At a time when the preparation for the main nightmare of all senior schoolchildren is in full swing and there are several months left before the final battle with the Unified State Exam, Bolshaya Derevnya decided to intervene and adjust the equipment. Collected life hacks from school teachers "Quentin"- former schoolchildren who passed the exam for high scores. What tasks require special attention, how to quickly learn complex formulas and hundreds of historical dates - in our material.

CHEMISTRY

Yana Davydova

90 points on the exam in chemistry

To learn chemistry, you do not need to cram it for five years - you can prepare in six months. The main thing is not to rush to all the topics at once, otherwise there will be a mess in your head for the exam. To get started, write a clear plan in which specific days will be allocated to work with each topic. This will help you gain knowledge gradually and structure it.

In chemistry, there are many trivial names for colors, solutions and reactions. To remember them, you can hang stickers with complex words in frequently visited places. Visual memory works very well under stress, so these same pieces of paper will be remembered on the exam.

The next option is brain maps. These are diagrams that will allow you to build a certain sequence of thoughts. It is very convenient to use them in the process of studying qualitative reactions and organics.

An excellent tool in preparing for the exam is associations: for example, imagine that active alkalis are children who are in constant motion, and insoluble bases are retirees who settled in their apartment.

Of particular importance for me were the chemistry rhymes that I share with the children in the classroom. Here is one of them: "Bases insoluble in water decompose when heated, and a metal oxide and water are always obtained."

LITERATURE AND RUSSIAN

Alexandra Shcherbakova

96 points in literature, 100 points in Russian

Literature is a subject that has been studied in school for eleven years. During this time, you can make out a huge number of literary texts, but you will not need all of them on the exam. First of all, open the FIPI website - there are collected works that can be found on the exam. It is with them that you need to work.

One of the most difficult tasks is the comparative analysis of lyric texts. To substantiate your judgments, you will have to memorize lines of poems by heart. It's impossible to learn everything, so pick out a few basic topics and memorize a couple of poems each.

Tasks for the Unified State Exam in Russian mainly test the knowledge of spelling and grammar rules. Cluster diagrams will help you to remember them, with the help of which you can write down the theory in a compact and, most importantly, meaningful way.

One of the tasks of part 4 is aimed at testing the knowledge of the accentological norms of the Russian language. It is difficult to fulfill, because we constantly hear the wrong stress placement in words and remember them. To perform this task correctly, it is necessary to pronounce the words aloud - this is how the auditory memory is activated. You can find the correct accents in the orthoepic dictionary, which is on the FIPI website.

SOCIETY AND HISTORY

Nikolay Gudkov

90 points on the exam in social studies and history

Social science is the science of society, so you always need to be aware of the events happening around you. Read the newspapers and watch the news - only there you can find up-to-date information.

Remember, the humanities are just as logical as the technical ones. In order not to learn the two huge articles of the Constitution of the Russian Federation on the powers of the federation and joint jurisdiction in a federal state, you just need to logically delimit their competencies. The powers that relate to ensuring the rights of each resident of the country are under the jurisdiction of the federation, and those that can be implemented at the level of the constituent entity of the Russian Federation are under joint jurisdiction. Using this logic, you will be able to make the right choice in 99% of cases without opening the basic law of the state.

The watch will help you remember the dates in history. Test your knowledge by checking the time periodically. For example: 18:25 is 1825, the Decembrist uprising in Russia.

The exam will also require knowledge of maps. To make it easier to remember them, compare the old map with the modern one and try to find common ground in them. This will help you navigate the exam. The most ideal option is to draw the maps yourself.

A time-line map will help to remember all the rulers of Russia in the correct sequence. It is worth drawing it and hanging it in the most conspicuous place. On the exam, she will be remembered on a subconscious level.

MATHS

Denis Semin

90 points on the exam in mathematics

There are two types of errors in mathematics: when you do not understand the subject and therefore do something wrong, or you become a victim of carelessness, allowing random blots. The second mistake is very simple to fix: you need to take a blank sheet of paper and solve it again, because checking the finished result will not lead to success - most likely you will not notice again that you have written the number five crookedly and confused it with a two. In the first case, the situation is different - you have to delve into the essence of the subject, understand the topic, and only then proceed to the solution again.

