Human life in the understanding of F. I. Tyutchev is immeasurably deep and at the same time instant and impermanent, it does not leave a noticeable trace after itself. The existence of the Universe is comprehended by the poet as a whole. He raises important questions of the universe in his work. The main idea of ​​his philosophical lyrics is the possibility of comprehending the secrets of the world order only as a result of direct sensory and contemplative perception.
The poet is interested in the spiritual life of a person. Many of his poems are dedicated to this. In my opinion, the most characteristic and most vividly expressing the poet's ideological position is the poem "Fountain", created in 1836.
This work carries a great philosophical load. The central image of the poem is the image of a fountain. It symbolizes the meaning of human existence. The cosmos as a whole and the fate of an individual person are interpreted by the poet as the focus of diversity, duality and the struggle of opposing principles. This perspective requires a special form and content of the poem. In a semantic sense, the work is divided into two parts, associated with each other associatively and thematically. In the first part of the poem, the poet draws a multifaceted image of a "shining fountain":
Look like a living cloud
The shining fountain swirls;
How it flames, how it crushes
Its damp smoke in the sun.
The first word of the poem is a 2nd person verb, singular, in the form of an imperative mood. It seems as if the lyric hero addresses each of us personally. This makes the tonality of the poem friendly and somewhat intimate. The poet creates a trusting atmosphere for philosophical reflection on the meaning and content of human life.
Despite the trusting, rather close relationship between the lyric hero and the reader, the theme of the poem is by no means transparent and light. It immediately sets a serious tone for the hero's reasoning and does not allow the reader to read and perceive superficially. The movement of the water of the gushing fountain from the very first lines begins to vaguely remind us of human life. An association immediately appears in the memory with a phraseological phrase, often used in relation to a vigorous, acting person: "Life is in full swing."
The lyrical hero dwells in detail on the description of the fountain. Thanks to this, the reader discovers for himself the striking similarity of human existence with a "ray" of spray, sparkling in the sun:
Raising a beam to the sky, he
He touched the cherished height -
And again with fire-colored dust
Condemned to sink to the ground.
The second part Tyutchev immediately begins with an associative change in the image object:
A water cannon about mortal thought,
O inexhaustible water cannon!
What an incomprehensible law
Does it strive for you, does it bother you?
The lines do not contain explanations of the author of such a drastic change in the poem. The poet seems to be sure that each reader independently traced the parallel between the image of the fountain and the thought of a person. It forces the reader to be not an outside listener, but a real participant in reflections.
The second part is the words of the lyrical hero, addressed not to a person, but to human thought. The basis of life consists in the eternal striving for the ideal, for the knowledge of the laws of the Universe. The poet uses figurative, metaphorical expressions to characterize the "mortal thought" of a person. Like a fountain shining in the sun and striving upward, the soul and mind of a person eagerly "rush" to the sky, to the unknown and incomprehensible. However, in the last lines of the poem, the lyric hero calls us the force that condemns the pillar of water “to fall to the ground” and “stubbornly refracts” the movement of human thought:
How eagerly you rush to the sky! ..
But the hand is invisibly fatal,
Refracting your stubborn ray
Glitters in the spray from above.
The lyrical hero calls the secret power that prevents a person from knowing the secrets and mysteries of life "the invisibly fatal hand." The poet deliberately used this periphery, which includes the Church Slavonic word "hand". Thus, the poet expressed the idea of ​​an invisible hand that controls human life. Divine power rules the Universe, and man enters into confrontation with this power. This is the "incomprehensible law", restless and striving "mortal thought" to spiritual struggle. The idea of ​​the poem is not in the victory over the cosmic force that controls human life, but in the desire to comprehend its laws, to know the essence of being, to achieve the ideal, to find spiritual and divine-universal harmony.

Sections: Literature

Lesson type

• combined

Form of conducting

• research lesson

1. immersion in the world of the poetic word.
2. introduction of students into the complex world of poetry by F.I. Tyutchev.

1. educational: the formation of skills in the analysis of a lyric work, ideas about the individual creative style of the poet (F.I. Tyutcheva).
2. developing: the development of analytical skills, logical thinking, coherent speech.
3. educational: fostering interest in research activities, an attentive attitude to the word, pride in participation in the great Russian literature; stimulation of cognitive activity; the formation of the reading culture of students.

Use of modern pedagogical technologies:

1. technology of problem-dialogical teaching.
2. advanced learning technology.

