In 1999, the Federal Testing Center was established in Russia. The task of its employees was to develop a testing system, as well as to track the quality of knowledge obtained in educational institutions across the country. Under the leadership of the director of the center, intensive work began on the formation of the idea and methodology for the USE.

The first stages of the new system

From year to year, the new testing system gained momentum, and by 2005 it was planned to make it mandatory.

In 2002, already 16 regions of Russia took part in the experiment on the USE. Based on the results of the exam, applicants were admitted to 117 universities throughout the country. In 2003, the number of regions increased to 47.

The experiment involved higher educational institutions that train specialists in the field of culture and sports, and some medical universities.

Despite the apparent advantages of the unified state examination, the number of dissatisfied was growing. These included schoolchildren and parents themselves, teachers, scientists and cultural workers. This method of assessing knowledge did not take into account the difference in learning conditions, did not have an individual approach. Not all universities were admitted on the basis of the exam results, so the students experienced a double burden, because they took the exams again. The Ministry of Education considered all these complaints and proposals, and every year there were innovations in the Unified State Exam.

The first analogue of the USE was introduced in France in the 60s. The French colonies in Africa gained independence, and there were a lot of African immigrants in the country. Their level of education was extremely low, but, nevertheless, the children of immigrants had to learn, and the French authorities went to meet them, greatly simplifying the system of examinations. Test polls were introduced, the final exam was combined with the entrance exam.

Very soon, numerous demonstrations and protest actions began in France: the people did not accept the new system, believing that it would lead to the "dullness" of the nation. The confrontation did not last long: after three years, the government, having evaluated the results of the new policy, abandoned innovations.

However, such a system has quite successfully taken root in America. It is less expensive and very convenient. Now the idea of ​​"2 exams in 1" has begun to spread widely throughout the world.

Unified State Exam in Russia

The first prototypes of the Unified State Exam began to appear in Russia in 1997. Some schools have begun to experiment with voluntary testing of graduates.

The author of the idea of ​​the Unified State Examination in Russia was Vladimir Filippov, who headed the Ministry of Education from 1998 to 2004. It was he who began a large-scale reform of domestic education: Russia's accession to the Bologna process with the division of higher education into bachelor's and master's degrees, the creation of new educational standards. One of the necessary conditions for this process was the introduction of new methods of assessing the knowledge of schoolchildren.

The Unified State Exam was supposed to eliminate corruption in schools and universities and provide an effective test of the knowledge of graduates (the standard five-point scale has not been able to cope with this task for a long time). That is why a test form was chosen, with which an impartial machine works. In addition, the state exam was supposed to make higher education truly accessible to children from the regions.

"All elite and most other universities can only be enrolled through tutoring at a given university, or through paid courses at it, or through a targeted technique that they implement, or through" contractual "schools that Moscow and St. Petersburg universities have." , - argued Filippov.

In 1999, the Federal Testing Center of the Ministry of Education and Science was established. Objective: development of a testing system in the country, as well as monitoring the quality of knowledge of students in Russian educational institutions.

Under the leadership of the director of the center, Vladimir Khlebnikov, the idea, technology and methodology for the USE, as well as its software and scaling of test results, were developed. At the same time, the basis for the compilation of KIMs was formed, the issues of coordinating the information technology support of the exam were resolved.

In 2000, at the disposal of the Government of the Russian Federation, a new plan for the development of education was outlined: "A phased transition to normative per capita financing of higher professional education provides for the development of the technology for holding the Unified State Final Exam and its subsequent legislative consolidation."

The implementation of the new plan began almost immediately. However, it was impossible to foresee all possible obstacles and pitfalls in advance. The USE has undergone many changes during its existence. Its development was carried out in several conditional stages.

Stage 2001-2003

The experiment on the introduction of the USE was launched by two decrees of the Government of the Russian Federation:
• "On the organization of an experiment to introduce a unified state examination" dated February 16, 2001
• "On the participation of educational institutions of secondary vocational education in the experiment on the introduction of a unified state examination" dated April 5, 2002.

Experimental regions were selected, where the USE was passed for the first time in eight subjects: the Republic of Chuvashia, Mari El, Yakutia, Samara and Rostov regions. More than 30 thousand people and about 50 state universities took part in eight academic disciplines.

Before the start of the experiment, a large-scale campaign was launched to support the unified state examination. First of all, active work was carried out to inform the population through the media, conferences and trainings for teachers, special classes in schools were held. In parallel, a powerful anti-corruption movement began throughout the education system.

The specific list of subjects for which the Unified State Exam was conducted in 2001-2008 was established by each region independently.

In 2002, an experiment on the introduction of a unified state examination took place in 16 regions of the country. It was taken by graduates of 8400 schools, admission, according to estimates obtained on the exam, was conducted in 117 universities.

In 2003, 47 regions took part in the experiment, and in 11 of them graduates took the Unified State Exam in all nine subjects of the school curriculum. The exam was held by 18.5 thousand Russian schools.

The number of universities that recruited students on the basis of exam results has significantly increased - up to 245. The experiment included, among other things, some medical educational institutions, as well as universities that train specialists in the field of culture and sports.

In a word, the Unified State Exam was very actively disseminated throughout the country. Already in 2004 - maximum in 2005 - the experiment was recognized as successful and it was planned to make it mandatory.

results

However, not everything went smoothly.

Voices of protest against the introduction of the Unified State Exam sounded loudly. Many people in science and culture, teachers, schoolchildren, and their parents were dissatisfied. They pointed out the main disadvantages of the USE. It was argued that testing, in principle, is not able to reveal the level of knowledge, and the learning process turns into "training" for the exam. Also, many spoke about the exorbitant complexity of tasks for schoolchildren, and the general increase in the workload on students.

