The word "Decembrists" in the minds of many people is associated with noble and selfless daredevils who, despite their noble origins, went against high society, that is, the society to which they themselves belonged. Here is the biography of Ryleev Kondraty Fedorovich - one of the leaders - is evidence of his selfless struggle for justice and the rights of ordinary people.

Childhood and youth of the poet

On September 18, 1795, Kondraty Fedorovich Ryleev was born into an impoverished noble family. His father, who served as a steward, was a man with a tough disposition and behaved like a real despot towards his wife and son. Anastasia Matveevna - Ryleev's mother, wanting to save her little son from the cruel treatment of his father, was forced to give him at the age of six (in 1801) for education in the first cadet corps. It was here that young Kondraty Ryleev discovered his strong character, as well as a talent for writing poetry. In 1814, a 19-year-old cadet becomes an officer and is sent to serve in the horse artillery. In his first year of service, he traveled to Switzerland and France. Kondraty Fedorovich finished his military career after 4 years, having retired in 1818.

Kondraty Fedorovich Ryleev. Biography of an aspiring rebel poet

In 1820, after his marriage to Natalya Tevyashova, Ryleev moved to St. Petersburg and became closer to the capital's intellectual circles. He became a member of the free society of lovers of Russian literature, and he was also interested in the Masonic lodge of the "Flaming Star". The literary activity of the future revolutionary begins in the same period. He publishes his works in several St. Petersburg editions. The unheard-of audacity and boldness of the poem "To the Temporary Worker" struck Ryleev's friends, because it pointed at General Arakcheev himself. The young rebel poet acquired the reputation of an incorruptible champion of justice when he was appointed as a judge of the criminal chamber. The biography of Ryleev Kondraty Fedorovich, concerning the first years of his life in the capital, contains information about his friendship with many famous literary figures of that time: Pushkin, Bulgarin, Marlinsky, Speransky, Mordvinov, etc.

Ryleev: "I am not a poet, but a citizen"

A literary society often gathered in the Ryleevs' house, and at one of such meetings, in 1823, Ryleev and Marlinsky (AA Bestuzhev) conceived the idea of ​​publishing the annual anthology "Polyarnaya Zvezda", which became the predecessor of the Moscow Telegraph newspaper. At the same time, the poem "Voinarovsky" and the famous patriotic ballads "Duma" by Ryleev were published. The poet becomes a member of the revolutionary Northern society, and a year later he was elected as the leader of this society.

Sunset

Since that time, the biography of Ryleev Kondraty Fedorovich is completely devoted to his revolutionary activities. After the legendary revolutionary poet, he was arrested and imprisoned in a fortress. During interrogations, he behaved calmly and took responsibility for organizing the uprising on himself. Ryleev became one of five Decembrists sentenced to death. The revolutionary heroes were hanged on July 13, 1826. Unfortunately, the biography of Ryleev Kondraty Fedorovich is very short, because he lived only 31 years. However, his life was bright and eventful and completely devoted to civil service and

A short biography of the Cavalry Ryleev of the famous Russian poet is set out in this article.

Kondraty Fedorovich Ryleev short biography

Ryleev was born on September 18 (29), 1795 in the family of a retired army officer. His father was very fond of cards and lost two of his estates. He wanted to train his son and sent him to the St. Petersburg Cadet Corps, where the young man studied for 13 years (1801 - 1814). While still in the cadet corps, he discovered a talent for writing poetry.

In 1818, Kondraty Fedorovich decided to take up creative work. After 2 years he married Tevyasheva Natalya and inspired by this event, Ryleev wrote the famous ode "To the temporary worker". The parents of the poet's wife were wealthy Ukrainian landowners who kindly received him, despite the squandering of his father and the unenviable position.

In 1821, he entered the service in the State Criminal Chamber of St. Petersburg, and after 2 years he transferred to the Russian-American Company, having received the post of the ruler of the chancellery.