Unfortunately, the essence of the subject is not explained at school, so most often the guys just cram the definition of sinus, and then they hardly apply this knowledge in practice. But on the exam, an empty set of words will not help - you need to understand what you are doing. If it turns out that a new task has appeared, and you have never solved such a thing, it is deep knowledge that will save you. Learn to independently derive formulas from the school curriculum - this skill will help you cope with any task.

Try not to emphasize the answers at the end of the tutorials. More often than not, you start correcting the solution by adjusting it to the desired number. Your task is to understand if you did the task correctly and, if not, complete it again, but without relying on the number at the end of the tutorial.

There are many preparation resources on the Internet, so it is possible to study the material using several sources at once. Each author explains in his own way, so my advice is to familiarize yourself with all the options for presenting information, some of them will definitely be clear.

The Unified State Exam is, in fact, an ordinary test that you write in an unfamiliar atmosphere. The examiners are usually the most frightening of all, but you should not be afraid of them: they are interested in creating a comfortable working environment and fair passing the exam. If you are hot or out of draft, you should contact the reviewer right away and they will help.

BIOLOGY

Yulia Malchikova

90 points on the exam in biology

Studying biology requires a lot of effort, because science is very voluminous, but this is not a reason to be intimidated. Yes, the subject is complex, but very interesting. The more positive your attitude, the more intensive the training will take.

Biology is full of terms that are not easy to remember, so the main thing in mastering this science is to understand. If you come across incomprehensible definitions from Latin or Greek words, do not start cramming them right away - this will not give a long-term result. Try to parse the word into several parts: the word "glucose" comes from the Latin - "glitch" (sweet) and "oza" (sugar). Knowing this, you will quickly realize that sucrose, maltose, lactose are substances from the sugar family.

In 2017, many visual assignments appeared, so in the preparation process, colored pencils will come in handy - independently draw illustrations, diagrams and tables that are given in the textbook. If there is no picture, use your imagination - draw the association that occurs when you look at a definition or topic. Pictures help to perceive information faster, because they activate visual memory, and if you redraw them in case of the slightest mistake, mechanical memory is also involved.

Flashcards will help you quickly learn definitions. On the one hand, we write the term, and on the other, its decoding. You can carry these cards with you because they fit into the smallest bag and even your pocket, so you can repeat the material whenever you want.

Combine reading books with watching educational films. Scientists and professors who explain complex material in simple language will help broaden your horizons and understand the essence of the most difficult things. And also subscribe to sites, publics and blogs that highlight the achievements in the field of biology - this will allow you to always stay in the subject.

Passing the exam in biology is not difficult if you approach the exam with interest. You should not kill all days for preparation - a couple of hours of regular classes a week is enough. Most importantly, remember that the night is given to a person for rest, so you need to study in the morning and in the afternoon - at this time a person assimilates information better.

Until the end of February, the school makes a discount on the preparation for the Unified State Exam and the OGE
in March: 10% for current students and 20% for beginners.

Even in high school, many students are faced with the question of how to learn chemistry on their own from scratch, because this science is rarely learned the first time. School teachers often do not think that children do not receive all the necessary knowledge base to study science at a more complex level. Therefore, the guys do not understand more and more new tasks, concluding that they have a bad predisposition to the subject. In fact, knowledge gaps may not arise from problems with thinking, but from incorrect schooling methodology.

Let's talk about how to learn chemistry yourself from scratch at home. This question is also relevant for school graduates who are going to take the Unified State Exam and enter universities.

Many students who study at medical universities are exposed to chemistry every day. And at the same time, not all of them knew this science well at school. Here are some tips they give the younger generation:

• To pass the exam, you need knowledge of the entire school chemistry course. But for studying at the university, you only need the basics of inorganics, experienced professors will teach you everything else. Therefore, develop short term memory. You will have to get rid of all unnecessary information after passing the exam.
• Lessons with a tutor will be much more beneficial than independent ones. However, if you do not have the opportunity to attend individual lessons, do not despair, since chemistry can be learned on your own, but this will take hard work.
• Remember that humanity has not come up with an even more effective methodology for studying disciplines than hard work on your knowledge and skills. Constant practice is your key to success.