In the opinion of many, with this form of certification, there was no individual approach to schoolchildren, the difference in the conditions of their education was not taken into account.

In addition, many prestigious (and not so) universities did not take into account the results of the USE, so graduates had to withstand the double burden of exams.

Based on the results of the trial USE, it was concluded that the regulatory framework requires significant improvements and improvements. There were a lot of problems with the work of examination boards, filing appeals, enrolling in universities.

In addition, there were problems with the organization of the exam, both with the order of the procedure itself, and with the delivery and processing of results. But most of all criticism was caused by the questions and tasks of the Unified State Exam.

Stage 2004-2006

Innovations

The task was set: within three years to solve the main problem of the Unified State Exam - to reduce the load on graduates by fully combining the final and entrance exams. For this, the number of universities that accepted applicants based on the USE results was significantly increased.

In 2004, 65 regions of Russia took the exam, the number of universities and colleges increased to 946 and 1530, respectively. The number of general education subjects for which the Unified State Exam was passed has increased. In 2006, 950 thousand schoolchildren in 79 regions of Russia took the exam.

Since 2004, the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation has taken part in an experiment on enrolling cadets in the first courses of military universities based on the results of passing the Unified State Exam, and in 2005 introduced the State Final Attestation in a new form (GIA) for graduates of the Suvorov military, Nakhimov naval schools and cadets. buildings.

An important improvement was the possibility of correspondence admission of graduates to several universities at the same time. Moreover, documents could be sent to an unlimited number of educational institutions (from those that counted the USE results). Funding for the project has increased even more. The procedure for the USE has been significantly improved.

Testing for graduates began to be carried out in two stages: immediately after graduation (in May-June) and a month later. This was introduced so that students still have enough strength for the exam, as well as time to send their results to more educational institutions.

results

Of all the subjects of the Russian Federation, only the Nizhny Novgorod region categorically refused to participate in the experiment on the exam. The citizens of Nizhny Novgorod explained this by the fact that the Unified State Exam is inherently incorrect, and their exam will be conducted only after the relevant government decisions in a regular mode, when it is legalized.

By 2005, it was not possible to complete the experiment, and it was decided to make the USE mandatory by 2008. A resolution appeared: to complete the project of the Government of the Russian Federation "On the phased introduction of a unified state examination on the territory of the Russian Federation" as soon as possible, and also to determine approaches to the creation of an all-Russian quality assessment system education.

However, a serious problem arose with the introduction of the USE in creative universities. The rectors of the largest educational institutions strongly opposed the introduction of the Unified State Exam. True, the state exam did not cancel the creative competition, and applicants continued to pass these disciplines in the same order. Nevertheless, the basic general education subjects (Russian language, literature, mathematics) in most creative universities were already counted according to the results of the Unified State Exam. The capital has undergone the most dramatic changes: the Moscow Department of Education ordered all educational institutions related to art to allocate 50% of specialties for applicants applying for the USE results. Only a few were able to get around this decision.

However, despite the apparent success of the USE, discontent still did not subside. One more problem was added to the old problems: the discrepancy between the USE requirements and the school curriculum.

The main opponent of the introduction of the Unified State Exam, the rector of Moscow State University, Viktor Sadovnichy, called the state exam a "forge of mediocrity." Almost all rectors of large universities in Russia shared his point of view. But at the same time, Vladimir Putin, in his message to the Federal Assembly, unequivocally spoke about the importance of a transparent procedure for state testing of knowledge, understanding by this exactly the Unified State Exam.

Stage 2007-2009

Innovations

In 2007, the Federal Law "On Amendments to the Law of the Russian Federation" On Education ", the Federal Law" On Higher and Postgraduate Professional Education "and Art. 2 of the Federal Law "On Amendments to Certain Legislative Acts of the Russian Federation in Connection with Improving the Delineation of Powers".

Until 2009, the procedure for holding the Unified State Exam remained the same. The Regulations on the Unified State Exam, approved by the order of the Ministry of Education seven years ago, continued to operate in full. The new amendments established in Russia until January 1, 2009, a transitional period for the introduction of the Unified State Exam in full throughout Russia. They contained significant changes during the exam.

First of all, school medals and diplomas of secondary vocational education with honors lost their validity, and their holders were deprived of benefits: now they had to take the exam on general terms. However, the total number of beneficiaries increased significantly: out of competition, subject to the successful passing of the exam, not only orphans and children left without parental care, persons under the age of 23 (as previously decided), but also children of military personnel could enter universities. killed in the performance of military service duties or when participating in counter-terrorism operations. In addition, the champions of the Olympic, Paralympic and Deaflympic Games received the right to enter without entrance examinations for training in areas of training (specialties) in the field of physical culture and sports.

Also, the Federal Law of February 9, 2007 significantly expanded the number of Olympiads, according to the results of which a school graduate can be admitted to a higher educational institution with a minimum score on the Unified State Exam. Since that time, their list will be annually approved by the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation.

Also, the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation, together with Rosobrnadzor, began an active development of additional legal acts governing the issues of holding the Unified State Exam and the State Examination Agency among graduates.

A specific deadline was set: by April 1, all colleges and universities must announce a list of specialties and forms of study for which admission was announced based on the results of the exam, and a list of entrance examinations. And on May 1, the rules for admission should be published in full.

