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Aeneas

aeneas in the crossword dictionary

Encyclopedic Dictionary, 1998

Aeneas

in ancient mythology, one of the main defenders of Troy during the Trojan War; the legendary ancestor of Rome and the Romans, to whom Virgil's "Aeneid" is dedicated.

Mythological dictionary

Aeneas

(Greek, Roman) - the king of the Dardans, the son of Anchises and Aphrodite, a relative of the Trojan king Priam. E. was born on Mount Ida and was brought up by mountain nymphs. At first, he did not take part in the defense of Troy and came out on the side of the Trojans only after Achilles attacked the lands of the Dardans. E. fought with Achilles and Diomedes, but was defeated and escaped only thanks to the help of Aphrodite and Apollo. Patronized by E. and Poseidon, who saved the wounded E. from Achilles in order to preserve the royal family of Dar-dan. On the night of the capture of Troy, E. tried to fight, but received an order from the gods to leave the city. He left with his son Askanias (Yul), the wife of Creusa, who died shortly after fleeing from Troy, and carried the aged father Anchises on his shoulders. With the remnants of the Trojans and the sacred images of the Trojan gods, E. sailed on 20 ships in search of a new place of residence. During the trip, he visited Thrace, Macedonia, Crete, Peloponnese and Sicily, where Anchises died, and from there he went to Italy, but Hera sent a terrible storm, and E.'s ships were thrown back to Carthage. Here Queen Dido, the founder of Carthage, fell in love with the hero. Hera and Aphrodite tried to arrange the marriage of E. and Dido, but Zeus ordered the hero to leave Carthage. E. again went to the shores of Sicily, and then arrived in Kumy and with the help of the Kuman sibyl descended into the underworld. There, the shadow of Anchises predicted his fate and the future of his descendants. After that, E. arrived in Latius, where he was warmly received by the Latin king, who gave the hero land for the construction of the city. The king promised E. the hand of his daughter Lavinia, who had already been betrothed to the king of the Rutuls, Turnus. Offended, Thurn started the war and died in a duel with E. Having married Lavinia, E. founded the city named after her, and united the local residents and Trojans into a single people of Latins. At the end of his life E. was ascended to heaven and became a god. The descendants of his son Askania (Yula) considered themselves representatives of the Juliev clan.

Aeneas

in ancient mythology, one of the main defenders of Troy, the legendary ancestor of the Romans. According to the Iliad, he escaped death in the Trojan War thanks to the intervention of the gods, since he was destined to continue the dynasty of the Trojan kings and revive the glory of the Trojans on another land. This version formed the basis of Virgil's Aeneid, which is the main source in the presentation of the myth of E. After long wanderings E. arrived in Italy with his companions. With arms in hand, he won the hand of the local princess Lavinia and founded the city named after her. From E. and his son Iula originated the Roman patrician clan Julius, to which J. Caesar and Octavian Augustus belonged. The plots of the myth about E. were often used in literature, visual arts, and music of modern times (P. Scarron, Tintoretto, C. Lorrain, Monteverdi, and others).

Wikipedia

Aeneas

Aeneas- in ancient Greek mythology, the hero of the Trojan War from the royal family of the Dardans.

Companions of Aeneas in his wanderings, retold in Latin by the ancient Roman poet Virgil in the "Aeneid" (29-19 BC), are called - eneads.

Aeneas (son of Pandion)

Aeneas- a character in ancient Greek mythology, the bastard son of the Athenian king Pandion II. According to another version, the son of Dionysus. Eponymous hero, statue in Athens. The Aeneid family mentions Bacchilides.

Aeneas (disambiguation)

Aeneas:

• Aeneas - in ancient Greek mythology, the hero of the Trojan War from the royal family of the Dardans.
• Aeneas is a character in ancient Greek mythology, the bastard son of the Athenian king Pandion II.
• Aeneas Gazsky is a Christian philosopher.
• Aeneas Silvius is the mythical king of Alba Longa.
• Aeneas the Tactician (4th century BC) is one of the earliest Greek authors to write about the art of war.
• MT-T "Eney" - Soviet tracked tractor, built on the chassis of the T-64 tank.