Forms of organizing educational activities:

1. individual and group research assignments
2. heuristic conversation
3. experiment
4. modeling
5. illustration of works of art
6. verbal drawing
7. work with a dictionary
8. expressive reading

Equipment:

1. the text of the poem by F. I. Tyutchev "The Fountain" and an excerpt from the poem by A. S. Pushkin "The Fountain of the Bakhchisarai Palace"
2. portrait of F.I. Tyutchev (1803 - 1873)
3. illustrations to poetry
4. material for the game "Learn a poem".
5. Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR

Preparatory work:

1. drawing up an approximate plan for the analysis of a lyric work
2. reading poems of the poet and illustrating them
3. leading tasks - micro-research (individual and group).

1) "The very reading of the poet is already creativity." I. Annensky.
2) "Tyutchev is one of the most remarkable Russian poets ..." I. S. Turgenev.
3) "Knowledge is only knowledge when it is acquired by the efforts of one's thought, and not by memory." L. N. Tolstoy.

During the classes

1) Preparation for the perception of the material

Organizing time.

• Greetings.
• Today we have a holiday in our house - guests. I think we will be happy to show all the best that we know and can do.
• November 23, a month later, is the birthday of the remarkable Russian poet F.I.Tyutchev. And today's lesson is dedicated to his work.

Motivation for learning activities.

We analyze the epigraphs for the lesson, we try to formulate the goals of the lesson with joint efforts. We remember that our main task in literature lessons is to become talented readers.

Updating students' knowledge.

Psychological analysis of illustrations from the exhibition "Tyutchev's Poems in My Perception" and reciting the lines you like. We note that we are still not very familiar with the poet's work, but even at the beginning of our conversation, one can draw conclusions about what deep, diverse in themes and mood poems F.I.Tyutchev wrote.

Game "Learn a poem".

For the last words in the verse, I ask you to recall and quote the famous poetic lines of F. I. Tyutchev (appendix).

The result of the game is the conclusion that many of the poet's lines are "by ear", are known in the readership and are close to us today. Starting from the poem “We cannot predict ...”, we reflect on the fact that “sympathy” in the text should be understood as “sympathy”, that is, as a joint (of the poet and reader) work of the mind and heart. Concluding that reading is work, and sometimes understanding a poem means doing some research work, we move on to the next stage of the lesson.

2) Analysis of the poem "Fountain"

• The history of the creation of the poem. Teacher's word.

The exact time of the creation of the poem "Fountain" is unknown (according to some sources it is 1836, according to others - the middle of the 30s of the XIX century). The decade from the mid-20s to the mid-30s was the heyday of F. I. Tyutchev's talent. At this time, he creates such masterpieces as "Spring Thunderstorm", "Autumn Evening", "Insomnia", etc. In those years, the poet was in the diplomatic service abroad, in Munich. His close friend I.S. Gagarin, dreaming to acquaint the capital's writers with the work of his friend, asks the poet to send a selection of his poems. FI Tyutchev soon fulfilled his friend's request, accompanying the verses with the following letter: “You asked me to send you my paperwork ... I take this opportunity to get rid of it. Do what you want with it. I have a disgust for old scribbled paper, especially scribbled by me. She smells like musty to nausea ... ". The poems were published in the Pushkin magazine "Sovremennik" in 1836 in numbers 3 and 4, signed "F. T.". Instead of 5, 6 poems, as planned, 24 were published (apparently, Pushkin liked them so much). Among them is the poem "Fountain".

Tyutchev at this time is 33 years old - the age of Christ, wisdom, divine revelations. The poems written at this time are distinguished by deep content, perfect, harmonious form. Let's try to see this by reflecting on the poem "Fountain". Let me remind you that in our research we rely on an approximate plan for the analysis of a lyric work that we have drawn up earlier and, as usual, use it creatively, that is, we focus on the research aspects that are most significant for a given text and carry out the analysis in the order that "suggests" the text itself.

• Expressive reading of the text. Student speech.
• Verbal drawing, reference to illustrative material (photographs of the fountains of Petrodvorets).

I ask the children to describe in words what they presented while listening to the poem, I wonder what lines helped to present this especially clearly. I ask the guys if the picture created by the imagination coincides with the appearance of the fountains they know (we rely in the conversation on the life experience of children and photographs of the fountains of Petrodvorets). With the help of the dictionary we find out the meaning of unfamiliar words “water cannon”, “hand”, “strives”, “sweeps”, “mortal.” (1 microgroup).

• Comparative analysis of FI Tyutchev's poem "The Fountain" and an excerpt from the poem by Alexander Pushkin "The Fountain of the Bakhchisarai Palace" (Appendix 1). Study in microgroups followed by a collective discussion.

The image of a fountain is often found in Russian poetry. Suffice it to recall the poem by Alexander Pushkin "The Fountain of Bakhchisarai", his own poem "The Fountain of the Bakhchisarai Palace". Let's try to compare an excerpt from this poem with a poem by F.I.Tyutchev. I ask the children to work in pairs, to point out the common and the different in these texts.