In 2008, over a million students in all regions took the exam. The number of subjects of the Russian Federation, where the Unified State Exam took place, increased to 92 regions, 1650 universities and 2000 colleges began to take admission based on the results of the exam.

On January 1, 2009, amendments to the laws "On Education" and "On Higher and Postgraduate Professional Education" came into force, which proclaimed the Unified State Exam compulsory for all graduates, regardless of whether they intend to continue their studies at the university or not. The state exam has also become mandatory for foreign citizens studying in Russian schools, stateless persons, refugees and internally displaced persons.

The Unified State Exam-2009 has been significantly transformed. In addition to the aforementioned points, other changes have been introduced. First of all, he began to play a major role in entering the university. The results of passing the exam in school at the same time began to be counted as entrance exams.

To obtain a certificate, schoolchildren had to pass only two compulsory exams - in the Russian language and mathematics, and for admission to a university - four. Additional exams were determined depending on the requirements of the university for admission, however, the results of entrance examinations in the Russian language were mandatory for admission to all specialties.

Some universities (namely 24) received permission from the government to conduct their own additional tests for some specialties. Additional tests were organized in specialties of a creative and professional orientation, requiring special creative, physical or psychological qualities.

Also, each university is now obliged to set its own threshold before accepting applications. This is necessary in order to facilitate the choice of an educational institution for those applicants whose scores are not high enough.

Documents for admission to the university could now be sent by mail, which greatly facilitated the opportunities for graduates to enter.

It became more difficult to get admission to the Unified State Exam: now it is not enough just to finish the 11th grade - it was necessary to write a final test in mathematics and an essay in Russian for a positive assessment.

The points received at the state exam from now on do not affect the final marks that are set in the certificate. However, if a graduate passes both compulsory exams unsatisfactorily, he will be issued a certificate of study at the school and given the right to retake the exam only after a year.

The problem with recalculation and scaling of the USE results has been resolved: the transfer of points to grades has been canceled. Now a graduate, finishing school, received a separate certificate of passing the exam and a certificate. The USE results are valid until December 31 of the year following the exam.

results

The admission campaign, which usually lasted quietly until the end of July, ended in 2009 only at the beginning of the school year. The main problem was the ability to apply to an unlimited number of universities and three "waves" of admission. Because of this, there was a lot of confusion and a lot of scandals.

Difficulties also arose due to the fact that many applicants could not pick up the originals of documents for admission to the chosen university, since they had already been enrolled in another.

A lot of discontent arose because of the "influx" of applicants in the preferential category. The first list of state employees consisted almost entirely of applicants entering out of competition. As a result, people with high USE scores were faced with the need to either wait for the second wave or submit original documents to other universities. Successful applicants with good USE results were often unable to enroll in the desired university.

Also, the problem of uncertainty of applicants in their choice came to light: they applied for a variety of directions, not gravitating towards any specific one. This created difficulties not only during enrollment, but also during further education.

2010 year

Innovations

KIMs in mathematics and literature have undergone some changes. This was preceded by the collapse of graduates in the previous year's exam: 25% of schoolchildren wrote an exam in mathematics for an unsatisfactory grade. As for literature, the main problem was the impossibility of an objective assessment of such an abstract, sometimes intuitive subject in a test form. Mathematics tasks were transformed into more concrete, everyday ones. New tests presupposed not only knowledge of formulas and rules, but also the ability to use them in practice, an understanding of the subject itself.

Graduates who graduated from high school before January 1, 2009, that is, before the Unified State Exam became compulsory, were given an option. Now, when entering a university for the full-time department, they may not take the exam, but pass exams in the traditional form. Previously, this was only allowed for those who entered the correspondence and evening departments of universities.

The number of stages of enrollment in universities has decreased from three to two. This made it possible to determine in a timely manner whether the applicant scored the required number of points to enter the chosen university. The right of a student to take his documents from the admissions office of one university and forward them to another, where he passed in the second wave, was strictly observed. And all this could be done within one day.

Universities have received the right to establish a minimum score threshold not only in the profile, but also in all other subjects.

Target intake has been reduced by 10%. In addition, the question of canceling it for humanitarian areas has become relevant, where there are too many graduates: lawyers, economists, managers, etc.

A new rule was also legislatively approved: this year it was possible to submit applications to no more than five universities, and no more than three directions in each.

In order to avoid a repetition of conflict situations, often arising due to the lack of the necessary information, the government obliged all universities to publish their own admission rules, areas of study, and a list of entrance examinations on their websites by February 1.

results

According to the assessment of the All-Russian Society for the Protection of the Rights of Consumers of Educational Services and the Department of Economic Security of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, in 2010, due to the mandatory state examination, the volume of corruption in education increased. Moreover, bribery moved from universities to the school level. This became one of the main arguments of the opponents of the USE introduction in Russia.

Creative universities continue to defend their right to admit applicants not on the basis of the USE results, but on the basis of their own exams. There are those who succeed: Conservatory im. P.I. Tchaikovsky, State Musical College named after Gnesins, RATI and the Moscow Art Theater School.

However, in most creative universities, the USE results are valid for at least one of the exams. However, while the state exam does not cancel the traditional entrance examinations.

At the same time, many educational institutions find a way to "bypass" the exam. For example, the higher theater schools named after. Shchepkin and them. Shchukin, the state exam points are counted only for the essay, and then only for citizens of the CIS countries. Medalists are given the opportunity to choose: to submit the USE results or write an essay right on the exam.

The limitation of the number of educational institutions where it was possible to apply has played a positive role: the excitement and panic of 2009 was avoided. The admission campaign was calm and quite successful.