Examples of the use of the word aeneas in literature.

Among the descendants Aeneas, the Albanian kings, had two brothers: Numitor and Amulius, who were to inherit the throne.

Among Eneev holding my Anchises on my shoulders, I wander alone and hate producers who have invisibly settled themselves on the necks of their children all their lives.

On one of them, the abduction of Elena was painted in the most rude way: an impudent guest takes away the wife of Menelaus, and on the other, the story of Dido and Aeneas: Dido stands on a high tower and waves almost a whole sheet to her fugitive guest, who rushes across the sea either on a frigate or on a brigantine.

By the will of the goddess Juno, who, from a disposition to Carthage, wanted to prevent the foundation of Rome, a storm arose and threw the ship to the African coast, where Aeneas kindly accepted Dido, who had just founded Carthage.

For Aeneas an affair with Dido is just an episode, one of the many adventures along the path of life.

Aeneas got up earlier, and when I got out of the shower, she had already brewed coffee in a boiling flask, beautifully placed fruit in a serving bowl, and even baked fresh bagels.

Aeneas she said that earlier there were fixed carbon ropes along the entire route, and the sledges were fastened to them with the help of special sliding earrings, and if the ice flies off the route, there was a chance to escape.

During the week that we knew each other Aeneas rarely allowed myself to be capricious, but now, it seems, has come just such a moment.

Aeneas I clung to the broken right side member, and together they managed to keep the cloth torn from my hands while I got out of the harness and crawled away, dragging my backpack behind me.

Seeing two famous heroes on the chariot, Aeneas and Pandara, his friend Sfenel began to advise Diomedes to avoid fighting such heroes.

Be that as it may, at the time that I am talking about, the week when the Pope died, when the Old Architect died, when Aeneas sadly celebrated my sixteenth birthday in exile, I was thirty-two, I was still as tall, still as strong, I still loved to hunt, sometimes - to fight and also to watch others command, I was still inexperienced, and I was just balancing on the edge of an abyss, but I had not yet fallen in love forever with the girl whom I protected as a little sister and who - as it seemed to me that evening - had already become a grown woman, not a sister - but a friend.

After Aeneas explained to me that Ananda was a beloved disciple of the Buddha and became a teacher himself, while Subhadda was a wandering ascetic, the last disciple of the Enlightened One - he met Buddha just a few hours before his death.

The Binding Abyss, a sentient entity, says emphatically Aeneas.

Once Aeneas said that the Abyss draws energy from quasars, exploding galactic nuclei, black holes and dark matter - enough, perhaps, to transport a lump of organic matter through space-time and put it in the right place.

It is characteristic that this learned humanist asks the actor to recite a monologue on an antique theme - a story Aeneas Dido.

Hero of the Trojan War and founder of the city from which Rome later developed.

Aeneas possessed all the prerequisites for his role in Greek and Roman myths. Brave, mighty, courageous and judicious, courageously handsome Aeneas was suitable for one of the main roles in his genealogy: his mother was a goddess, before whom no one could resist, and the ancestor on the paternal side (albeit in the seventh generation) was Zeus himself. The son of Zeus was the founder of Dardania and the clan that ruled in it until the end of the Trojan War. Under the grandson of Dardanus, this clan split into two branches: the branch (the eldest son of Tros) ruled Dardania, from which Troas emerged with the capital Troy, which was founded by the founder of the younger branch of the Dardanids. Despite family ties, relations between the Dardanian and Trojan kings were rather tense. For example, when the Achaeans attacked the Trojan king Priam, the Dardanian king Anchis was in no hurry to come to his aid. He decided to intervene only after the Achaeans destroyed the city of Pedas, allied with the Dardanians. Having concluded an alliance with Priam, Anchises sent a detachment to besieged Troy, led by his son Aeneas.

