips ships and goes with his comrades to trade overseas:

On the blue sea the weather was strong, The blackened ships on the blue sea were stagnant: And the wave beats, tears the sails, Breaks the blackened ships; And the ships do not move from their place on the blue sea. 3

This is how the landscape is introduced into the epic. The ships stood at sea - the Sea King does not let Sadko in, demands a ransom from him. First, the shipbuilders try to pay off with a barrel of pure silver, red gold, and the wave hits everything, tears the sails, and "all the ships do not go from their place on the blue sea." Sadko guesses that the Sea King is demanding "a living head in the blue sea." Three times they throw lots to whom to go to the Sea King. And as Sadko did not dodge, the lot fell on him. Taking only the psaltery, Sadko throws himself into the depths of the sea.

The image of the underwater kingdom in the epic is real, the landscape is realistic:

In the blue sea at the very bottom. Through the water I saw the red sun fading, Evening dawn, morning dawn. I saw Sadko: there is a white-stone chamber in the blue sea ... 4

Before us is not fantasy, but a certain amount of convention. The King of the Sea himself is also depicted. In the epic, only one detail of his portrait is given: "the king's head is like a heap of hay." The singers use the technique of exaggeration: the tsar's head is compared to a heap of hay, which indicates its significant size and introduces an element of comic.

How Sadko began to play in the spring chases, How the king of the sea began to dance in the blue sea, How the king of the sea danced. I played Sadke for a day, I played others, Yes, I also played Sadke and others, And the king dances in the blue sea. 5

Grateful for the fun, the Sea King began to persuade Sadko to marry one of his thirty daughters. Meanwhile, in the blue sea, the water fluctuates, ships are broken, righteous people are drowning.

In reality, an Orthodox person, in search of deliverance from misfortunes, always turns to Christian saints, which is reflected in the epic: "the people began to pray to Mikola Mozhaisky." It is no coincidence that the image of the Christian patron Mikola, the patron saint of all seafarers and sailors, is introduced into the epic. This is the manifestation of the general Christian idea of ​​Russian folklore:

The saint appeared before Sadko on the seabed: He turned around and looked at Sadke Novgorodsky: There was a gray old man standing. Novgorodsky said to Sadke: "I have no will of my own in the blue sea, I have been ordered to play in the yarovchaty gosilki". The old man says these are the words: "And you pick out the strings, And you poke out the strings. Say:" I didn't have strings, And the strings were not useful, There is nothing else to play with: The spring-chanted geese stuck. "

Saint Mikola teaches the unlucky guslar how to return to Novgorod. In his bride, he must choose the last daughter of the Sea King - the girl Chernavushka. After listening to wise advice, the next morning Sadko found himself on land, and the girl he chose turned out to be a Novgorod river. In gratitude, Sadko built the cathedral church of Mikola Mozhaisky.

In the Novgorod Chronicle under 1167, the name of a certain Sadko Sytinets is mentioned, who founded the church. Epic Sadko coincides with a real historical person.

V.G. Belinsky wrote about the Novgorod epics, that before them all the rest of the Russian fairy tale poetry is visible. A new and special world is visible, which served as the source of the forms and the very spirit of Russian life, and therefore of Russian poetry. About Sadko, he writes: "The whole poem is imbued with extraordinary animation and is full of poetry. This is one of the pearls of Russian folk poetry."

1. The epic “Sadko” belongs to the Novgorod cycle of epics. Researchers date the emergence of Novgorod epics to the 12th century, the time of the decline of Kievan Rus and the heyday of Novgorod. Novgorod was the largest trading city, it was not directly affected by the Tatar-Mongol invasion. DS Likhachev wrote: "The flourishing of Kiev was in the past - and epic legends about military exploits are attached to the past of Kiev. The flourishing of Novgorod was for the XII century living modernity, and the themes of modernity were primarily social and everyday.

The theme of the epic is the life of the merchants. organization of trade.