There was another problem. In the conditions of the impending demographic crisis, many universities began to reduce the passing scores in many specialties, as a result of which, often, they recruited not very well-prepared students. This problem is now the most urgent, as the number of graduates is decreasing every year. The Ministry of Education and Science has focused its attention, first of all, on the solution of this issue.

The introduction of the USE and its evolution for almost 10 years made it clear that neither the Russian Government, nor the Ministry of Education and Science, nor the academic community consider this form of knowledge assessment to be perfect. Every year the USE has changed and will change until it suits all participants in the educational process.

Stage 2011-2014

Innovations

In 2011, the rules for admission to universities were changed for the winners and prize-winners of this year's Olympiads. They could use their incentive for admission to only one university, and go to the rest according to the general competition with the results of the exam.

In 2012, in the USE in history, the task "Historical portrait" was introduced in part "C". The essence of the assignment: choose one of the three proposed historical figures and briefly tell about him in the form of a mini-essay.

In addition, new, more complex variants appeared in part "B". If earlier it was enough to correctly compare the date and personality, now a historical event has also been added. "

The USE in mathematics included tasks for the section "Probability and Statistics" and assignments for the course in geometry. The number of tasks in CMMs in computer science has also changed: in the first part, their number has been reduced from 18 to 13, in the second part - increased from 10 to 15. The number of tasks in the sections "Elements of the theory of algorithms" and "Modeling and computer experiment" has increased, it has decreased tasks on the sections "Number systems" and "Basics of logic".

In KIMs on literature, new tasks for choosing the correct answer from the proposed options were introduced into the block of the basic level of complexity, but the total number of tasks remained the same.

During the period of the Unified State Exam in 2013, more than 150 fragments of examination tasks were revealed on the Internet in the public domain. In addition, in almost 2 thousand groups in social networks, 11th grade graduates solved tasks online for everyone for a small fee.

Because of this, a large number of fake "stobalniks" appeared. As a result, children suffered who honestly studied the entire period of schooling and hoped only for their knowledge. Because of the fake "hundredballers", many children were unable to enter the budget departments in the universities they planned to. And they were forced to either postpone higher education, or go to study on a commercial basis.

In November 2013, a letter from the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation "On the Effect of the Unified State Exam Results" was published, which stated that the results of the unified state exam for admission to undergraduate and specialty programs are valid for four years following the year of obtaining such results.

results

Due to the fact that in 2013 there was a massive leak of KIMs of the state examination, Rosobrnadzor set the task - to do “work on mistakes” so that in 2014 the USE passed on equal terms for all graduates.

In 2014, Rosobrnadzor plans to take a number of measures to help avoid leaks of CMMs. For this purpose, an increase in examination materials and the number of options will be made. For each time zone, its own variants of control and measuring materials will be developed.

KIMs will be brought to the regions not three days before the exam, as before, but one day. It is planned to define them in special storage facilities with a video surveillance system.

In addition, the 2014 graduates will have to take the Unified State Exam under the sight of video cameras that will be installed in classrooms and corridors. It is assumed that cellular signal jammers will work in the classrooms.

Innovations in the Unified State Exam-2015

• Added oral part on foreign languages. This section can be included at the request of the participant.
• For individual achievements of schoolchildren, it was possible to receive up to 10 points to the results of the USE.
• An essay, which was conducted in December, became the admission to the Unified State Exam. Assessment - pass / fail. Upon admission, the university could evaluate an essay - up to a maximum of 10 points for the Unified State Exam.
• The test part was removed from the exam in Russian. For the rest of the subjects - the reduction of assignments with a choice of answers.
• In CMMs, the division into blocks (A, B, C) was removed, simple numbering remained.
• The division of the exam in mathematics into basic and specialized levels.
• Most of the tasks are planned to be taken from an open bank. In the future, the formation of KIMs at 100% from an open bank.
• Anyone - students and graduates of previous years - will be allowed to take the Unified State Exam ahead of schedule.
• The exam can be retaken this year.
• The exam can be taken after grade 10.

Innovations in the USE-2016

Russian language.

All the main characteristics of the examination work as a whole are preserved. The selection of language material for completing tasks 7 and 8 has been expanded. The wording of task 25 has been clarified. The criteria for assessing task 25 have been clarified.

Maths.

Basic level There are no changes in the structure and content of the examination paper.

Profile level Two tasks are excluded from the first part: the task of a practice-oriented orientation of the basic level of complexity and the task of stereometry of an increased level of complexity. The maximum primary score decreased from 34 to 32 points.

History.

Excluded from the work are tasks with a choice of one answer out of four (1–21 according to the 2015 numbering) and the task for establishing a correspondence (24). In part 1 of the work, new assignments for establishing compliance have been added: for knowledge of dates (2 according to the numbering of 2016); knowledge of basic facts, processes, phenomena (5); to work with a textual historical source (6); knowledge of the basic facts of the history of culture (17); an assignment on the history of the Great Patriotic War to fill in the gaps in sentences (8), as well as an assignment with a short answer to work with a historical source for the 20th century. (ten). From part 2 of the examination work, the task to test the ability to present the results of historical and cognitive activities in free form (40 by 2015 numbering) is excluded. A new task has been added, which involves writing a historical essay for a certain period of Russian history. In part 1 of the 2016 examination paper, the arrangement of tasks has been changed: tasks are arranged in accordance with the principle of alternating types of activities. The time for writing a work has been increased to 235 minutes.

Biology, literature.

There are no changes in the structure and content of the examination paper.

Chemistry.