Aeneas linked his fate with the fate of the Trojans: after the son of Priam, Aeneas was the most selfless defender of Troy. He married the daughter of Priam, who bore him a son (Yula), and took his father Anchises to Troy. The Trojan people revered Aeneas as a god.

In the battles on the Trojan Plain, Aeneas performed many feats. Among the Achaeans killed by him was the leader of the Thessalian army and the leader of the Athenian army Ias. Aeneas was not afraid to enter into a duel with the mighty Cretan king and even with the most glorious Achaean hero. After the death of Patroclus, Aeneas with Hector forced the Achaeans to seek salvation in a camp by the sea: "before Aeneas and Hector, the youths of the Achaean army fled with a terrible cry, forgetting their military prowess." What is true is true - in battle he was always kept (and in fights with Diomedes and Achilles he was saved at all) by the almighty gods, especially his mother Aphrodite, but in this he did not differ from other fighters who had divine ancestors. Aeneas was rightly called "the pride of the brave Dardanians", "a hero, the most glorious of many." However, the personal heroism of Aeneas, as well as the heroism of Hector and all the Trojans, could not prevent the fall of Troy.

The fate that doomed Troy to death meant salvation for Aeneas, and the gods who rescued Aeneas were nothing more than her executors. He was destined to preserve the Dardan family and rule the Trojan people - and then his sons, and grandchildren, and all subsequent descendants. Of all the Trojan leaders, only Aeneas escaped from burning Troy and brought out of it the father of Anchises and the son of Askania. But he could not find his wife Creus: she mysteriously disappeared and appeared to Aeneas only in the form of a ghost.

On twenty ships, Aeneas sailed with the Trojan refugees to the west, in order, at the behest of Zeus, to find a new homeland in Italy. For seven years Aeneas wandered in the Aegean, Ionian and Tyrrhenian seas, visited many countries and underwent many vicissitudes of fate. On the way, his father Anchis died, in Crete Aeneas almost fell victim to a pestilence, and there were meetings with harpies and Cyclops; Aeneas safely passed the fire-breathing Etna, escaped Skilla and, but then a storm scattered his ships and carried them from the coast of Italy to the coast of North Africa. There Aeneas was greeted by the Carthaginian queen, who fell in love with him for his beauty and courage. He would gladly accept her marriage proposal, but at the behest of the gods he was forced to hit the road again, to Italy.

Not all of the gods were supportive of Aeneas, the worst enemy of the Trojans was and remained the wife of Zeus. During a stop in Sicily, where Aeneas wanted to sacrifice at his father's grave, at the instigation of Hera, the Trojans set fire to the ships in order to force him to stop his long wanderings. However, Aeneas managed to extinguish the fire, and for those who did not want to continue the journey, he founded the city of Akesta (present-day Segesta). Upon arrival in Italy, Aeneas went to Kumy to inquire from the soothsayer there where he should settle. The Kumeka Sibylla took Aeneas to the kingdom of the dead, where he met the shadow of his father. On the advice of Anchises, Aeneas brought his ships into the mouth of the Tiber and founded a city there.

The lands around the Tiber were not deserted; they were inhabited by the Latins, who were ruled by the king. According to one of the versions, Latin welcomed the strangers cordially and allowed them to lay the city. According to another version, Latinus opposed Aeneas, but was defeated in battle and concluded a treaty of friendship with him. Both versions agree that in the end Latinus gave Aeneas his daughter to wife, after whom the newly founded city began to be called Lavinius.

But in order for the land to become a homeland, blood must be shed for it, protecting it from enemies, and soon Aeneas had to make sure of this. The Latins did not like the appearance of strangers on their land, disputes began, which escalated into armed clashes. The Latin king tried to calm his subjects; but Turi, the king of neighboring Rutuls, intervened in the strife, who had reason to hate Aeneas: he had long been considered Lavinia's fiancé and the future heir of Latina. Thurnus led the disgruntled Latins and other old-timers and with a large army attacked the city of Aeneas. Aeneas came to the aid of the Etruscans, the old enemies of the Rutuls, as well as the king, a native of the Greek Arcadia, who settled on the Palatine Hill. Many Latins died in the brutal war. When their relatives asked Aeneas for peace, he answered them that he did not intend to fight the Latins, but was ready to fight Turnus. Thurn accepted the challenge and fell in duel with Aeneas, despite the help of his sister, the nymph Yuturna.