1) mood: admiring the beauty of the fountain is accompanied by sad reflections (“two roses”, “tears” in Pushkin and, for example, “fall”, “condemned”, “invisibly fatal” in Tyutchev's text.
2) the epithet "alive". Why do two poets, without saying a word, use the same epithet? Is it possible to replace a word in these texts? Let's conduct an experiment, replace "live" with "big". We note that the rhyme does not suffer, but the use of the word "alive" not only makes the artistic image brighter, more visible, but also allows us to draw a parallel with human life.
3) poetic meter - iambic tetrameter, one of the most common sizes in Russian poetry of the 19th century (perhaps poets are more interested not in the form, but in the content of the poem?)

Differences:

1) in Pushkin, the image of the fountain is auditory ("silent dialect"), and in Tyutchev it is visual (its specificity is set by the first word "look").
2) the image of the fountain is filled with different content: for Pushkin it is a fountain of tears, a “fountain of love”, a sign of the world of feelings, emotions, the human soul; for Tyutchev, it is a "water cannon of mortal thought", an image of the mind and intellect of a person. We note that this is the specificity of the creative manner of F.I. Tyutchev, a poet-thinker, poet-philosopher. This was already noted by his contemporaries. I. S. Turgenev wrote: "Each of his poems began with a thought ..."

Advertising (sounding the results of work in micro groups). Heuristic conversation - meeting of the academic council.

Before the lesson, the students received their homework - to conduct a micro-research (analyze one of the levels of a literary text). In the lesson, the speech of one student from the microgroup is accompanied by comments from the listeners (academic council). The teacher's task is to involve all children in the discussion process, to draw their attention to the most difficult moments. We make a reservation that our research does not claim to be complete due to the limited study time.

1) Composition.

The poem is compositionally divided into two parts: the first 8 lines create the image of the continuous movement of water in the fountain, as if illustrating the direct meaning of the word "fountain" - a stream of water beating upward. The second part deals with the thought, the mind of a person, now the figurative meaning of the word "fountain" is involved - an inexhaustible, abundant stream of something (the dictionary entry is on the blackboard). Emphasizes the two-part structure of the division into stanzas. I inform the children that in some editions the text is not divided into stanzas. Does this have its own logic? Students should notice the inextricable internal connection of the two parts of the text: the first is an illustration, a visual picture, the second is reflection. We suppose that the juxtaposition of the parts may help us understand the idea of ​​the poem.

2) Punctuation.

The second stanza is more emotional. If in the first we mark "calm" punctuation marks (comma, period, dash, semicolon), then the second stanza "presents" us with exclamation marks, question marks and even a special synthetic punctuation mark

(! ..). This convinces: the philosophical kernel of the poem, its idea must be sought exactly here. Thanks to rhetorical exclamations and a rhetorical question, the second stanza engages the reader in the author's thoughts and experiences, as a result, reading the text becomes deeply personal.

3) The system of images.

• The title, central image, apparently, was not chosen by the author by chance: he better than others paints a picture of an eternal, inexorable movement towards a high goal: water - to heaven, human thought - to truth.
• We note that in the first part, the figurative system is more graphic, picturesque, joyful. The color palette is optimistic: "shining", "flames", "sun", "ray", "fire-colored", etc. We draw attention to the amazing epithet "fire-colored", the author's find.
• In the second part of the poem, the focus is on the way of thinking, a living, active principle, striving for the high, beyond. The second stanza is filled with more abstract imagery. It is this stanza, first of all, designed to convey the idea of ​​the poem, to become a kind of conclusion from the author's observations.
• For all the contrast, the deepest internal cohesion of the parts is emphasized by the general artistic image of the ray soaring up to the sky. This detail likens a thought to a fountain. It is no coincidence that these images are combined in the last lines.

4) Features of vocabulary.

Not being able to engage in a detailed lexical analysis of the text, we turn only to some of the features of the vocabulary.

• An abundance of words with a high stylistic connotation, including obsolete words. We explain this fact by the author's appeal to high topics, his attempt to formulate universal, philosophical laws of being (the replacement of the word "fountain" with a synonym for "water cannon" is especially noteworthy)
• The passive participle "condemned" due to its grammatical form is permeated with the author's special pain associated with understanding the limitations of the human mind.

5) Organization of artistic space and time.

At first glance, both parts of the poem seem to be organized in the same way in this regard: movement upward, and then - inexorable descent downward. In this movement in a circle there is a certain doom, a feeling of the impossibility of breaking out of it.