It is the continuity of learning that is the key to achieving the goal. To practice effectively, you need to create the appropriate mental attitude.

Many students are concerned not so much with the quality of the knowledge gained as with the time that will have to be spent on training. Believe me, the more thoroughly you study the basics of science, the clearer the meaning of each equation will be for you, the faster you will master more complex topics. In this case, it will be difficult for you only at the very beginning. Understand the essence of the basic concepts, and then the understanding of each chemical law will automatically come to your mind.

Just by not paying attention to the timing, you can learn chemistry quickly. It is possible to do this in a month, if we are talking about a school course. Typically, this is the goal set by students who are preparing for the exam. Use the technique below to create the appropriate mental attitude.

Motivation is the key to success

To create appropriate motivation for yourself and keep it throughout the entire training period, use the following recommendations:

• Set a goal for yourself, formulate it, clearly realizing what result you want to achieve.
• Remember not to try to learn a lot of information in a short amount of time. It will not linger in your thoughts for a long time, and all the formulas will merge together.
• The theoretical material will not be fully understood by you if you do not consolidate it by solving practical tasks. In addition, your self-esteem will increase significantly if you are able to solve problems.
• Arrange for yourself tests on which you will check the degree of mastery of the material.

Chemistry is just a science. The human brain is designed in such a way that we can remember and understand absolutely any information. Therefore, stop convincing yourself that chemistry is not yours, then you will succeed.

Be a teacher

As strange as it sounds, the best way to learn the material is to explain it to someone. Learned a new topic, but not sure if you understood it completely? Find a person who does not understand it at all, and explain to him the essence of the material. Believe me, after this lesson, in which you will act as a teacher, knowledge will be added not only to your "student", but also to you.

Why chemistry is a problematic subject

Usually, chemistry does not initially delight schoolchildren. After the first lesson, most children put an end to the study of this science, believing that they have no abilities. This is due to the fact that from childhood we are taught that chemistry is a science that has given humanity a lot of interesting experiments, amazing spectacles and amazing innovations. When high school students arrive for their first lesson, they are preparing for an unforgettable experience and engaging in fun experiences. Instead, students see only dry theory and many incomprehensible problems. They are disappointed in the subject, and when it comes time to pass the exam, they understand that they have no knowledge.

This is the fault of adults. The child should understand that spectacles in chemistry are formed through hard work, only with some effort can interesting experiments be carried out.

Passing the exam

Graduates often think about how to learn chemistry on their own from scratch in order to pass the exam. The answer to this question is very simple. You just need to learn chemistry without thinking about exams. Your knowledge will be much better and deeper if you master the subject for yourself, and not for admission to the university. Having understood the essence of science, following the above tips, you can easily write tests for

There are 35 tasks in the exam in chemistry. Of these, 29 - with a short answer and 6 tasks with a detailed answer.

1 point

Tasks 1-6, 11-15, 19-21 and 26-29. The task is considered completed if the correct answer is given in the form of a sequence of numbers or numbers with a given degree of accuracy.

2 points

Tasks 7-10, 16-18 and 22-25. The task is considered completed correctly if the sequence of numbers is indicated correctly. 1 point is deducted for one mistake. If there is more than one error or there is no answer, 0 points are given.

2-5 points

Solving problems with a detailed answer - provided that the task is completed fully and correctly in accordance with the assessment criteria. Here it is necessary to correctly formulate the solution to the problem and write down the entire sequence of actions so that the examiner is clear how and why you came to the solution.

Exam preparation

What you should pay attention to:

- Be sure to study the codifier and specification for the exam in chemistry, posted on the FIPI website. It lists all the topics you need to know, the number of points for solving each task and the assessment criteria.

- When preparing with caution, use the versions of the exam of the past years. There are many mistakes and discrepancies in them.

- The demo version of the exam is always easier than the one that will be on the exam. It only reflects the topics and format of the assignments.

- To feel confident on the Unified State Exam, you need to solve complex problems, for example, problems for students. Then the exam will not cause you any difficulties.

