Tilsist world: date, conditions, consequences. Peace of Tilsit - a shameful yoke or a missed opportunity for an alliance with France? Peace of Tilsit after what war
An inattentive, sometimes disdainful attitude to history does not allow people to see even those simple lessons that are on the surface.
Mahan A.T.
Peace of Tilsit is the name of a historical document that was signed on June 25 - July 9, 1807 by France and Russia. The treaty was ratified by the emperors of the states: Napoleon and Alexander 1. The historical significance of the Tilsit peace treaty can hardly be overestimated, since as a result, an alliance was concluded between the two strongest powers on the continent, and peace finally came to Europe. In today's article we will talk about the historical significance of Tilsit, as well as what consequences this treaty had for Russia and France.
Prerequisites for the agreement
In 1807, a unique situation developed in Europe, since the entire continent was effectively taken over by France. Napoleon himself wrote in his autobiography that for the complete conquest of Europe it was necessary to destroy England. In the person of Russia, the French emperor saw his ally, saying that the whole world for France can only have one ally - Russia. Largely because of this, the Peace of Tilsit became possible. The fact is that in order to defeat England, Napoleon needed a complete continental blockade. It was simply impossible to win at sea, so it was decided to conclude a special treaty with Russia, creating a united front to fight England. Alexander 1 understood that his coalition with Prussia, England and Sweden had collapsed, as Napoleon won victory after victory, and the position of the allies became more and more precarious every day.
Negotiations between countries
On June 12, 1807, the French army, which was personally led by Emperor Napoleon 1, in the battle of Friedland, won a complete and unconditional victory over the Russian army, which was commanded by General Bennigsen. After that Bonaparte showed amazing generosity, not becoming to pursue the enemy, I invited him to make peace. He actually proved that an alliance is important to him, and he does not consider Emperor Alexander I as his enemy.
The situation was rather precarious, especially for Alexander, since his army was defeated. As a result, the Russian emperor put forward two conditions:
- The meeting must take place on an independent land, and not on the territory of France or on the territory of the country and its satellite.
- Russia does not recognize any claim to the geographic integrity of its side.
Napoleon assured the Russian ambassadors that both points would be fulfilled, thereby opening the way for a meeting with Alexander the first.
The negotiations were held on the Neman River. A raft was erected in the middle of the river, on which a tent was deployed, where the emperors of the two countries met. It happened on June 25, 1807 and became the basis for the signing of the Tilsit peace. Historical documents clearly indicate that Alexander I assured Bonaparte that England was their common enemy. After that, the French emperor said that in this case, the problem of concluding a peace agreement would not arise. A fragment of this speech is given literally in every history textbook, however, these same textbooks do not explain why France and Russia fought each other for 6 years, if they had a common enemy, and there were no disagreements among themselves ...
The fate of Prussia
Negotiations between Alexander 1 and Napoleon lasted a little less than 1 hour. All this time, the Emperor of Prussia was on the banks of the Neman River. He hoped that Napoleon would agree to accept him in order to discuss the fate of the German state. Bonaparte's position was that Prussia should have disappeared from the map of Europe. This is exactly what Alexander 1 suggested, he said about Prussia the following "this is a vile nation led by a vile monarch, a vile army in his submission. They have always betrayed everyone and does not deserve further existence." Only the participation of the Russian emperor helped to preserve Prussia as a state.
Terms of agreement
Negotiations between the powers came very quickly. We managed to come to an agreement very quickly on all points of the amicable agreements. Despite this, the stay in Tilsit was two weeks. During this time, the emperors of both countries were practically inseparable, thereby creating prospects for the future world. As a result of all these events, the Tilsit peace was signed, the conditions of which were:
- Recognition by Russia of all the conquests that Napoleon carried out in Europe.
- Russia was to join the continental blockade against England. In essence, this meant that Alexander severed all trade relations with foggy Albion. All British ships were banned from entering Russian ports.
- A military alliance was signed between France and Russia. Under the terms of this alliance, the countries were obliged to support each other in any war, both offensive and defensive.
- The Polish lands departed from Prussia. A new state was created on this territory - the Duchy of Warsaw, which was directly dependent on France.
- Russia officially recognized all the henchmen whom Bonaparte put on the throne of the European powers.
- France ceases to show any assistance to Turkey, and Russia, in response, must withdraw its troops from Moldova and Wallachia.