In 2016, the following changes were adopted in comparison with 2015:
• In part 1 of the work, the format of six tasks of the basic level of difficulty with a short answer has been changed. These are the following tasks: - No. 6, its implementation involves the application of generalized knowledge about the classification and nomenclature of inorganic substances. The result of the assignment is the establishment of three correct answers out of six proposed options; - No. 11 and No. 18, their implementation provides for the use of generalized knowledge about the genetic relationship of inorganic and organic substances. The result of the tasks is the establishment of two correct answers out of five proposed options. - № 24, № 25 and № 26, the answer to these tasks is a number with a given degree of accuracy (instead of the number of the correct answer in the 2015 work). Also, in part 1 of the work, the format of two tasks of an increased level of complexity, No. 34 and No. 35, was changed, which test the assimilation of knowledge of the characteristic chemical properties of hydrocarbons and oxygen-containing organic compounds. In the work of 2016, these tasks are presented in the format of assignments for establishing compliance (in the work of 2015, these were tasks for multiple choice).
• Based on the analysis of the results of the Unified State Exam in 2015, an adjustment was made in relation to the distribution of tasks by the level of complexity and types of tested skills and methods of activity. So, in particular, the expediency of checking the assimilation of the content element “Chemical equilibrium; displacement of equilibrium under the influence of various factors ”only with tasks of a higher level of complexity. At the same time, the assimilation of knowledge of the characteristic chemical properties of nitrogen-containing organic compounds and biologically important substances is only at a basic level.

Spanish, German, French, English.

Social Studies.

The structure of the examination work has been optimized: - the logic of the structure of part 1 is brought in line with the logic of part 2: tasks are focused on testing certain skills (requirements for the level of training of graduates) on various elements of content; - tasks with a short answer in the form of one digit corresponding to the number of the correct answer are excluded from part 1 of the work; As a result of the regrouping of assignments of various types, the total number of assignments of Part 1 was reduced by 7 assignments. As a result, the total number of work tasks was reduced by 7 tasks (29 instead of 36). The maximum primary score for all the work did not change (62).

Physics.

The structure of the KIM USE in 2016 was left unchanged. For Objective Lines 2-5, 8-10 and 11-16, the range of controlled content elements has been expanded.

Computer science.

The KIM 2016 model has changed slightly compared to the 2015 KIM. The sequence of presenting tasks 1–5 was changed. The number of tasks and the maximum primary score remained unchanged.

Changes in the control and measuring materials of the exam-2017.

There are no changes in structure and content in the following subjects:
• Russian language.
• Mathematics (basic and profile levels).
• Geography.
• Computer science.
• Literature.

Foreign languages: no changes in structure and content.
The wording of task 3 of the oral part of the exam has been clarified.

History: no changes in structure or content.
The maximum score for tasks 3 and 8 has been changed (2 points instead of 1).
Improved the wording of task 25 and the criteria for its assessment

Social studies: no significant changes.
The structure of the block of tasks of Part 1, which checks the content of the section "Law", is unified according to the pattern of the structure of blocks that check the content of other sections of the course: task 17 has been added for choosing correct judgments, the numbering of tasks has been changed 18 (former 17), 19 (former 18). Task 19 in the form as it existed in the KIM of previous years is excluded from the work.

Biology: significant changes.

• Items with a choice of one answer are excluded from the examination work.
• Reduced the number of tasks from 40 to 28.
• Reduced the maximum primary score from 61 in 2016 to 59 in 2017.
• The duration of the examination work has been increased from 180 to 210 minutes.
• Part 1 includes new types of tasks that differ significantly in the types of educational activities: filling in the missing elements of a diagram or table, finding the correct designations in a figure, analyzing and synthesizing information, including information presented in the form of graphs, diagrams and tables with statistical data.

Chemistry: significant changes.

The structure of the examination work has been optimized:
• The structure of part 1 of the CMM was fundamentally changed: tasks with a choice of one answer were excluded; tasks are grouped into separate thematic blocks, each of which has tasks of both basic and increased difficulty levels.
• Reduced the total number of tasks from 40 (in 2016) to 34.
• The assessment scale (from 1 to 2 points) for performing tasks of the basic level of complexity, which check the assimilation of knowledge about the genetic relationship of inorganic and organic substances (9 and 17), has been changed.
• The maximum primary score for the performance of the work as a whole will be 60 points (instead of 64 points in 2016).

Physics: significant changes.
The structure of part 1 of the examination paper has been changed, part 2 is left unchanged.
Tasks with a choice of one correct answer were excluded from the examination work, and tasks with a short answer were added.

Changes in the control and measuring materials of the exam-2018

There are no changes in structure and content in the following subjects:
• Mathematics (basic and specialized level)
• Geography
• History
• Biology

Russian language: significant changes.
• The examination work in the Russian language includes a basic level task (No. 20), which tests the knowledge of the lexical norms of the modern Russian literary language;
• The maximum primary score for completing all work has been increased from 57 to 58.

Literature: significant changes.
• Requirements for tasks 9 and 16 have been clarified (the requirement to justify the choice of an example for comparison has been canceled);
• Introduced the fourth theme of the essay (17.4). 3) The criteria for assessing the performance of tasks with a detailed answer have been completely revised (8, 9, 15, 16, 17);
• The maximum score for all work has been increased from 42 to 57 points.

Social Studies: significant changes.
• Reworked the grading system for task 28;
• The wording of task 29 has been detailed and the system of its assessment has been changed;
• The maximum primary score for completing all work has been increased from 62 to 64.