- When preparing for the exam, do not dwell on one author. All textbook authors have favorite topics and problem formats. The more tasks from different textbooks you solve, the easier it will be for you on the exam.

- To write the exam at a good level, you need to know not only the basic principles and laws that we use when writing a chemical reaction or when we talk about the properties of compounds. You need to be well versed in exceptions. In chemistry, there are a lot of exceptions that you just need to learn and not miss out of inattention when solving a problem.

Organizational moments

You are given 3.5 hours to complete the tasks. With good preparation, three hours to complete all tasks is sufficient. You still have 30 minutes to double-check everything.

Be sure to take your watch with you and keep track of the time. Auditorium clocks may not be accurate. The watch should be the most ordinary. Mobile phones and smartwatches are not allowed in the exam. You can be removed from the exam even for a switched off mobile phone, so do not risk it.

On the exam, it is allowed to use a calculator, including engineering. The main thing is that it is not programmable. Just in case, take two calculators with you: an engineering calculator and a regular one. If the engineering calculator is still taken away, you will not have to count in a column, wasting time. Start using the calculator while preparing for the exam so that you get used to it and not make mistakes by pressing the keys.

On the exam, you can use the periodic system of Mendeleev, the table of solubilities of salts, acids and bases in water, as well as the electrochemical series of metal voltages. Download these materials in advance and practice using them. The periodic table on the exam differs from school tables, painted in different colors.

Periodic table of chemical elements D.I. Mendeleev

Solubility of acids, salts and bases in water and electrochemical series of metal voltages

Allow at least an hour to transfer the completed work to the final copy. When checking and evaluating the exam, drafts are not taken into account.

The results of the first part of the exam in chemistry are not revised. However, the results of the second part can be revised if you appeal. You may receive points based on your appeal. It is very rare that points are deducted after an appeal, so if you are sure that you have made the right decision, feel free to apply. If in doubt, seek the advice of a teacher or senior comrades who are well versed in chemistry.

✔️ Carefully read the condition of the problem and write down the numbers of the selected options in exactly the sequence that is required of you. Otherwise, the score for the task will not be counted, even if the option numbers are selected correctly.

✔️ Acids in chemistry are divided into strong, medium and weak. However, strong acids are released on the exam, and all the rest are considered to be weak. Consider this when solving problems.

✔️ When completing tasks in inorganic chemistry, you need to know not only how each class of elements interacts, but also what reactions each element enters into. Each element has its own characteristics that need to be learned.

✔️ Always check all the options that are presented to you. Even if you think you've found the right one, you can be wrong. If you have excluded all the options, do not choose the last "default", solve that too. Make sure it's correct.

When writing down reactions, remember to equalize all the elements. With the help of oxygen, you can check if you have equalized everything correctly. If the oxygen has converged, then everything is correct, if not, look for an error.

✔️ In problems with a detailed answer, there can be only one correct answer, and maybe several. If you see two ways to solve a problem, choose the one that you have the least doubt about.

✔️ If you need to write one answer option, but you see several, proceed in the same way - write one option in which you are sure.

✔️ In problems with a detailed answer, always write down "given". This will not add points to you, but it will help you calm down, streamline the condition of the problem and figure out what is required of you.

✔️ If you do not know the answer to a short answer task, skip it and come back to it after completing all tasks, including long answer tasks. Think again what should be there and give an answer.

Use not only knowledge of chemistry, but also logic.

To successfully pass the General Chemistry exam, it is important to know the basics of the subject, be able to count, use a calculator for more complex problems, and be ready to learn something new. Chemistry studies substances and their properties. Everything around us is about chemistry, even the simplest things we take for granted, like the water we drink and the air we breathe. Get ready to discover everything that surrounds you. Getting to know chemistry will be fun.

Steps

Good learning habits

Meet your teacher or teacher. To pass the exam successfully, you should get to know your instructor and tell him what is difficult for you.

• Many teachers can be approached outside of class if students need help. In addition, they usually have methodical publications.

1. Get a group together to practice. Do not be ashamed that chemistry is hard for you. This subject is difficult for almost everyone.