The hero of the Novgorod epic Sadko is not a warrior-hero, but a merchant. The epic consists of three parts, which are also found as independent epics. The most ancient part of the epic tells about Sadko's stay in the underwater kingdom. This plot goes back to the myths about the hero's journey to the "other world". Such myths are found among all peoples. Later, the epic included a story about how Sadko became rich with the help of golden fish presented to him by the sea king, who heard him play on the shore of Lake Ilmen. Some narrators in this part of the epic say not "sea", but "water" king. This suggests that we are talking about two different characters. It is known that in Russian folklore there is an idea of ​​a three-stage hierarchy of water spirits: water spirits living in small streams, rivers and lakes, water ones - the owners of larger bodies of water, and the sea king - the lord of the world's oceans. The most recent part of the epic is a colorful story about how Sadko tried to “redeem all Novgorod goods.” Some researchers believe that the epic Sadko had a real prototype - the wealthy Novgorodian Sadko Sytinich, mentioned in the chronicle in connection with the fact that in 1167 he built a stone church in the name of Boris and Gleb in Novgorod ...

Sadko lived in the glorious city of Novgorod. Sadko did not have a gold treasury, there were only verrucous geese. Sadko walked and played at fair feasts, amused the people of Novgorod. Yes, it happened once - they did not invite Sadko to the feast. From such an offense, Sadko went to the shore of Lake Ilmen, sat down on a white-flammable stone and began to play for himself with the spring goose. Suddenly, Ilmen-lake shook, turbid from the yellow sand, high waves went over it - the king of water rose from the water. The water king Sadko says: "Oh, you, Sadko of Novgorod! You have cheered me up in Lake Ilmen, disrespected me! Why should I welcome you for your game? Let me welcome you with three fish, but not simple ones, but with golden feathers. Go now in Novgorod, make a bet with the Novgorod merchants that you will catch such fish from the lake. Put your wild head in the pawn, and let the merchants put red goods on the shop. "Sadko returned to Novgorod, said to Novgorod merchants:" And you, merchants I know a wonderful miracle in Lake Ilmen: there are three fish walking there - golden feathers. And I will catch those fish. "

2. Sadko is a hero of epics. According to the Novgorod epics, the guslar Sadko, whose game the Sea Tsar loved, wages a bet with Novgorod merchants that he will catch fish "golden feathers" in Lake Ilmen. With the help of the Sea King, Sadko wins the mortgage and becomes rich. Sadko equips merchant ships. However, they stop at sea - the guslar must descend by lot to the seabed. Once in the chambers of the Sea King, Sadko plays for him. The sea king starts to dance, which causes the sea to worry and the sailors perish. Sadko, on the advice of Mikola the Ugodnik who appeared to him, stops playing, breaking the strings of the gusli. The sea king proposes to Sadko to marry a sea girl. Guslyar, on the advice of Mikola the Pleasant, chooses the girl Chernava. Sadko falls asleep after the wedding feast and wakes up on the banks of the Chernava River. At the same time, his ships are returning. Sadko erects churches in Novgorod in gratitude.

3. The sea king had 12 daughters and all are not married. Sadko sailed on the ship, the sea king raised not the sea a terrible storm, the storm, the ship shattered, the king lined up all his daughters in front of the young man and sazal choose, but he loved his Lyubava and the whale helped Sadko got out to the shore, saved him. The journey ended happily: Sadko brought untold wealth to the city and married Lyubava, they lived long and happy!