After defeating Thurnus, Aeneas completed the city and united the two peoples, the Trojans and the Latins. As a result of this union, the Roman people arose, which received its name from the name of the city of Rome, founded by the descendants of Aeneas, Romulus and Remus.

According to one of the versions about the death of Aeneas, he died in a battle with the Rutuls or Etruscans, according to the other, he was ascended to heaven in full armor. There are other versions, less common, but everyone agrees that Aeneas became a god.

We first meet Aeneas in Homer's Iliad. But he is even better known as the protagonist of Virgil's Aeneid, which describes his fate from the fall of Troy to the victory over Thurn. Virgil borrowed a lot from Greek and Roman traditions and legends, but added even more from himself. For Virgil, Aeneas is a hero who consciously submits himself to the dictates of fate, and his main feature is the consistent fulfillment of his duties in relation to the gods, homeland, family, friends, loyalty to the obligations assumed; all this is included in the Roman concept of "pietas" - the widespread translation of this word as "piety, piety" should be considered too one-sided. Compared to the full-blooded Homeric heroes, Aeneas Virgil looks too virtuous and therefore somewhat bookish. But it should not be forgotten that Aeneas was conceived by Virgil as a model for the poet's contemporaries. This interpretation does not detract from the greatness of the Aeneid, as well as minor inaccuracies and contradictions that the author did not manage to eliminate. Virgil died in 19 BC. e., after ten years of work on the "Aeneid", to which he wanted to devote another three years. Dying, he asked to burn the manuscript of the poem, as unfinished, but his friends-poets published it by order of the emperor Augustus.

From Homer to Virgil, Aeneas' fates were described, retold and revised many times. His voyage to the west was first mentioned in the 6th century. BC NS. the poet Stesichor, about his arrival in Italy - the historian Gellanicus (5th century BC). The first Roman author to write about him was, as far as we know, G her Nevius (3rd century BC, the epic poem "The Punic War"), then Quintus Ennius (2nd century BC, "Annals "), The historian Titus Livy (1st century BC, the first of 142 books of his" History of Rome from the Founding of the City "and others. But all these stories pale before the creation of Virgil, like the morning stars before the shining of the sun. Aeneas is the main the hero of the poem, which is rightfully considered the pinnacle of Roman epic poetry, "Aeneid" was so popular that if it had not been preserved in the lists, with the help of quotations and "winged words" borrowed from it, it would be possible to reconstruct it almost completely.

A still from the film "The Legend of Aeneas" (1962). The role of Aeneas is played by the great bodybuilder and actor Steve Reeves.

The oldest images of Aeneas on vases date back to the 7th century. BC NS. The oldest sculptural images known to us were made by Etruscan masters, for example, a small sculptural group "Aeneas with Anchises" dates back to the 6th - 5th centuries. BC NS. In Pompeii, frescoes of the 1st century were found. n. e., depicting the flight of Aeneas from Troy. Illustrations for the so-called Vatican manuscript "Aeneid" ("Vaticanus Codex 3225") are the first book illustrations known to us (4th - 5th centuries AD).

A huge number of European artists depicted episodes from the history of Aeneas in their paintings. Suffice it to mention such names as Raphael and Romano, Reni, Rubens, Poussin, Lorrain, Shkreta (in the National Gallery in Prague - his painting Aeneas and Dido, 1670), Thornhill, Turner. Undoubtedly, the most famous sculptural group should be considered the work of L. Bernini "Anchises, on the shoulders of Aeneas leaving Troy" (1618-1619), to which he apparently attracted his father, Pietro Bernini.