- Full recognition, by all parties to the agreements established earlier by the Rhine Union.
Historical meaning
Tilsit is undoubtedly a beneficial peace treaty for Russia. However, one cannot share the opinion of many historians who attribute this to the success of Russian diplomacy. In fact, Bonaparte himself did all the work for Alexander I, offering him extremely favorable conditions. As a result, both countries were in an advantageous position:
- Russia could now focus on fighting Turkey without fear of France intervening in the conflict.
- Napoleon was able to enjoy the European world for the first time. Now only England remained, for a war with which they began to prepare.
Peace of Tilsit existed until the summer of 1812, when the Patriotic War began.
Tilsit is a small town located on the territory of the modern Kaliningrad region, and is called Sovetsk.
One of the most important historical documents signed by Russia is the Peace of Tilsit. It was signed on July 9, 1807 between France and Russia, and it was ratified by the emperors of both states: Napoleon and Alexander I. The historical significance of this treaty can hardly be overestimated for the reason that as a result, the two strongest powers on the continent were able to conclude an alliance with each other, and peace has finally come in Europe itself.Prerequisites for the emergence of the agreement
As of 1807, the situation in Europe looked very interesting - almost the entire continent was completely captured by French troops. In his autobiography, Napoleon wrote that the destruction of England is a prerequisite for the complete conquest of Europe. As for Russia, here he saw rather his ally than the enemy. It is likely that this was the key reason for the creation of the Tilsit world, why it even received its right to exist. Of course, everything is not limited to this, in fact, Napoleon himself had long hatched a plan for the destruction of England, and he would not have been able to defeat the enemy at sea. Thus, Napoleon decided to create a peace treaty with Russia, which would create a united front for the conduct of hostilities with England. Alexander 1, in turn, was well aware that his coalition with Prussia, England and Sweden had collapsed, as Napoleon won victory after victory, and the position of the allies was becoming more and more precarious every day.Negotiation
On June 12, 1807, the French army, under the personal leadership of Napoleon, won a complete and unconditional victory over the Russian troops. Despite his victory, Napoleon decided to abandon the pursuit of his enemy, which only proved once again that the alliance with Russia is of much greater importance to him than enmity. Napoleon offered peace, which convinced Alexander the First that France does not regard Russia as its own enemy.
In general, the position of Russia at that time was extremely precarious. The last defeat of Alexander's army played a primary role in this. As a result, he decided to put forward only two conditions of his own:The meeting with France should take place on no-man's, independent land. Not on the territory of France, Russia and their satellites.
Russia does not recognize any claim to the geographic integrity of its side.
Napoleon nevertheless convinced the Russian ambassadors that both points put forward by Alexander would be fully implemented, without exception. Thus, he was the first to open the way for a meeting with the Russian emperor.
It was decided to hold negotiations between Russia and France on the Neman River, and in the middle of it. A special raft was set up there, where a tent was deployed. It was there that both emperors of the greatest states met. The negotiations took place on June 25, 1807, and they became the basis for the signing of the Tilsit Peace Treaty.Judging by the historical documents, one can find references to Alexander, where he assures Bonaparte that from the moment of the creation of the peace agreement, England will be the only common enemy for both countries. Napoleon, in turn, noted that in this case, no problems would arise in terms of creating a peace agreement between Russia and France.
Many history textbooks assert this. However, none of them indicate the reasons why France and Russia were at war with each other for a long six years., Despite the fact that they had a common enemy and it seems that all agreements were respected, without any or disagreements.The fate of Prussia
The negotiations themselves between the two emperors of the most powerful and powerful states at that time lasted no more than one hour. During this time, the Emperor of Prussia stood and waited on the banks of the river. He hoped and counted on the fact that the emperor of France would agree to accept him, so that they would jointly discuss the future fate of the German state. Despite this, Bonaparte was firm in his intention - Prussia should by all means disappear from the face of the map of Europe. Actually, Napoleon suggested to Alexander, motivating by the fact that: “This is a vile nation, led by a vile monarch, in his submission is a vile army. They have always betrayed everyone and does not deserve further existence. " Russia's participation in the war helped to preserve Prussia as a state.