Informatics and ICT:
• In task 25, the ability to write an algorithm in natural language was removed due to the lack of demand for this opportunity by the exam participants;
• Examples of program texts and their fragments in the conditions of tasks 8, 11, 19, 20, 21, 24, 25 in the C language have been replaced with examples in the C ++ language, which is much more relevant and widespread.

Foreign languages: there are no changes in the CMM structure.
• The criteria for evaluating the performance of tasks 39 and 40 have been clarified.

Chemistry: significant changes.
• Added one high-level task (# 30) with a detailed answer. By changing the score of tasks in part 1;
• The maximum primary score for all work remained unchanged (60).

Physics: significant changes.
• Part 1 added one basic level task (№24), which tests the elements of astrophysics;
• The maximum primary point for completing all work has been increased from 50 to 52 points.

Innovations in the Unified State Exam-2019

In 2019, school graduates, in their application for participation in the Unified State Exam, will be required to choose one of two levels of the Unified State Exam in mathematics: either basic or profile.

If the graduate does not cope with the USE in mathematics, then he can replace the previously selected level and take it again on reserve days. And who did not pass the profile level on reserve days, they will be able to pass the basic one to obtain a certificate in September.

In 2019 past graduates who already have a certificate cannot take basic mathematics.

Since 2017 test part of tasks The Unified State Exam is excluded from almost all test and measurement materials. The exclusion of the test part from the USE tasks in three more subjects has been added to the previously excluded test parts: physics, biology and chemistry. Participants of the exam must write the answer themselves, and not choose it from the proposed ones.

In 2019, for the first time, the Unified State Exam will be conducted on Chinese language... It will become the fifth language of choice for USE participants, along with English, German, French and Spanish.

In 2019 certificate with distinction will be awarded to those graduates who have final marks "excellent" in all academic subjects, have successfully passed the state final attestation, and have also passed the USE in the Russian language and mathematics of the profile level by at least 70 points or 5 points on the USE in mathematics of the basic level ...

Since 2019, the Unified State Exam has become the main form of state final certification for graduates of Crimea and Sevastopol.

Changes in the control and measuring materials of the exam-2019

In the KIM for all academic subjects, additional reminder instructions have been introduced for USE participants to check the recording of answers on forms No. 1 and No. 2 under the corresponding task numbers. All changes in the KIM USE are not of a fundamental nature. For most subjects, the wording of the tasks is being clarified and the system for assessing the tasks is being improved to increase the differentiating ability of the examination work.

There are no changes in structure and content in the following subjects:
• Mathematics (basic and specialized level);
• Geography;
• Physics;
• Chemistry;
• Informatics and ICT.

Russian language:
• The number of tasks in the examination paper has been increased from 26 to 27 due to the introduction of a new task (21), which tests the ability to conduct punctuation analysis of the text;
• Changed the format of tasks 2, 9–12;
• The range of testable spelling and punctuation skills has been expanded.
• The difficulty level of individual tasks has been clarified;
• The wording of task 27 with a detailed answer has been clarified;
• The criteria for assessing the task 27 have been clarified.

Literature:

The criteria for evaluating the performance of tasks with a detailed answer have been clarified:
• corrections were made to the assessment of tasks 8 and 15 (the wording of criterion 1 with a description of the requirements for the answer to 2 points, the rules for calculating actual errors in criterion 2),
• in tasks 9 and 16 (criteria 1 and 2 took into account possible flaws in the answer),
• in tasks 17.1–17.4 (in criterion 4, the calculation of logical errors has been added).

Social Studies:
• The wording was detailed and the grading system for task 25 was revised;
• The maximum score for completing task 25 has been increased from 3 to 4;
• The formulations of tasks 28, 29 have been detailed, and the systems for their assessment have been improved;
• The maximum primary score for completing all work has been increased from 64 to 65.

Foreign languages: There are no changes in the structure and content of the CMM.
• The criteria for assessing the performance of task 40 of the "Letter" section in the written part of the exam have been clarified, as well as the wording of task 40, in which the exam participant is offered a choice of two topics of a detailed written statement with elements of reasoning "My opinion"

Heated debates and discussions have been going on for several years. Not everyone agrees with the format and results of this exam. But the Ministry of Education remains adamant and is not going to cancel the exam. Let's find out more about when and why it appeared

When was the Unified State Exam introduced in Russia?

Many graduates of schools and universities remember the days when exams were passed on tickets and there was no testing. It seems that the Unified State Exam appeared quite recently. But this is not at all the case. To answer the question in what year the USE was introduced, you need to look into the history of the entire education system.

Back in the last century, at the end of the 80s, the first prerequisites appeared. It was then that they noticed that there was a big gap in the requirements for final and entrance exams. The universities made more serious demands. Therefore, yesterday's student could not cope with the entrance tests.

So, in what year was the Unified State Exam introduced? The facts say that the first attempts were carried out already in 1997. In some schools, graduates were able to volunteer to participate in testing experiments.

It is difficult to say unequivocally in which year the Unified State Exam was introduced. Development and implementation were carried out gradually.

In 1999, the first developments appeared. They did not postpone the implementation of the idea for a long time. And already in 2001 an experiment was organized. It was joined not only by schools, but also by some educational institutions that accepted the USE result as an alternative to the traditional entrance examinations for schoolchildren.

Several regions were selected as experimental. 30 thousand people took part in the first tests. Approximately 50 state universities began to accept the USE certificate issued by the school instead of entrance examinations.

If we count from the moment the experiment was introduced, the answer to the question in which year the USE was introduced will be simple: in 2001.