Modeling.

We analyze the models of artistic space created by children for the lesson. We note that the reader can also see that these two circles are not identical. The first draws the movement of water (this is a narrow, material world), and the second - a circle of thought (the boundless world of spirit). And since the second circle is wider, it means that one can see in this, albeit a weak, but nevertheless, hope that the striving for truth is not a movement in a vicious circle doomed by the “hand of the invisible fatal”, but a movement in an ascending spiral, that it is slow and difficult, but nevertheless an approximation to the truth.

My models are in Appendix 2, 3. I share with the children my little discovery: the letter "f" is a kind of reflection of the composition of the text, another version of its model (in it, in addition to two circles, attention is drawn to the rod in the middle, a certain vertical connecting heavenly and earthly). Moreover, this letter somehow magically resembles a fountain (meaning its graphic appearance).

Artistic time in the text changes from the beginning to the end of the poem: in the first stanza it can be defined by the word "now", in the second - by the word "always" (this word "law" suggests). Thus, we celebrate the expansion of artistic time.

As a result of such observations, we conclude that F.I. Tyutchev, with a certain amount of pessimism, deduces a certain universal human law, the law of the inexorable movement of human knowledge forward, upward, towards truth. In this one can see Tyutchev's faith in the power of the human mind, the high humanistic meaning of this poem and the poet's work as a whole.

6) Phonetic structure of the text.

The phonetic organization of the poem is interesting. Curious is everything that is outside the norm, the usual ratio of vowels and consonants. Based on this, we draw attention to the following features of the text:

• There are many vowels in the poem. For example, in line 3 there are 14 consonants and 9 vowels, and in verse 6 there are 9 vowels for 13 consonants. As a result, the text, despite the author's reflections on the limitations of human capabilities, amazes with a sense of freedom, spaciousness and optimism.
• There are many sibilant consonants in the text, for example, the sounds "s, s," occur 19 times. In them, apparently, the earthly, mortal principle was reflected. Only in two verses (14 and 15) they are not (there it is a question of the highest, divine). But there are a lot of "r" and "l". In this confrontation 4 "r" and 4 "l", the most formidable, alarming, harsh and softest, affectionate - the manifestation of the culmination, the highest point in the development of the lyrical plot. In this there is also a way out to the level of philosophy: life is an eternal opposition, an eternal struggle, an eternal striving for truth and an eternal impossibility to achieve it.

7) Features of rhyme.

By the nature of the rhyme, the poem could consist of 4 quatrains, while the unification by the author of 1 and 2, 3 and 4 quatrains, apparently, was done intentionally, from compositional considerations: 1 and 2 quatrains draw the movement of water, 3 and 4 - human thoughts.

In each quatrain we observe a girded (enveloping) rhyme, that is, rhymes 1 and 4, 2 and 3 lines in the quatrain. This method of rhyming is rare in Russian literature. This interesting, sophisticated form is in harmony with the content, like the movement of a fountain. The figurativeness of the rhyming method is emphasized by the following fact: in each quatrain 2 and 3 lines end with a soft, delicate female clause, and 1 and 4 with a male one, which gives each quatrain completeness, completeness. The last stressed syllable in the quatrain is a certain point, a conclusion from what has been said. As a result, the whole poem sounds very convincing, the author's judgments claim to be true.

8) Symbols.

In the poem of F.I.Tyutchev, there are enough symbolic, polysemantic elements. These are symbolic images (the fountain is a symbol of eternal, unstoppable movement, the "invisible fatal hand" is a symbol of any limits, difficulties on the way to the goal, etc.), and, for example, the number 4, which has found a plastic embodiment in different elements of the text. In the poem there are 4 quatrains, it is written with iambic tetrameter, in the culminating verses 14 and 15 - 4 "r" and 4 "l", finally, the very image of the fountain (water cannon) occurs four times (including the title). The symbolism of the four turns us to fundamental, all-embracing images: 4 cardinal points, 4 seasons, 4 ends of the cross, 4 stages of a person's life, etc. Four is a symbol of integrity, organization, perfection, integrity. Apparently, this reflects the philosophical and religious views of the poet-thinker, even by his words striving to improve the world.

9) The image of a lyrical hero.

In the poem, the image of a lyrical hero appears, of course, close to the author. This is a thinker for whom the highest value is the human mind. He admires the greatness of the world, space, God and grieves over the impossibility of man's comprehension of all the mysteries of life. At the same time, the leitmotif of the poem becomes the thought of the need to dare, constantly strive to the beyond, thereby steadily approaching the truth. The study of other aspects of the poetic text convinces us of this.