In 1823, Ryleev became a member of the Free Society of Lovers of Russian Literature, and until 1924 he was publishing the Polar Star together with Bestuzhev. Together with his literary activities, Kondraty Fedorovich was engaged in political activities, entering the Northern Decembrist Society. He adhered to republican views. When the procession of the Decembrists to Senate Square took place, he was in the forefront.

Konstantin Fedorovich Ryleev is one of the most famous Russian writers, as well as a member of the Decembrist movement.

Ryleev was the son of a nobleman who owned an estate in the province of St. Petersburg. Konstantin Fedorovich received his education in the 1st cadet corps of this city. After the corps, Ryleev became an officer in an artillery regiment and took part in the foreign campaigns of the Russian army in the period 1814-1815. Rumor has it that in Paris Ryleev once visited a fortune-teller who predicted to him that he would be hanged.

In 1819, the poet married for love the daughter of a wealthy landowner, moved to live in St. Petersburg, where he began to work in court. Ryleev's contemporaries were in a liberal mood, but the poet himself tried to ennoble the civil service, to show its benefits and benefits for the people. During his service in court, he helped a lot of ordinary and disadvantaged people. In the spring of 1824, Ryleev moved to the state house on the Moika, because now he works as the secretary of the American - Russian chancellery.

Ryleev in literature

For creativity Ryleev was characterized by patriotism, romantic attitude, equality of people, he highly appreciated ordinary Russian citizens. In his political views, the poet was a pronounced romantic and utopian. Co-workers of the poet recalled that he advocated equality and was a dissenter. These motives were the main ones in his work.

Ryleev was not an esthete in poetry and sang simple human virtues ("I am not a poet, I am a citizen"), the author's heroes were tireless fighters for freedom. In 1819, he began to publish in various publications, but most of all he became famous for the poem "To the temporary worker", where he explicitly denounced AA Arakcheev. Ryleev is the author of the collection "Duma", where he recounts events from Russian history in verse, and the thought about "Ermak" later became a folk song, he also writes poems "Voinarovsky", "Nalivaiko". He was a member of the Free Society of Literature Lovers, the Society of Competitors of Education and Benefit. From 1823 to 1825, the poet, together with his friend, poet and Decembrist A. A. Bestuzhev, published the popular literary almanac "Polar Star", in which they published the works of A. S. Pushkin, P. A. Vyazemsky, A. A. Delvig and others.

At the end of 1823, Pushchin accepted Ryleev into the Northern Society, the poet quickly became its activist. And from the end of 1824, Ryleev actually began to head the Northern Society. According to his views and convictions, Ryleev advocated for Russia to become a republic without a constitutional monarchy, but did not participate in disputes with the Decembrists on this matter. Ryleev believed that the people themselves, with the help of the Constituent Assembly, should decide the fate of Russia, who and how will govern it. And the task of the Decembrists is only to achieve the convocation of such a meeting. The poet also proposed to humanely eliminate the royal family - to take it to distant lands with the help of the navy. Ryleev made an attempt to found a branch of the Northern Society in Kronstadt, but it failed.

In February 1824, Prince K. Ya. Shakhovsky wounded Ryleev in a duel. Ryleev challenged the prince to a duel, defending his sister's honor. In September 1825 Ryleev accepted the request of his cousin K.P. Chernov to become his second in a later noisy duel with V.D. Novosiltsev. In the duel, both participants were killed.

Then Tsar Alexander the First dies, which catches by surprise the members of the Northern society, who seek to avoid rumors about the murder of the Tsar and decide to arrange a revolution at the time of his death. Ryleev himself initiated and personally prepared the uprising on Senate Square on December 14, 1825.

In those days, when the new tsar had not yet ascended the throne, Ryleev suffered from a sore throat, but held meetings of the society at home. His comrades came under the pretext of seeing the patient. The poet conducted inspiring conversations with his comrades, but personally could not participate in the uprising, because he was a civilian. On December 14, Ryleev was at Senate Square. But he soon left and spent the whole day driving around the city, trying to find support in the regiments and learning about new events. On the evening of the same day, Konstantin Ryleev was arrested. He was sentenced to death and hanged on July 13, 1826. He is survived by a wife with two small children.