Terms of the peace agreement
As it was said, negotiations between the emperors of the two powers took place very quickly. Despite the fact that they lasted only one hour, they managed to agree on everything. The stay of the emperors in Tilsitt lasted two whole weeks. Oddly enough, the emperors for this period of time were practically inseparable, like friends who have known each other since childhood. Of course, in this way they tried to create prospects for signing the peace. Actually, the Peace of Tilsit was signed. His conditions were:
Russia recognizes all territories conquered by Napoleon in Europe.
Russian troops join the continental blockade against England. This meant that Alexander completely breaks off all trade and other agreements with England and prohibits the entry of sea-going ships into the territory owned by Russia.
A military alliance is signed between France and Russia, under the terms of which each power is obliged to support the other in the event of the outbreak of any military action. For example, during offensive or defensive actions.
The Polish lands departed from Prussia. A new state was created on this territory - the Duchy of Warsaw, which was directly dependent on France.
Russia without fail recognizes all the henchmen who were installed by Napoleon on the throne of various European powers.
France ceases to provide any assistance to Turkey, and Russia, in response, is obliged to withdraw its troops from the territory of Moldova and Wallachia.
Absolute recognition, by all parties to the agreements, created earlier by the Rhine Union.
Significance of the Peace of Tilsit
This is an extremely beneficial agreement for both countries. Nevertheless, one cannot share the opinion of many different historians who attribute this to the success of Russian diplomacy. Many believe that Napoleon, having offered to conclude such an agreement, actually did all the necessary work for Alexander on his own, offering him extremely favorable and good conditions. Both countries were in an advantageous position. So, for example, Russia now could not worry about the fact that France would interfere in its confrontation with Turkey, respectively, we could better focus on this. Napoleon, in turn, could fully enjoy the peace that reigns in Europe. There was only one warring side - England and France began to actively prepare to fight it.
The peace of Tilsit turned out to be extremely beneficial for the emperors of both countries, which they were undoubtedly happy about. Nevertheless, despite its positive "impact", the Peace of Tilsit did not last so long - until 1812, when the Patriotic War began.
Yulia Popova
Together with the Great French Army, Napoleon won the war with Prussia, conquered the territories of Italy, Holland, Germany, Belgium, but made an irreparable mistake by declaring war on Russia. From that moment, the decline of the invincible French emperor began. But in the chronicle of Franco-Russian relations of the 19th century, there was a place not only for confrontation. Moscow and Paris today remember the Peace of Tilsit concluded by Alexander I and Napoleon, which made irreconcilable enemies the closest allies. About the most controversial agreement of the early 19th century - in the material RT.
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"Little Corsican"
The first four years of the reign of Tsar Alexander I passed in the world. At this time, Napoleon Bonaparte became the emperor of France, who launched the flywheel of the war of conquest in Europe. After the submission of Italy, Napoleon came to German lands and executed the Duke of Anguien. For this, Russia, Austria and England declared war on him, but failed to defeat the talented Corsican.
The second anti-Napoleonic coalition included Great Britain, the Ottoman Empire, the Holy Roman Empire and the Kingdom of Naples. But they also failed to stop the French emperor, who was rapidly advancing towards Russia.
In 1805, the third anti-Napoleonic coalition was formed, which, in addition to Russia, included Austria, England, Sweden, the Ottoman Empire and the Neopolitan state.
But the allies did not take into account the fact that Napoleon was one of the strongest and most cunning generals of his time. The French won the famous Battle of Austerlitz, outnumbered by the enemy. Then Napoleon pretended to stand with a small army and avoid battle, so that the deceived rival would attack him himself. And while the main forces of the Russians and Austrians were engaged in a battle with a small detachment of Marshal Davout, Napoleon took the main lines of the enemy. It was a resounding victory. The French lost less than 1,000 killed and 6,000 injured, while their rival's losses were close to 30,000 killed.
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The only person in the Austro-Russian command who understood Napoleon's plan was Kutuzov, but no one in Austerlitz listened to him. After the battle, the fleeing Alexander wept with despair, but his position was not nearly as hopeless as that of the Austrian emperor. Franz I had to sign the Presburg Peace Treaty, which virtually destroyed the Holy Roman Empire, took a number of territories from Austria, forced her to pay indemnities and consolidated Napoleon's conquests in Europe.