The idea of ​​the poem (conclusion based on the results of the heuristic conversation). Summary of the Academic Council.

• O The world is beautiful and wonderful.
• O Human thought is not always able to penetrate into the secrets of the universe.
• O We must not give up, we must always strive to learn more, to come closer to the truth. This is the acquisition of a certain divine essence by man.

3) Summing up the results of the work (word of the teacher).

At the end of the conversation, we note the following:

• Analysis of the text emphasizes the harmony, proportionality of all elements of the poem.
• Careful reading of it allows you to understand in the text what is hidden from the gaze of an inattentive reader.
• A lyrical work, a talented literary text in general, and the poetry of F.I. Tyutchev in particular, require an equally talented reader.
• Even if today we did not succeed in everything, if the fountain of our collective mind did not reach the truth, we are still great by virtue of our attempt to learn more, to get closer to the truth.
• Thank you all for your work.

Reflection.

Continue the sentence you started (the support words are written on the board).

• It was difficult...
• I learned...
• Seemed interesting ...
• My feelings ...

Student self-assessment (diary entry).

4) Homework

At the end of the lesson, make a list of questions that you would like to receive answers to.

5) Promotion.

As a reward for the active, fruitful, creative work of students, a romance to poems by F. I. Tyutchev “I met you ...” sounds.

The poet created this poem in 1836. Fedor Tyutchev, after studying at the university in Moscow. After he received, one might say, the profession of a diplomat and was sent to Munich, Germany, where he closely studied European poetry. It was then, being surrounded by romantics and poets, in Tyutchev was the most fruitful time in terms of creativity.

The Fountain verse is small in size, but deep in meaning. We see that the poet touches the motives of the great "Faust" by Goethe. This is a reflection on the predetermined fate of a person. Tyutchev expresses the idea that there is always a certain threshold, a limiter, and a person cannot fully open up. But here we already see not just romantic soaps, but philosophical reflection. If a person cannot in a figurative sense jump higher than himself, then what is there beyond, does it exist or is it an illusion. The poet very beautifully compares the fountain with the idea of ​​man, the pure idea of ​​striving upward, toward development, toward beauty, toward the sky. The fountain always beats brightly, it simply cannot be otherwise, because then the fountain will not be itself by definition. This symbolizes a person's striving for the highest. And this is always for everyone, but for each in its own measure.

However, the poet writes about tragedy, about disappointment. After all, no matter how strongly the fountain strives to the sky, no matter how much a person burns with an idea, very soon he will fall powerlessly to the ground and, perhaps, will no longer try to rise. We see that the poet believed in fate. But it's hard to call it just fate, it's some kind of unforgiving fate. Man's striving to cognize everything, all nature, the foundations of the universe is truly unlimited and even infinite. And we see a bitter inconsistency with reality. Every attempt to climb up will quickly fail. And it can go on forever. And as you know, eternity for a person is more terrible than just death. Why this is happening is difficult to say. It can be assumed that all attempts by the fountains to rise up fail through the laws of nature, which are inexorable and a person cannot change them.

However, the question remains, is this temporary? Will a person be able to develop in such a way as to change the laws of nature at the most fundamental level. There is already a question of faith. One can guess, one can believe in inevitable evolution, but we cannot know for sure. Will evolution go on forever? I believe that no, and degradation awaits us. And we will not be able to change the laws of nature, because the Supreme Reason created them, and if we try, we will only destroy everything.

Fyodor Tyutchev in his poem often and also skillfully uses epithets and metaphors. The poet uses a ring rhyme, which seems to repeat the endless movement of the water jets of the fountain. The themes touched upon by the poet will excite a person until the very end of his existence.

Option 2

The Russian poet and thinker Fyodor Ivanovich Tyutchev wrote in a rather unusual style. His short poems are increasingly reminiscent of a fragment of a work. However, in this small excerpt Tyutchev was able to fit a lot. The whole meaning, plot, history, everything that worried the poet, and the Russian people was laid down in these short poems, which would be more correctly called an ode. Thanks to the brevity of the text, Tyutchev's poem evoked an overabundance of feelings, emotions and a plot picture. Which, of course, made the poet popular. His poems were not written in the classical style, perhaps somewhat difficult to read, but this did not diminish the interest in Tyutchev's work.

The poem "Fountain" is in the style of an ode. It was written in 1836, during the heyday of Tyutchev's work. The poet always tried to find a connection between man and nature. He sought to know the true essence of man in combination with nature. There is also an opinion that observation of the fountain became an addition to this desire of Tyutchev.