Please note that the biography of Ryleev Kondraty Fedorovich presents the most basic moments from life. Some minor life events may be overlooked in this biography.

Biography

RYLEEV Kondraty Fedorovich, Russian poet, Decembrist.

The son of a poor nobleman, his father had a small estate in the St. Petersburg province. Ryleev was educated in the 1st Cadet Corps in St. Petersburg. He was released from the corps in January 1814 as an artillery officer, participated in the foreign campaigns of the Russian army in 1814-15. There is a legend that in Paris Ryleev visited a famous fortune-teller who predicted his death by hanging. After the war, he lodged with the company in Vilna, then Voronezh provinces. He retired in 1818 with the rank of second lieutenant. In 1819, out of passionate love, he married the daughter of the Voronezh landowner N.M. Tevyasheva and settled in St. Petersburg, where he entered the service in the chamber of the criminal court. Like some other liberal-minded contemporaries, Ryleev tried to "ennoble" the unpopular civil service among the nobility and use it to commit humane acts and fight for justice. Serving in court, Ryleev did a lot of good deeds, helped the disadvantaged and oppressed. In the spring of 1824, Ryleev became the ruler of affairs in the office of the Russian-American Company and settled in a government house on the Moika embankment. Literary Activity The defining features of Ryleev's personality were his ardent patriotism, striving for freedom of the fatherland and a romantic-sublime understanding of civic consciousness. His political views were tinged with romantic utopianism. According to a colleague's recollection, Ryleev was obsessed with "equality and free thinking." This was the main motive of his poetic creativity. Ryleev praised civic virtues, was alien to a purely aesthetic attitude to poetry ("I am not a poet, I am a citizen"), his heroes are freedom fighters. From 1819 he began to collaborate in various literary journals, became famous in 1820 for the publication of the poem "To the Temporary Worker", which clearly denounced AA Arakcheev. Author of the collection "Dumas" (original in form poetic narratives about the glorious events of Russian history, one of the dumas, "Ermak", became a folk song), the poems "Voinarovsky", "Nalivaiko". Ryleev was a member of the Free Society of Lovers of Russian Literature, the Society of Competitors of Enlightenment and Benevolence. In 1823−25, together with his friend, writer and Decembrist A. A. Bestuzhev, he published the successful literary almanac "Polar Star", in which the works of A. S. Pushkin, P. A. Vyazemsky, A. A. Delvig and others were published. In the fall of 1823 Ryleev was accepted by I.I.Pushchin into the Northern Society, and quickly became one of its most active members. At the end of 1824 he entered the directory of the Northern Society and actually headed it. According to the views of Ryleev, he gravitated more towards the idea of ​​a republic than a constitutional monarchy, but did not attach much importance to the debates of the Decembrists on this score. He believed that the question of the form of government in Russia should be decided not by a secret society, but by the Constituent Assembly elected by the people, and the main task of a secret society was to achieve its convocation. Ryleev also had the idea of ​​a compromise solution to the question of the fate of the royal family: having enlisted the support of naval officers, take it by ship to "foreign lands". Ryleev even tried to found a council of the Northern Society in Kronstadt, but failed. In February 1824 Ryleev was wounded in a duel with Prince K. Ya. Shakhovsky (the cause of the duel was the hurt honor of Ryleev's sister). In September 1825 Ryleev was a second at the sensational duel between his cousin and a member of the secret society K. P. Chernov and V. D. Novosiltsev, which ended in the death of both participants. The news of the death of Alexander I caught the members of the Northern Society by surprise, who, in order to avoid discussing the issue of regicide, decided to time the revolutionary uprising at the time of the death of the monarch. Ryleev became one of the initiators and leaders of the preparations for the uprising on December 14, 1825 in Senate Square. During the interregnum, he was sick with a sore throat, and his house became the center of the conspirators' meetings, who supposedly came to visit the patient. Ryleev, inspiring his comrades, himself could not effectively participate in the uprising, since he was a civilian. On the morning of December 14, he came to Senate Square, then left it and spent most of the day traveling around the city, trying to find out the situation in different regiments and find help. He was arrested at his home in the evening of the same day. He was sentenced to death and hanged on July 13, 1826. Ryleev had a daughter and a son who died in infancy.