Found a scythe on a stone
After the destruction of the third anti-Napoleonic coalition, the French emperor proceeded to take the scattered Germany, which categorically did not suit Prussia. Then Alexander, not resigned to defeat, realized that the contradictions between France and Prussia were a good reason for creating a new, fourth coalition. However, it had no more success than the previous one: Napoleon quickly dealt with Prussia, calling into question its very existence, put England in an economic blockade and met the Russian army undefeated.
The Russian-French battles were bloody. Napoleon was unable to repeat his Austerlitz success in the town of Preussisch-Eylau, but the Russian troops could not push back the French either. Both sides lost more than 40 thousand fighters, remaining in the same strategic position as before the battle.
The fate of the fourth coalition was decided a few months later near the Prussian city of Friedland. Napoleon once again demonstrated his superiority over the Russian commanders, utterly defeating the enemy. As a winner, the French emperor went to the Neman - he wanted to conclude a peace treaty with Russia.
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Since 1805, Napoleon has been the main topic of conversation in the secular drawing rooms of both Russian capitals. He was either openly hated or secretly adored. In general, the idea of a peace treaty with France was perceived by society as a shame, slavery and betrayal, since everyone knew how Napoleon treated other defeated powers. Not only nobles, but also merchants strongly opposed the armistice. But the conditions of the Tilsit peace showed that Napoleon did not intend to trample Russia in the mud - he was looking for cooperation, albeit temporary.
Betrayal or forced measure?
The small town of Tilsit (now called Sovetsk, in the Kaliningrad region. - RT) experienced the peak of its fame at the beginning of the 19th century. It was here that the meeting of the two most powerful emperors of Europe - Alexander I and Napoleon Bonaparte - took place.
On July 7, 1807, in the middle of the Neman River, a raft was erected with a tent decorated with the initial letters of their names - N and A. The meeting of the two emperors on the raft looked almost fraternal. Alexander embraced Napoleon and, to the latter's delight, said: "I hate the English just as you do, sir, and I will be your second in the fight against them."
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However, the Russian sovereign said completely different things to his entourage. “The alliance with Napoleon is only a change in the methods of struggle against him. Russia needs him in order to be able to breathe freely for some time and to increase our means and forces during such a precious time, ”Alexander wrote to his mother. The Emperor considered the Peace of Tilsit as a necessary measure.
Napoleon and Alexander talked in private in the tent. The newly minted allies prepared two documents: the first was a peace treaty itself, the terms of which were to be learned by the whole world, and the second was a secret allied document.
Prince Kurakin assessed these agreements as follows: “Russia is emerging from this struggle with unexpected glory and happiness. The state with which she fought seeks her favor at a time when there was a decisive superiority of forces on its side.
What exactly turned out to be "unexpected fame and happiness"?
Alexander I recognized all the conquests of Napoleon, including his claims to German lands, but in return demanded that the French emperor retain the statehood of Prussia. In addition, Napoleon promised not to intervene in the Russian-Ottoman conflict if Russia broke off trade relations with England. All conditions have been accepted. But the most controversial agreements were in a secret document. According to it, Russia and France became military allies, pledging to act together in all conflicts.
This point could raise many questions in the ruling circles of Russia, but it turned out to be very, very vague.
Napoleon celebrated a military and diplomatic victory. Inspired by the successes of recent campaigns, he decided to bring England to its knees and dictate conditions to the Pope. It was this feeling of his own omnipotence that ruined the French emperor, who, after conquering Europe, decided to subjugate Russia, forgetting about the "brotherly" embrace with Alexander.
By 1810, the Treaty of Tilsit had practically exhausted itself, relations between France and Russia began to rapidly grow cold and eventually resulted in the war of 1812. But less than six months later, the once powerful French army was defeated - Napoleon lost the war to Russia. With this defeat, the decline of his power began.
And now, two centuries later, it becomes clear that the "treacherous" Tilsit truce, as the nobility called it, was extremely necessary for Russia in order to get a respite and win the decisive battle with the invincible French emperor.
The Peace of Tilsit is an agreement signed between the Russian Empire and France in 1807.
The terms of the Peace of Tilsit were worked out during negotiations between the Russian Emperor Alexander I and the ruler of France Napoleon. What preceded the signing of the Tilsit Peace Treaty?
A year earlier, in Europe, dissatisfied with the French Republic, the states formed another anti-French coalition. The coalition included such European countries as Prussia, England, Sweden and the Russian Empire.