   • Working in a group, people who can quickly understand a topic will explain it to others. Divide and Conquer.

2. Read the relevant paragraphs in the tutorial. Chemistry textbooks are not the most exciting reading material, but you should carefully read the material and highlight the text that you do not understand. Make a list of questions and concepts that are difficult for you to understand.

   • Come back to these parts later with a fresh head. If you still find it difficult, discuss the topic in a group or ask your teacher for help.

3. Answer the questions after the paragraph. Even if there is a lot of material, you may have memorized more than you think. Try to answer the questions at the end of the chapter.

   • Sometimes textbooks have explanatory material at the end that describes the correct solution. This will help you understand where you went wrong in reasoning.

4. Examine charts, images, and tables. The textbooks use visual means of conveying information.

   • Look at pictures and diagrams. This will allow you to better understand some of the concepts.

5. Ask your instructor for permission to tape the lecture. It is difficult to write down information and still look at the blackboard, especially when it comes to such a complex subject as chemistry.

   Check out the previous exam questions. Sometimes students are given questions that were encountered in exams in previous years so that they can better prepare.

   • Don't memorize the answers. Chemistry is a subject where, in order to answer a question, it is important to understand what it is about, and not only to repeat a memorized text.

6. Take advantage of online learning resources. Visit all the sites your instructor recommends.

   Learn to identify the changes that occur during a chemical reaction. Chemical reactions start with basic elements or compounds that react. As a result of the connection, a reaction product or several products is obtained.

   Learn different types of reactions. Chemical reactions can occur under the influence of various factors, and not only when the elements are combined.

   Use all available resources. You will need to understand the difference between basic reactions. Use every material you can to understand the difference. Don't be afraid to ask questions.

   • It is not so easy to understand what changes during chemical reactions. This will be one of the most challenging tasks in your chemistry class.

7. Think about the reactions in terms of logic. Try not to get confused in the terminology and make things even more difficult. All reactions are aimed at transforming something into something else.

   • For example, you already know what happens if you combine two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom - water. Therefore, if you pour water into a saucepan and put it on fire, something will change. You have carried out a chemical reaction. If you put water in the refrigerator, a reaction will occur. You changed something that involved a reactant, which is water.
   • Go through each type of reaction until you understand everything. Concentrate on the source of energy that triggers the reaction and the major changes that result from the reaction.
   • If you find it difficult to understand this, make a list of incomprehensible nuances and show it to your teacher, fellow students, or anyone who is well versed in chemistry.

Calculations

1. Know the sequence of basic calculations. In chemistry, sometimes very accurate calculations are needed, but often a basic knowledge of mathematics is enough. It is important to understand in what sequence the calculations are carried out.

   • First, calculations are done in brackets, then calculations in powers, then multiplication or division, and at the end - addition or subtraction.
   • In example 3 + 2 x 6 = ___, the correct answer is 15.

2. Don't be afraid to round very long numbers. In chemistry, they often round off, because often the answer to an equation is a number with a large number of digits. If there are instructions for rounding in the problem statement, take them into account.

   Understand what absolute meaning is. In chemistry, some numbers have an absolute, not a mathematical, meaning. An absolute value is all values ​​up to a number from zero.

   Know all common units of measurement. Here are some examples.

   • The amount of a substance is measured in moles (mol).
   • Temperature is measured in degrees Fahrenheit (° F), Kelvin (° K), or Celsius (° C).
   • Mass is measured in grams (g), kilograms (kg) or milligrams (mg).
   • The volume of liquid is measured in liters (l) or milliliters (ml).

3. Practice translating values ​​from one measurement system to another. In the exam, you will have to deal with such translations. You may need to convert the temperature from one system to another, pounds to kilograms, ounces to liters.

   • You may be asked to give your answer in units other than the units in the problem statement. For example, in the text of the problem, the temperature will be indicated in degrees Celsius, and the answer will be needed in degrees Kelvin.
   • Usually the temperature of chemical reactions is measured in degrees Kelvin. Practice converting Celsius to Fahrenheit or Kelvin.

4. Do not hurry. Read the text of the problem thoughtfully and learn how to convert units of measurement.

   Know how to calculate concentration. Hone your knowledge of basic math by calculating percentages, ratios and proportions.