Ryleev Kondraty Fedorovich (1795-1826) - Russian poet, Decembrist, public figure. Born on September 18 (29), 1795 in the village of Batovo, Petersburg province. The father was of a noble family with a small estate. In 1801-1814. young Kondraty studied at the First Cadet Corps of St. Petersburg and received the rank of an artillery officer. He began to write literary works under the impression of the victory over Napoleon. In 1814-1815. participated in military campaigns abroad as part of the Russian army. In the post-war period he served in the Vilna and Voronezh provinces.

In 1818 he left the service in the status of a second lieutenant. A year later, he began to actively publish in various literary magazines. In 1820 he married the daughter of the landowner N. Tevyasheva. From 1821 he sat in the St. Petersburg Criminal Chamber, and 3 years later he headed the office of the Russian-American Company.

He founded in 1823 with A. Bestuzhev the almanac "Polar Star", which was published regularly for 3 years. He was a member of the Masonic lodge of St. Petersburg. In the same year he entered the Northern Society of the Decembrists, in 1824 he headed it. He advocated republican rule, but was against the massacre of the monarch, so he offered to take the royal family to distant lands.

In the years 1824-1825. worked in the committee for the censorship of poetry. He was one of the organizers of the Decembrist uprising on December 14 (26), 1825. But he did not take a direct part in the revolutionary events on Senate Square, since he was no longer a military man. He was arrested that very day at his home, pleaded guilty and was sentenced to death.

Kondraty FedorovichRyleev- Decembrist and poet. Born into a seedy noble family on September 28, 1795. His father, who managed the affairs of Prince Golitsyn, was a tough man and treated despotically both with his wife and with his son. Mother, Anastasia Matveevna (née Essen), wishing to save the child from a cruel father, sent him to the first cadet corps when Kondratiy was only six years old. In 1814 Ryleev became an officer of the horse artillery and took part in a campaign in Switzerland, in 1815 in France. In 1818 he retired.

In 1820, Kondraty Ryleev married Natalya Mikhailovna Tevyashova and moved to St. Petersburg. First heSettledto the office of a judge, and became known for his incorruptible honesty, and soon discovered two talents in himself: poetic and commercial. He joined a Russian-American trading company and fell in love with the United States, seeing it as an example of a free state. He was the first to publish a literary magazine ("Polar Star"), which gave writers and poets decent fees. At the same time, Ryleev wrote his "Dumas", in which, inspired by Karamzin, he tried to sketch poetic images of the most prominent personalities of Russian history. Then he released the poem "Voinarovsky", highly appreciated by Pushkin. This poem is remarkable in that in it he described precisely those places where, a few years later, his Decembrist friends had to serve exile.

In St. Petersburg, Ryleev met many conspirators, recognized in them the same poetic, blind and naive thirst for freedom and became, in his own words, "the spring of the conspiracy."He really became the soul, inspirer and singer of the uprising. He dispelled any sober doubts of his comrades-in-arms at times with illogical, but firm arguments. He calmly and at the same time persistently convinced one, the other, the third that Russia was all infected with evil, that nothing was left alive in it, that corruption, bribery, and injustice were everywhere. Everywhere the temporary worker Arakcheev rules, whose image was for Ryleev a mythical fusion of all the most vile features of the "despotism" he hated. Russia is groveling in the darkness, and the only way out of this darkness is a coup. It is necessary to start, Ryleev believed, and then people will see the rightness of the business they have begun and pick up the baton. Russia will be overturned, and out of this chaos, the goddess of freedom will be born, who will illuminate her beloved fatherland with new light.