Tyutchev loved to present in his works, to be imbued with an idea, so he wrote his works in the style of philosophical lyrics. However, romanticism is also present in his poems. His work "Fountain" just can be attributed to the philosophical lyrics with elements of romanticism. In "The Fountain" Tyutchev philosophizes a lot, reflecting on what is so disturbing to the fountain that makes it rise to the clouds and descend.

The fountain is the protagonist of this piece. He can be compared to a person who strives for heights, for something new, unknown, but still falls down. Here Tyutchev discusses how a person should not fall when striving for new heights, how not to be this very fountain that invariably falls down. "What an incomprehensible law ..." - asks Tyutchev, what, in other words, makes a person, like a fountain, fall down, lose heights and achievements.

The mood in the poem is constantly changing. So, at the beginning of the work, the fountain is cheerful, full of strength and energy. It shines, reaching the rays of the sun. Likewise, a person is full of enthusiasm and hard work in relation to work that attracts and attracts him. And then the mood of the poem is strikingly different from the first lines. As soon as he touched the rays of the sun, "I was condemned to fall to earth." Here, the character of a person is reflected in the image of a fountain. Even for modern times, this is relevant - a person loses enthusiasm, reaching certain heights, achieving the set goal. Like a fountain, it fades away and falls down. Just a couple of lines, but how they reflect the problems of even modern society. Tyutchev, in just a few lines, contained the global problem of mankind of different times, in his favorite manner comparing man with nature.

Tyutchev splendidly compared man with inanimate nature. Although the poem is pessimistic, it is worth noting that it is very instructive. The work directs a person to the desire to surpass himself. Tyutchev here acts as a teacher. He gives an example from the life of nature and compares it with life, norms and human behavior. Apparently, this gives popularity to this poem by Tyutchev.

Analysis of the poem Fountain according to plan

Comprehension of the human world by comparing it with the natural world found its specific expression in the poetics of Tyutchev's poems of a philosophical nature. Many of them have a two-part composition with a clear division of content into stanzas. A two-part composition is also outlined in the poem "How the Ocean Encompasses the Globe of the Earth ...", but the analysis of the poem "Fountain" will help us to more clearly see this feature of Tyutchev's lyrics.

Look like a living cloud

The shining fountain swirls;

How it flames, how it crushes

Its damp smoke in the sun.

Raising a beam to the sky, he

He touched the cherished height -

And again with fire-colored dust

Condemned to sink to the ground.

A water cannon about mortal thought,

O inexhaustible water cannon!

What an incomprehensible law

Striving for you, sweeping you?

How eagerly you rush to the sky! ..

But the hand is invisibly fatal,

Refracting your stubborn ray

Drops in a spray from a height.

Tyutchev likens the fountain to a ray. In addition to the accuracy of the description, this comparison gives the first stanza a special sound, creates the necessary lyrical tension: after all, in a traditional landscape, the ray is associated with the light of heaven (sun, moon, stars), and its natural direction is from top to bottom, from heaven to earth. The fountain is a ray on the contrary, it is directed from the earth to the sky, as if challenging the law of gravity. This is a kind of challenge to the sky. And precisely for this challenge, for this stubbornness And pride, he was condemned to fall to earth again.

How do you understand the image of "mortal thought is a water cannon"? "Water cannon" is an outdated synonym for "fountain"

(This is the human mind.)

Why does Tyutchev compare the human mind with a fountain and what is the meaning of this comparison?

(The human mind is constantly working, like a fountain, constantly thinking. The main questions of a person are aimed at comprehending the meaning of being. God, human destiny, and, probably, that is why Tyutchev likened the human mind to a fountain.)

The second stanza is much more dramatic in its tonality, the atmosphere of unequal struggle, daring confrontation is extremely vividly conveyed by the lexical structure of the poem: To tear- move, overcoming some obstacles, break the bonds, breaking through; hand of invisible fatal- inevitable, inevitable, threatening with tragic consequences; beam resistant- resisting, abutting; refracting - violently and ruthlessly, uncompromisingly changing direction and even, perhaps, destroy, overthrow- again means struggle and violence. The vocabulary of the first stanza also takes on a new flavor, especially words such as smoke flames, crushes, swirls, fire-colored dust, fall to the ground, condemned... Words that are quite applicable to describe a military battle.

Developing the content of the poem "How the ocean embraces the globe of the earth ...", one can say after the poet: "Yes, man is an abyss, and he is proportionate to the abyss of the universe. But he was created by mortals, and all his thoughts and aspirations are doomed to destruction. But he cannot come to terms with his fate and will always argue with the One who created him this way; he will never accept his fate humbly, no matter how fruitless and senseless his rebellion may be. And this is one of the mysteries of man - "the incomprehensible law."

III. Independent work of students.

Choose synonyms for the word Man so that they correspond to the world of Tyutchev's poetry. Explain your choice.