Almost immediately after the outbreak of hostilities, in October 1806, the French defeated Prussia and took Berlin. Napoleon saw his main task in the new campaign as the defeat of England.
It was extremely difficult to crush England by force. Therefore, taking into account the geographical and economic features, Napoleon issues a decree on the "Continental blockade".
The French understood that the Russian Empire is one of the most powerful European states, and therefore it is simply impossible to ensure a trade blockade of England without the participation of the Russians.
Ahead were six months of fierce battles in Europe. In December 1806, the French army succeeded in winning a victory at Friedland. Victory in this battle allowed them to approach the border of the Russian state.
Alexander I at that moment was not to envy. Military operations promised to move to the territory of Russia. The war could become protracted. It has always been very difficult to fight alone in Europe. After all, Napoleon was able to defeat all Russian allies on the continent, and England did not provide any significant support to the Russian Empire.
In the current situation, the Russian emperor decided to deploy the foreign policy of Russia 360 degrees. Prince Lobanov-Rostovsky was sent to Napoleon, who was instructed to offer the French a truce. Napoleon was extremely happy about this turn of events, and he cordially received the envoy. As a result, Lobanov-Rostovsky and French Marshal Berthier signed an armistice.
After the conclusion of the armistice, Napoleon expressed a desire to meet with the Russian emperor. Alexander I was not opposed. The meeting of two very influential people of their era took place on July 25, 1807. It was on a raft on the Neman River. Alexander I declared his readiness to participate in actions against England.
Napoleon was delighted with this turn of events, and said that there would be peace between Russia and France. Then the national leaders moved on to discussing the details of the Tilsit Peace Treaty.
The negotiations went on for a long time and were not easy at all. The fate of all of Europe was in the hands of Alexander I and Napoleon, and they could dispose of it as they liked. Napoleon was a skilled diplomat and played an interesting combination.
To the Russian emperor, the Frenchman proposed to divide Turkey, and not to interfere with the annexation of Wallachia and Moldavia to the Russian Empire. Then Napoleon proposed to annex the lands from the Neman to the Vistula to Russia. The aim of the last sentence is to spoil Russian and Prussian relations.
The Russian monarch refused this offer, and convinced Napoleon that Prussia could not be destroyed. However, peace for Prussia was still humiliating, large territories went to France, and the treaty contained the wording - "Only out of respect for the Russian emperor."
A new state appeared at the borders of the Russian Empire - the Duchy of Warsaw, which was the heir to the once mighty Poland. However, Napoleon said that he was not interested in a strong Poland threatening Russia's interests.
And so, the following points became the main conditions of the Tilsit peace:
- The Russian Empire recognized all the military conquests of France.
- The Russian state joined the continental blockade of England.
- The Russian Empire and France pledged to help each other in any offensive or defensive war.
- On the lands of the Prussian possessions of former Poland, a new state was formed - the Duchy of Warsaw, dependent on France.
- Russian troops withdrew from the conquered from the Turks, Wallachia and Moldova.
- Recognition of the Russian Empire by the Rhine Union.
- The Russian Empire did not prevent Napoleon from annexing the Ionian Islands to France.
Having signed the Peace of Tilsit, Alexander I found himself in an awkward position, abandoning his old allies. However, history cannot be fooled, and the war of 1812 is proof of this.
It is worth noting that after the signing of the Peace of Tilsit, Napoleon began to feel much more confident, comfortable and even impudent in Europe. Nor can it be said that French diplomacy in no way helped Russia in observing its interests in Turkey.
This was not the only point of the Peace of Tilsit that was not fulfilled by France. The rupture of the two states was not avoided, their interests and ideas about the future of the world and Europe were too different.
De jure, the Peace of Tilsit existed until the beginning of the Patriotic War of 1812. De facto, the Peace of Tilsit was violated by the French much earlier.
The epic novel "War and Peace" is full of a large number of small but significant episodes that do not directly affect the development of the plot and do not play a decisive role in the fate of the main characters. These episodes acquire special significance for understanding the novel as a work that combines ideas about a person's personality, his role in history and about the universe as a whole.
The conclusion of the peace treaty in Tilsit is also such an episode. In this episode, important ideological lines intersect, the motives of war, honesty, and justice are touched upon. The author allows us to see new details in the descriptions of two emperors - Alexander and Napoleon.