Nikolai Pavlovich could not make up his mind to ascend the throne, and Konstantin Pavlovich refused the kingdom, the conspirators realized that he was the one and onlymoment... It was decided to spread rumors among the soldiers that they were being deceived, that Constantine did not abdicate at all, that the deceased tsar left a will, in which the soldiers' service life was reduced and freedom was given to the peasants. Ryleev devoted himself entirely to revolutionary exaltation. He knew that most likely their business was doomed to failure, but some fate drew him to the square, he saw himself as a sacrifice for the liberation of mankind. "Yes, there are few prospects for success," he said, "but all the same it is necessary, all the same it is necessary to start." And a few months earlier, in "Confessions of Nalivaiko" Ryleev wrote: "I know: death awaits / The one who rises first / Against the oppressors of the people; / Fate has doomed me. / But where, tell me, when was / Freedom is redeemed without sacrifices ? "

On the same night, Ryleev said goodbye to his wife. With all the strength of a woman's suffering heart, she held him. "Leave me my husband, do not take him away, I know that he is going to perish," she repeated, addressing Ryleev's friends. But everything was already decided. Even the sobs of a five-year-old daughter, who hugged her father's knees, peering into his concentrated face with her clear, piercing eyes full of tears, could not change anything. Ryleev broke free from his daughter's embrace, laid his almost unconscious wife on the sofa and ran out after Nikolai Bestuzhev, who many years later captured this scene in his memoirs.

And by the evening of the same day it was all over. Raging commoners still walked in small groups, they also removed from the square the last traces of insane jealousy of noble revolutionaries, Karamzin and his three sons wandered the twilight streets of St. power. And Ryleev returned home. Something collapsed forever in his soul, a new voice began to sound muffled in her. Conscience spoke. “They did a bad job, all of Russia was ruined,” he said after returning from the square.

And soon he and most of the other Decembrists were in the Peter and Paul Fortress. It is known how faint-heartedly they betrayed each other, how zealous they were in exposing, how easily the foundations of all their theoretical constructions crumbled in the face of the horror of prison and power. Ryleev, from the first days of imprisonment, began to feel the increasingly growing voice of the higher powers of the soul, a voice calling a person to the eternal, higher, not subject to the laws of earthly life. If before that he had always thought about the kingdom of justice here on earth, and not outside the grave, now he looked more and more seriously at the appearance of Christ, who suffered for people and called them to the incomprehensible Heavenly Kingdom. It is impossible for us to trace exactly how and with what speed this revolution took place in the soul of the prisoner. But the accomplished rebirth is obvious. Nestor Kotlyarevsky, a pre-revolutionary researcher of the life and work of Ryleev, writes that "by the end of his imprisonment, he had no shadow of a revolutionary spirit left."

This is best evidenced by the wonderful letters of Kondraty Fyodorovich to his wife. They are all permeated with one thing: confidence in the goodness and mercy of Providence. For him, the tsar is no longer an autocratic despot, but an exponent of this will. "Rely on the Almighty and the sovereign's mercy," writes Ryleev many times from the fortress. Foreseeing the impending execution, he in no way considers it cruel or unjust and appeals to his wife: "Whatever befalls me, accept everything with firmness and obedience to His (God - TV) holy will." Shocked by the royal mercy (Nicholas sent his wife 2 thousand rubles, and then the empress sent a thousand for her daughter's birthday), Ryleev with all the strength of the Russian soul gives himself up to the feeling of love and gratitude to the royal family. "Whatever happens to me," he says, "I will live and die for them." (It should be noted that the tsar continued his concern for the Ryleev family, and his wife received a pension until her second marriage, and his daughter until she came of age.) with the unfortunate. " And seeing the tsar's merit in this, he writes to his wife: "Pray, my friend, may he (the tsar - TV) have in his close friends our kind fatherland and may he make Russia happy with his reign."