In strong classes, this task can be formulated differently: write an essay on the topic "The Man in Tyutchev's Poetry" based on the analysis of poems that were not included in the lesson.

The legacy of the great Russian poet is inexhaustible; it is impossible to cover it completely in several lessons of school analysis. All our attempts are only approaches to comprehending it, only a touch to the Mystery.

Homework.

1. Choose the closest poem by Tyutchev, learn by heart and be able to find in it typical Tyutchev themes, images, artistic techniques.

2. Prepare for a test in the works of Tyutchev.

Lesson Option 3 (71)

During the classes

I. Word of the teacher.

The poetic worldview has its own structure, which can be defined as the “image of the artist's world”, and this image develops from some “primordial source”. In a poetic address to AA Fet, Tyutchev defined his image of the world, his poetic gift as “a prophetically blind instinct”. This poet's instinct turns us to myth. For Tyutchev, and in this he agrees with Plato and Schelling, the highest goal of poetry is the creation of myths. Almost all of his great creatures are myths about nature. The basis of the myth is a deep experience, plastically embodied in the language of poetry.

The natural world of F. Tyutchev is based on the mythological world of the elements, the fundamental principles of the Universe. In the poem “A. A. Fetu ”the poet defines his poetic gift as the ability to“ smell, hear water ”. The poet's favorite element is “water element”. It seems that there is no such form of moisture existence in nature that would not be noted by F. Tyutchev.

Various forms of water in F. Tyutchev's poetry reveal a connection with such long-known ideas-prototypes as Chaos - Abyss - Infinite. The roots of such a poetic worldview are in the semi-mythological contemplations of the ancient Milesians: Thales, Anaximander: water is the fundamental principle of the whole world, it is the Infinite, from where everything comes and where everything returns. This ancient concept is the basis of F. Tyutchev's worldview. Of course, we are not talking about any borrowings, the poet's attitude to the elements of fire and water is rooted in the subconscious layers of his soul. Thales, Anaximander, Hesiod, Heraclitus, Plato are the names of ancient philosophers, whose contemplations were organically woven into the poetic world of F. Tyutchev, without violating its harmony and integrity.

The central problem of Tyutchev's picture of the world is the opposition “Existence-Non-Existence”. It has its own content:

Existence Non-Existence

Life death

Real Unreal

Love suicide

Russia West

Intermediates are filled with a number of symbolic images:

Sleep, dusk, drowsiness.

So, one of the dominant signs of Being lies in the space “life - absence of Life, fullness of life - and its inferiority”. In this semantic space, individual texts move, and the peculiarity of F. Tyutchev's poetics lies in the variability of the assessment: what in one text appears as negative, in another one can receive an opposite assessment. In this vein, F. Tyutchev's poems can be read as a whole.

Let us turn to the poems “A Glimpse” (1825), “Vision” (1829), “The gray shadows are mixed ...” (1836). All of them can be conditionally attributed to the poet's “night poems”.

II. Analysis of the poem "Glimpse" (1825)

What is a glimpse?

Determine the composition of the poem.

The poem is divided into two parts:

Part I - stanzas 1-3 - an expanded image of “deep darkness”; form of dialogue (“Have you heard?”). Represents the outside world.

Part II - stanzas 4-8 - the inner world of the lyric hero's soul; there is no dialogue, which is emphasized by the use of the pronoun "we", the plural of the verb vocabulary.

Analysis of the first part.

Highlight the typical images of Tyutchev's poetry in the first stanza. Please comment on them.

(“Twilight”, “Midnight”, “Sleep” is the edge of the transition from day to night, “sleep” to “ringing.” It is “twilight”, “midnight” that become an active active principle: “... midnight, inadvertently, / / The dormant strings will be disturbed by sleep ”, will make a transformation.)

Describe the lyrical hero.

(The sensitive, prophetic soul (“Oh my prophetic soul!”) Of the lyric hero hears everything that happens in the gloomy world of the Universe, calls on the interlocutor - “Have you heard?” - to witness the sacrament.)

How does the poet describe the very sacrament of transformation?

(Zephyr becomes the messenger of the night, stirring up the “dormant strings” of the harp and the human soul: his breath disturbs the “air harp,” heavens! "Lyre, harp is an instrument for transforming the soul into a high, pure, immortal. By what means does the poet emphasize the significance of what is happening?

Alliteration (“explodes” - “grieves” - “in strings” - “lyre” - “sad”) prepares the reader for the sacrament of transformation.)

Analysis of the second part.

Trace the development of the poetic imagery of Part II.