In 2001-2008. there was no single list of subjects taken in the form of the exam. Each region formed the list independently.

In 2002, the Unified State Exam was still an experiment, but by that time the number of its participants numbered 8,400 schools and 117 universities.

In 2003, 18.5 thousand schools held final exams in the form of the Unified State Exam, and 245 universities accepted certificates from applicants.

If we talk about when the USE was introduced as a mandatory exam, we can recall 2004. It was then that the experiment was considered successful and they started talking about plans for its widespread distribution. At the same time, no one took into account the opinion of the dissatisfied, who spoke out sharply against the exam.

It dragged on for several more years, until in 2009 amendments to the law "On Education" were adopted. From that moment on, the USE was recognized as mandatory. Even for those who, after leaving school, did not plan to continue their studies at the university.

Now you know when the USE was introduced.

Who introduced the uniform exam?

The idea to introduce the Unified State Exam in Russia belongs to the head of the Ministry of Education in 1998-2004. In his opinion, the USE will not only provide a high-quality test of knowledge, but also defeat the corruption that flourished in the traditional form of exams, when their results depended on one or several teachers.

Why the USE was introduced

Due to the abundance of teaching methods and school materials, knowledge testing has become more difficult. Therefore, it was necessary to develop a unified testing system and ensure the same level of basic knowledge with which graduates leave school.

Another important reason for the introduction of the USE, as we have already mentioned, is to combat corruption. Previously, in the traditional exam, the result depended on the teacher, which contributed to the increase in the number of bribes. After all, every graduate wanted to get the highest score in the certificate. The USE results are assessed not by the teacher, but by a machine that cannot be bribed.

Affordable education

Another global problem that the Unified State Exam is designed to deal with is related to admission. Previously, the exam had to be taken both at school and at the university. Now it is enough to pass the exam once, receive a certificate and present it to the university admissions committee.

Now even schoolchildren from the regions can make their way to the prestigious institution. Previously, they did not have this opportunity. To enter a university, one had to hire a tutor or attend preparatory courses.

The Unified State Exam (Unified State Exam) is a centralized examination that is conducted in educational institutions of secondary general education with the help of control measuring materials.

With at school (or lyceum) and at the same time the main form of entrance examinations to universities. So, students take the exam in the following subjects: Russian, mathematics, foreign language (English, French, German and Spanish), physics, chemistry, biology, geography, literature, history, social studies, computer science.

At the same time, and the rest are optional items. You can take any number of optional subjects - it all depends on the requirements of the university (lists of subjects are usually posted on information stands and on the websites of universities). The results of the USE in points are drawn up in the form of a certificate of the results of the USE.

The exam is compulsory for anyone who graduated from high school, college, technical school or lyceum after January 1, 2009. In addition, foreign citizens who studied abroad are required to undergo it.

In fact, the main time for passing the exam is May and June.

However, there are two more stages for passing the exam: this is an early period - in April and an additional period - in July.

Graduates of the current year have the right to pass the USE ahead of schedule, namely:

Pupils of evening schools, conscripted into the army;
- those leaving for Russian or international sports competitions and Olympiads;
- going abroad or sent for treatment;
- graduates of schools located outside the Russian Federation, in countries with difficult climatic conditions.

In the additional period, graduates of previous years or graduates of primary and secondary vocational education, foreign citizens have the right to take the exam.

Who conducts the exam?

On the territory of Russia, the Unified State Exam is conducted by the Federal Service for Supervision in Education and Science with the assistance of the executive authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation. If the exam is held outside Russia, then Rosobrnadzor conducts it together with the founders of the educational institution, which must have state accreditation.

Who shouldn't take the exam?

High school graduates who graduated from an educational institution before January 1, 2009, that is, before the Unified State Exam became compulsory, receive a choice. Upon admission to a university, they can take exams in the traditional form, or they can independently pass the exam. In addition, the USE is optional for graduates with disabilities, inmates of closed-type institutions for children with deviant behavior and graduates of educational institutions of the penal system.

The main stage of the Unified State Exams has started in Russia. It will run from May 28 to July 2.

The first were schoolchildren who need results in geography and computer science.

The Unified State Exam was introduced everywhere nine years ago, but the controversy around this form of passing the final exams at school does not stop to this day.

Who came up with the USE?

The initiator of the implementation of the Unified State Examination in Russia was Vladimir Filippov, who served as Minister of Education from 1999 to 2004. It was under him that the principles of the Unified State Exam in Russia were developed.

The direct creator of the testing system was Vladimir Khlebnikov, the namesake of the great Russian poet. It is interesting to note that it was he who became one of the first critics of this system.

As the head of the Federal Testing Center of Rosobrnadzor, Khlebnikov developed the principles of centralized testing, which was carried out purely voluntarily at the request of students and educational institutions. No budgetary funds were required for this, the results were agreed to be taken into account when screening out applicants about six hundred universities in the country.

According to Vladimir Khlebnikov, this system was in no way suitable as a final attestation after leaving school.

Nevertheless, the system suited the officials, and since 2001, experiments have been carried out to introduce unified state examinations in various regions. Since 2009, the Unified State Exam has become the only form of final exams at school and the main one for admission to universities.

Why was it necessary?

The initiators of the USE introduction were most concerned with two things: to reduce corruption, which flourished in education and was not even particularly hidden, and to create a working "educational elevator".

Filippov bluntly said that the Unified State Exam is sharply criticized primarily because residents of capital cities are losing their "natural" advantage when entering prestigious universities, which could only be entered through tutoring or paid preparatory courses. The Unified State Exam, as conceived by the organizers, equalized the chances.