Ryleev thanks fate for what happened to him. “After spending three months alone with himself,” he writes to his wife, “I got to know myself better, I examined my whole life and clearly saw that I was mistaken in many ways. I repent and thank the Almighty that He opened my eyes. it was, I will not lose as much as I gained from my misfortune, I only regret that I can no longer be useful to my fatherland and so merciful sovereign. " Ryleev bitterly feels terrible guilt before his family. One consolation remains for him: to pray fervently for his wife and daughter. "My dear friend," he writes, "I am cruelly guilty before you and her (daughter. - TV): forgive me for the sake of the Savior, to whom I entrust you every day: I confess to you frankly, only during prayer I am calm for you. God is just and merciful, he will not leave you, punishing me. "

Shortly before the execution, Ryleev compiled a note addressed to Nikolai. In it, he renounces "his delusions and political rules" and motivates this renunciation by the fact that his spirit discovered the world of Christian faith and now everything appeared to him in a new light, and he was "reconciled with his Creator by the holy gift of the Savior of the world." In this note, he does not ask for pardon, recognizes his execution as deserved and "blesses the avenging right hand", but prays only one thing: "Be merciful to the comrades of my crime." Ryleev puts the main blame on himself, claiming that it was he who "through his criminal jealousy was a disastrous example for them" and because of him "innocent blood was shed."

On the night before the execution, Kondraty Fyodorovich was meek and quiet. The priest, Father Pyotr Smyslovsky, who was, in the words of the prisoner himself, "his friend and benefactor" for more than half a year, came to visit. The priest gave the condemned communion. In the hours before dawn, Ryleev wrote his last letter to his wife: “God and the sovereign have decided my fate: I must die and die a shameful death. May His holy will be done! My dear friend, surrender yourself to the will of the Almighty, and He will comfort you. my pray to God. He will hear your prayers. Do not murmur either against Him or against the sovereign: it will be both reckless and sinful. Can we comprehend the inscrutable ways of the Incomprehensible? I never once complained during my imprisonment, and for that the Holy Spirit is wonderful consoled me. Marvel, my friend, and at this very minute, when I am busy only with you and our baby, I am in such comforting calm that I cannot express to you. Oh, dear friend, how salutary it is to be a Christian ... " footsteps and voices were heard outside the doors, Ryleev was finishing the last words of his last letter: "Farewell! They tell you to get dressed. May His holy will be done."

In the early morning of July 13 (25), 1826, a small crowd of people gathered on one of the St. Petersburg embankments. The faces were concentrated and gloomy, the rising sun illuminated the bodies of the executed. This was unprecedented for Russia. Since the time of Pugachev, there have been no executions here. The gibbet was made awkward, too high, and had to be carried from the school benches from the nearby merchant shipping school. It took a long time to pick up the ropes, but they could not find suitable ones. Three of those being executed broke loose. The executioners themselves pitied the criminals, who, raising their hands to heaven, prayed before death, kissed the priest's cross and ascended the scaffold, which became for them a stepping stone to incomprehensible eternity.

This execution of Pavel Pestel, Sergei Muravyev-Apostol, Kondraty Ryleev, Mikhail Bestuzhev-Ryumin and Pyotr Kakhovsky and the tragic events preceding it gave one of the most terrible cracks in our history. The tsar, who, against his will, ascended to the throne, met enemies of his state in the person of the most talented, noble and educated youth, and throughout his reign he could not get rid of deep doubts about the good intentions of the noble society, and society, in turn, was still muffled. and secretly, but more and more stood up in opposition to the Russian historical order.

Realizing all the real criminality of our first revolutionaries, recognizing the deeply negative consequences of their actions, it is impossible, however, not to become interested in their contradictory and strange fates. Peering into the depths of these souls, ardent and poetic, but agitated to the extreme by the spirit of the times, one can sometimes find amazing pearls. And the words spoken about the Decembrists by priest Peter Smyslovsky, who confessed them in the fortress, seem to be deeply true. “They are terribly guilty,” he said, “but they were mistaken, and not villains! Their guilt came from delusions of the mind, not from the corruption of the heart. get lost? And delusion leads to the brink of destruction. "