(The second part opens with a description of the merging of the lyrical hero's soul with the twilight (“we fly to the immortal with our soul!”). The desire to break free from the “earthly circle” - the circle of life - “sleep” leads to the acquisition of a moment of truth. The fifth stanza is the culmination in the development of the poetic thought of the poem Anaphora (“how”), internal antithesis (twilight, but “joyful, light to the heart!”), Metaphor (“The sky has flowed through the veins!”) Depict a moment of merging with Eternity. we. "

“How we believe by living faith ...” Alliteration on “p” reaches its highest tension in the fifth stanza. A “glimpse” becomes a catharsis-shock, purification and finding of harmony and peace.

However, already in the sixth stanza, the poetic intonation suddenly changes. The movement of the soul "to the immortal" to a glimpse is replaced by a rapid fall into the earthly circle of life - into a "magic dream". The constant sound "r", emphasizing the unexpectedness, the exclusiveness of the experienced, by the last stanza dries up and disappears altogether, being replaced by "m", "s", "h", forcing a feeling of fatigue, fatigue.)

What is a glimpse?

(Before us is a kind of "inverted" Aristotelian tragedy. "Light ringing harps" awakens to inner, deep, spiritual work, the culmination of which is catharsis, merging with heaven is a moment of truth. But the "glimpse" does not bring peace and harmony, it ends tragically : it is possible to look into the Abyss-Infinite only for a short moment (“And insignificant dust is not given // to breathe divine fire.”) The moment of truth is followed by the punishment of “weary dreams”.

The all-encompassing world of the "twilight" state of the Universe is woven in the poem "Vision".)

In 1839, it belongs to the most fruitful period of the poet's work. It deepens and reinterprets the romantic motives of Goethe's "Faust" in a new way. In "The Fountain" Tyutchev discusses the theme of fate, fate in human life, trying to comprehend the human world by comparing it with the natural world.

Philosophical meaning the poem consists in the poet's reflections on the predetermination of a person's fate. Tyutchev believes that there is a certain precondition in the fate of a person, which he can never overcome.

The artist ponders the tragic discrepancy between the desire of human thought to learn all the laws of the universe and the limitations of its capabilities. Human thought strives upward, towards knowledge, like a fountain directed to the sky, but in both cases there is a certain border that cannot be crossed. The invisible law of fate "The hand of the invisible fatal"- allows human thought to rise only to a certain height, subverting it then to the ground, like the streams of a fountain.

The poem is based on Tyutchev's favorite technique - poetic comparison... The poet simultaneously develops two themes: the jets of the fountain as a phenomenon of the outside world and "Water cannon" human thought. Parallelism determines the two-part composition of the work: the poem is divided into two logical parts with a clear division of content by stanzas. The first eight-line creates a vivid, expressive image of the fountain, the second eight-line is devoted to the inner nature of human thought.

A wonderful multi-color painting "Shining" Tyutchev depicts the fountain using epithets that play the role of metaphors ( "Cherished heights", "Wet smoke", "Fire-colored dust"), comparisons containing metaphors ( "Like a living cloud, a shining fountain swirling"). The artist very unexpectedly compares the fountain with the element of fire ( "On fire", "Swirls", "Wet smoke"), identifies the fountain with "Living cloud".

The second part of "Fontana" is dedicated to the contrast "Mortal thought" a person, a thought that "Stubborn ray" "Rushes to the sky", in order to comprehend the mystery of Being, the mystery of the existence and purpose of the person himself. The eighth verse, conveying the inner state of the lyric hero, is emotionally saturated due to appeals ( "About mortal thought water cannon // O inexhaustible water cannon!"), rhetorical questions (( "What is the incomprehensible law // It strives for you, does it bother you?"), rhetorical exclamations ( "How eagerly you rush to the sky!").

The philosophical elegy is written in iambic tricycle with pyrrhic, creating the effect of upward movement of jets of water. Tyutchev uses a ring rhyme in Fontana, which seems to repeat the endless movement of the fountain's water jets up and down.

The poem is rich in various epithets ( "A living cloud", "Cherished heights", "Shining fountain") and metaphors ( "The fountain swirls", "Mortal thought water cannon").

The sense of the identity of nature and the human spirit, organically inherent in Tyutchev, raises poetic images poems. There is nothing frozen in the fountain, the water in it is always moving, thrown out with extraordinary pressure. Like the stream of a fountain, human thought is in constant motion, in a constant search for truth.

In the poem "Fountain" Tyutchev, conveying with tremendous force the rebellious element of the human soul, succinctly, sharply and expressively affirms the idea of ​​the inseparability of a person's life with the life of the Merry.

• Analysis of the poem by F.I. Tyutchev "Silentium!"
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