The Peace of Tilsit was the most important event in the development of international politics at the beginning of the 19th century, and the very meeting of the great emperors became epoch-making. We represent the atmosphere of solemnity and grandeur.
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Teachers of leading schools and acting experts of the Ministry of Education of the Russian Federation.But Tolstoy, in his characteristic manner, depicts everything without a majestic halo, truthfully and simply.
The author portrays the conclusion of the peace treaty of Tilsit through the perception of Nikolai Rostov, who arrived in order to deliver Denisov's petition for clemency to the emperor. Rostov drives at night, he does not want to be recognized, so he is wearing civilian clothes, he feels awkward and embarrassed, which increase even more when he sees everything that is happening. At first, with bewilderment, he discovers the French in Boris's apartment, but in the army they were still treated with contempt, hatred and even some fear. At the same time, Tolstoy does not support either Boris or Nikolai. The first quietly dines with former enemies, the second hates them fiercely, although, in fact, they are no longer enemies.
In this episode, the author makes us understand that excessive patriotism is not always justified. Yes, it is natural during a war, but you need to be able to communicate with people outside of hostilities. However, this idea is not absolute either, because the writer tells us about how Boris, Tolstoy's unloved hero, is easily in the same company with the French.
In this episode, images and their arrangement are of great importance. We see a contrast between the images of Rostov and Boris. Rostov asks for Denisov, as Boris had previously asked for himself from Prince Andrey. But now the roles have changed. Boris listens to Nikolai haughtily, as if he is a subordinate and reports on the events to his general. Rostov feels awkward, because they used to communicate quite friendly. Tolstoy puts Boris in an extremely unfavorable light in this scene.
In this episode, Nikolai Rostov becomes disillusioned with his ideals, his former convictions are crumbling. The hero represented the sovereign as an exceptional personality, no one is fairer and more magnanimous. But the author shows us and his hero the true face of the emperor, and Nicholas gradually changes his opinion about Alexander. The emperor turns out to be not at all such an impeccable monarch as he seemed to Nicholas and the people. Here the sovereign appears on the porch, and Nicholas is struck by his appearance, in which both greatness and meekness are read. However, Tolstoy very quickly reduces this image: the emperor is a phrase-monger. For him, saying a phrase is almost like creating a work of art. But this phrase has nothing to do with real life.
Nicholas admires the Russian emperor, and Boris admires Napoleon, who is shown in the novel to be more vulnerable than Alexander. In turn, Rostov is stronger than Boris.
Tolstoy systematically debunks the image of Napoleon. The French emperor does not hold well in the saddle, his external characteristic is unattractive: an unpleasant feigned smile on his lips, he is short and small white hands. The long tail of the retinue stretches behind Napoleon.
It is unpleasant for Rostov to observe how Bonaparte easily and freely communicates with Alexander, and the Russian emperor responds favorably to him. Nikolai cannot understand how a lawful sovereign and a criminal can peacefully communicate.
Lazarev, who was recognized as the bravest in this war, receives a reward. This seems unfair to Nikolai, because, in his opinion, Denisov may have been braver than Lazarev, and now he is serving a sentence. The whole scene of the conclusion of the Tilsit Peace Treaty is a contrast to the episodes of the war, as well as the previous chapters in the hospital, where we saw the whole truth of life, and realized how ugly it is. At the same time, we cannot say that a cardinal change is taking place in the soul of Nikolai Rostov. He sees what is happening, but does not try to assess it, to understand what he is feeling, he is frightened by his thoughts. And although he understands that the war with its cruelty, with the death of innocent people, severed hands and crippled destinies, Napoleon with his white hand and Alexander smiling at Bonaparte somehow do not fit together. So a drunken cry bursts out of Rostov's soul - a cry of despair, which is caused by deep disappointment in what he piously believed. But also to believe that there is no sovereign, there is no God, he does not agree. So Tolstoy introduces the motive of doubt, thanks to which the moral growth of a person is possible.
So, the episode of the conclusion of the Peace of Tilsit plays a significant role in the novel, since it shows the reverse side of the world, which is not subject to the consciousness of truth, but is filled with undisguised life truth. In such a world, a sincere, honest person feels uncomfortable. The author strove to show the real life of people and the human path in this life.