As time passed, it turned out that, in general, this was achieved, Tatyana Klyachko, director of the Center for the Economics of Continuing Education of the Institute for Applied Economic Research (IPEI), RANEPA, told the website.

“Despite all the difficulties, the Unified State Exam has no more shortcomings than the traditional exams. And from the point of view of the fact that children from the provinces can now come and enroll in educational institutions of large cities, and we see from the results of our research that the mobility of school graduates has increased dramatically, I think this is a good undertaking, ”Tatyana Klyachko emphasized.

The principal opponents of the USE admit this, too. For example, Oleg Smolin, deputy chairman of the State Duma's education committee, noted that it has become easier for children from the regions to enter the capital's universities. However, in his opinion, there is more harm from the exam.

That is, the USE is enough for admission to any university?

Not really. The most prestigious universities received the right to conduct additional tests. First of all, this is the Lomonosov Moscow State University, which retains the title of the most prestigious university in the country.

As the rector of Moscow State University Viktor Sadovnichy recently said, exams for admission to Moscow State University turn out to be insurmountable for every tenth of the applicants.

However, there are not very many such universities. Basically, good results obtained on the exam are enough for admission to a higher educational institution.

And if the exam is poorly passed?

If the results are not so good, you can retake the exam. It is possible to do this the next year and even immediately after the failure.

“And the question of whether you can retake the Unified State Exam in the same year when you take it is being worked out. And before it was exactly the same, people did not enter the university and that's it, do the next year. Compared to traditional exams, there is no deterioration. The only thing is that there used to be several universities such as Moscow State University or Leningrad State University where you could take exams in July, and exams to all other universities were held in August, so those who did not enter Moscow State University could enter another university in August, "said the director Center for the Economics of Continuing Education, Institute of Applied Economic Research (IPEI), RANEPA Tatyana Klyachko.

As for the psychological aspects, then, according to experts, little has changed. As the schoolchildren were nervous before the exams, they will continue to be nervous. But the influence of the human factor on the results has decreased.

“At school, it was still possible to say that the student, passing the exam, was not very worried, because all the teachers were familiar to him and, in principle, he believed that he would be pulled out one way or another, although this was not always the case. And if the relationship with some teacher did not work out, then on the contrary it could lead to extremely unpleasant results. Now man is at least relieved of those troubles. And when an applicant entered a university, he was faced with a completely unfamiliar situation. Yes, at the moment when bribes were widespread, some of the people who paid money for education considered themselves more protected. But this is again to the detriment of everyone else. The situation is better now than it was 10-12 years ago, ”says Tatiana Klyachko.

Why is the Unified State Exam criticized?

The main object of criticism is the form in which the exam is conducted. From the very beginning, it was doubtful whether it was possible to correctly assess the level of knowledge of students using tests. Especially embarrassing exams in this form in the humanities. In addition, it was noted that the goal of education is precisely the successful passing of exams, and not knowledge as such. Many teachers admitted that they literally train students for testing.

The USE assignments are called control and measuring materials, and initially in many disciplines the form "select one of the answer options" was implied. The tasks were constantly improved, and as a result, this form disappeared altogether. Students must give either a short answer to the question or a detailed one. As the Minister of Education Olga Vasilyeva noted, the tasks are being improved every year.

Nevertheless, the Unified State Exam has a lot of opponents, including among education specialists, among deputies, and among parents.

Once again, the President of the Russian Academy of Sciences Alexander Sergeev called for the cancellation of the Unified State Exam in early April, linking this problem with the "brain drain".

“For some reason we are afraid of the leakage of dollars, we count every month - how much there, how much here. For some reason, no one thinks how our intellect is leaking out of the country ... I believe that we should abandon the Unified State Exam. In the end, after two years of talking about postgraduate studies, we must return to normal postgraduate studies, which is the first step in scientific activity, "the head of the Russian Academy of Sciences emphasized.

Scandals

In theory, the USE should equalize the chances of Russian schoolchildren, wherever they live - in large cities or in some remote village. In practice, it turned out differently, and scandals broke out almost every year. For example, there was a case when schoolchildren from the Far East, having passed an exam, posted tasks on the network (they are the same for the whole country). Children living to the west were extremely grateful to them, officials - on the contrary.

Violations were recorded, such as opening assignments before testing, using smartphones and tablets, and even passing an exam in another region. They are fighting against violations - the chairmen of the commissions are now approved exclusively by Rosobrnadzor, its representative is included in each regional commission. Online surveillance has been introduced, schoolchildren are allowed through metal detectors. The number of options has been increased to avoid information "leakage" to the Internet.

A new data protection technology is being used for the first time this year. All discs are delivered to the exam point in encrypted form, and the task and answer forms are printed directly in front of the participants. It is believed that this will help completely eliminate the influence of the human factor.

They do not seek from goodness

So far, the arguments of the opponents of the exam have not had any effect. Recently, Deputy Prime Minister Tatyana Golikova announced during the St. Petersburg International Economic Forum that the structure of the Unified State Examination may change after analyzing the results of this year. As the site director of the Center for Economics of Continuing Education of the Institute for Applied Economic Research (IPEI) RANEPA noted in an interview

Tatyana Klyachko, it is unlikely that the USE will be canceled. And from her point of view, this is good.

“If any changes are made to the Unified State Exam, the procedure may be clarified, the content may change, but the exam itself, I think, will remain. And I don’t think we need to change something again now. This exam is already more or less settled, and I think they are not looking for good from good, ”she stressed.