4. for the harp, swing at one of the daughters.
As Sadko went to Lake Ilmen, He sat down on a white-combustible stone And began to play in the spring goose. As soon as the water in the lake shook, The king of the sea appeared, He left Ilmen from the lake, He himself spoke these words: “Ah, you, Sadko Novgorodsky! I don’t know what will you welcome from For your joys for the great, For your game you need: Al countless golden treasury? Otherwise, go to Novgorod, And the blow is great, lay your head on your riot And unload from other merchants Red goods shops And argue that there is a fish in Lake Ilmen - gold-feathers. As soon as you hit the big bet, And go - tie a silk net And come to fish in Lake Ilmen: I'll give three fish - gold-feathers. Then you, Sadko, will be happy! "

Ancient Rus, as a rule, were heroes who fought with evil for the Russian land. They reflected the reality of the 11-16 centuries. Epic is a kind of genre in which historical events seem to be reflected, but with figurative exaggerations. The heroes in them have superpowers or other abilities (the ability to play, sing); and the enemies are absolutely fantastic: the Serpent Gorynych, the Nightingale the robber, the Tsar, the lord of the sea. Since the epic is a song genre, it has a rhythm, a special syllable. Reading it, it is as if you find yourself in the historical past and see a film, because it is rich in figurative expressions.

Epic "Sadko"

Slightly different from other stories is the epic "Sadko", a summary of which, by the way, you will read not much longer than the song itself.

If you are not lazy, then you will get much more pleasure and benefit from reading the source than from someone else's retelling. Although if you have problems understanding ancient Slavic words, then, of course, a summary of "Sadko" will help you to better understand the essence of a mythical and a little fantastic story. We recommend that after reading the presentation, refer to the original source and feel the beauty of the wordplay.

What is the story about?

The epic "Sadko" is beautiful, unusual and different from other legends. Its summary may not make the proper impression. There are no heroes-heroes in it. There are no battles with obvious enemies in it. But she has an idea about how important it is to have talent, the patronage of the Higher Forces for personal qualities. Also, the epic deals with the fight against human vices, in particular, boasting. But all this can be learned indirectly by drawing your own conclusions, and not necessarily such, perhaps completely different. Reading the summary of "Sadko", you learn only the sequence of events.

Retelling

Sadko was a guslar. He was young, handsome and talented, only "naked as a falcon." Gusli - all his property was. But Sadko loved to sing and play so much that even when no one wanted to listen to him, he came to the shore of Lake Ilmen and devoted himself to his beloved work alone. In any case, so it seemed to him. After all, everything was quiet around. All nature listened to the wonderful singing.

I heard him once and rose from the depths to reward the guslar for his marvelous game. He ordered Sadko to make a bet with the merchants, laying his head that a wonderful fish, a gold feather, lives in Lake Ilmen. And in return he ordered them to ask them to mortgage their goods and shops (business in our opinion). The three richest merchants agreed to a deal - they wanted to destroy Sadko out of envy. But the singer won the argument. The sea king kept his word and caught Sadko a goldfish in the net. On the advice of Vladyka, he did not argue anymore and soon became rich thanks to the acquired good. But several years passed, he got married and became a merchant, richer than there was in the city. He arranged a feast, a noble one, as it should have been then. Many made speeches on it: the stupid bragged about their young wife, the smart ones honored their parents. Sadko could not resist, and began to boast of his wealth and, on the other hand, to fight that he could redeem the whole of Novgorod. But when he began to buy up all the goods, gold and silver quickly began to run out. Sadko decided to sail to other cities in order to sell his goods. During the trip, a strong storm arose on the lake. And he would have sunk the ships, but Sadko understood in time: the Tsar of the sea is demanding tribute.

He ordered to pour a barrel of silver into the water, then gold, but the waves did not subside. Sadko understood: the tsar needs a human sacrifice. Was (this is an interesting moment, the summary of "Sadko" does not fit everything). Sadko was chosen, although he tried to be cunning. They lowered him into the water on a board, where he fell asleep, and woke up at the bottom of the sea in front of the chambers of the Vladyka, who was glad to have a guest. Sadko played for the tsar until he broke the strings (not without the intervention of other forces, which we, too, will not fit into the summary of Sadko). Then the king invited the singer to choose a wife - one of the daughters, which meant forever staying in the underwater kingdom. The hero (also not without the help of the Saint) chooses a living girl, thereby freeing the captive and himself.