   Practice with the nutritional data on the packaging. To pass chemistry, you need to be able to calculate ratios, proportions, and percentages in different sequences. If this is difficult for you, start training in familiar units of measurement (for example, on food packaging).

   • Take the nutritional data pack. You will see the calculation of calories per serving, recommended serving per day as a percentage, total fat, percentage of calories from fat, total carbs, and a breakdown by carbohydrate type. Learn to calculate different ratios based on these values.
   • For example, calculate the amount of monounsaturated fat in total fat. Convert to percentage. Calculate the number of calories in a pack by knowing the number of servings and the calorie content of each serving. Calculate how much sodium is in half of the package.
   • This will help you easily translate chemical values ​​from one system to another, for example, moles per liter, grams per mole, and so on.

5. Learn to use Avogadro's number. This number reflects the number of molecules, atoms or particles in one mole. Avogadro's constant is 6.022x1023.

   Think about carrots. If you find it difficult to figure out how to use Avogadro's number, try counting carrots rather than atoms, molecules, or particles. How many carrots are there in a dozen? We know that a dozen is 12, which means there are 12 carrots in one dozen.

   Understand molarity. Think about the number of moles of a substance in a liquid. It is very important to understand this example because we are talking about molarity, that is, the proportion of a substance expressed in moles per liter.

   Reduce equations to an empirical formula. This means that the answer will be correct only if you bring all the values ​​to their simplest form.

   Know what is included in the molecular formula. The molecular formula does not need to be brought to the simplest, or empirical, form, since it says what exactly the molecule is made of.

   • The molecular formula is written using the abbreviations of the elements and the number of atoms of each element in the molecule.
   • For example, the molecular formula of water is H2O. This means that each water molecule contains two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom. The molecular formula of acetaminophen is C8H9NO2. Every chemical compound has a molecular formula.

6. Remember that mathematics in chemistry is called stoichiometry. You will come across this term. This is a description of how chemistry is expressed in mathematical formulas. In chemical mathematics, or stoichiometry, the amounts of elements and chemical compounds are often expressed in moles, percentages in moles, moles per liter, or moles per kilogram.

   Ask for additional assignments. If equations and conversions are difficult for you, talk to your teacher. Ask for more tasks so that you can work on them yourself until you understand the essence of all the phenomena.

The language of chemistry

Learn to understand Lewis charts. Lewis charts are sometimes called scatter charts. These are simple diagrams, in which dots represent free and bound electrons in the outer shell of an atom.

Learn what the octet rule is. When constructing Lewis diagrams, the octet rule is used, which states that an atom becomes stable when it has access to eight electrons in its outer shell. Hydrogen is an exception - it is considered stable when there are two electrons in the outer shell.

As part of the Last 30 project, which explores the phenomenon of the post-Soviet space, ten former graduates who once wrote the USE with 100 points told how they were preparing for the state exam and gave advice to those who take the 2015 USE.

1. Anna Konovalova, journalist

“I didn't choose chemistry right away ... Two years before graduation, my dad, a physicist-chemist, advised me to take chemistry. At some point, I realized that I like chemistry, so I chose the Faculty of Pharmacy.

I studied very intensively. A special course in chemistry was held once a week for three and a half hours. Added to this were three chemistry lessons during the week. I visited the tutor twice a week for an hour and a half. In addition, I went to biomedical school twice a week.

For those who are now preparing for the Unified State Exam, it is very important to hire a tutor. It rarely happens that a person is very intelligent, purposeful and able to control his own preparation process for the exam. And please don't start preparing for the Unified State Exam in May. "

6. Petr Dorozhilov, HSE student

He studied at Sergiev Posad and passed math with 100 points in 2013.

“I began to prepare for the Unified State Exam as soon as I passed the GIA in the ninth grade. As a result, I passed mathematics very calmly and without excitement, because I was confident in my own abilities.

I wish the graduates of this year to prepare diligently, solve as many options as possible and not try to cheat on the exam. "

7. Olga Kuzmenko, student of the Moscow State University. M.V. Lomonosov