Aeneas' story has become a popular theme for baroque wall decorations. Among the most famous are the cycle of eight carpets "Aeneas and Dido" in the castle of Cesky Krumlov (c. 1620) and the large tapestry "Venus invites Aeneas to Carthage" in Krakow's Wawel. Aeneas and Dido are the main characters of the first English opera, written in 1688-1689. Purcell.

Luca Ferrari: Venus warns her son Aeneas against killing Elena of Troy

1. A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE TROJAN KING AENEAS AND "AENEIS" VERGILIA.

1.1. KING AENEAS.

After our analysis of the Trojan War of the 13th century A.D. many other major events that followed it become clear. Undoubtedly, one of the brightest plots of that time was the story of King Aeneas. Basically, it is described in the famous "antique" poem of Virgil "Aeneid". In short, the essence of the matter is as follows.

The Trojan king Aeneas is in the besieged Troy together with his son Askania-Yul, father Anchises and wife Creusa. Aeneas' mother was the goddess Aphrodite-Venus herself. Aeneas was born on Mount Ida or on the banks of the Simoent. It should be noted that<<намеки НА СОПЕРНИЧЕСТВО МЕЖДУ РОДОМ ПРИАМА (правившего в Трое - Авт.) И РОДОМ ЭНЕЯ встречаются в "Илиаде">>, v.2, p.662. The medieval book "Troy" or "Trojan History" informs: "Aeneas had many relatives and friends; there would not have been another person in Troy who could compete with Aeneas in wealth, BUT BY HIS INFLUENCE IN THE CITY, HE WAS NOT GIVING INTO THE KING ( Priam - Auth.) ", Pp. 131-132.

Maybe that's why<<Эней сначала не принимал участия в обороне Трои и присоединился к троянцам только после того, как был изгнан Ахиллом из родных мест... Имя Энея называется в "Илиаде" среди славнейших троянских героев... Посейдон спасает Энея, ТАК КАК ТОМУ ПРЕДНАЗНАЧЕНО СУДЬБОЙ СОХРАНИТЬ ЦАРСКИЙ РОД ДАРДАНА... Эней, увидев зловещее предзнаменование в гибели Лаокоона, ушел из Трои ЕЩЕ ДО НАЧАЛА НАПАДЕНИЯ АХЕЙЦЕВ; он, по-видимому, продолжал царствовать в предгорьях Иды... В более поздних источниках появился мотив БЕГСТВА ЭНЕЯ ИЗ РАЗОРЕННОЙ ТРОИ>>, v.2, p.661.

According to other testimonies, Aeneas and Antenor decided "to persuade King Priam to give Helen to the Greeks and make peace with them", p.131. Priam refused. Then Aeneas and Antenor themselves betrayed Priam and decided to surrender Troy to the Greeks. Moreover, King Priam suspected treason, pp. 131-133. "Rumors reached Aeneas and Antenor that Priam and his son were PREPARING TO KILL THEM", p.131. It was further argued that Aeneas and Antenor had indeed committed outright betrayal. A medieval book says: “In the morning, the Greeks, accompanied by Antenor and Aeneas, the CHANGE OF HIS FATHERLAND, burst into the great Ilion and, without encountering any resistance, killed everyone who came into their sight. where Priam was awaiting his death, AND IN THE PRESENCE OF ANTENOR AND AENEAS, WHO WHICH BROUGHT THE GREEKS HERE, He hacked the king with the sword ", p.133.

Thus, the role of Aeneas is twofold. On the one hand, he is a Trojan, is in Troy and, thus, is the enemy of the Greeks. On the other hand, he is, as it were, equal to King Priam, not yielding to him in nobility. As a result, Aeneas goes over to the side of the besieging Greeks and, moreover, it is thanks to his betrayal that Troy is finally taken. Then Aeneas leaves the burning city and flees. Or he simply leaves the devastated capital. It is worth noting that, although Troy was burnt, nevertheless, according to one of the versions, “the houses of the CHEERS (that is, Aeneas and Antenor - Auth.) Survived from the fire, for they were marked with special signs”, p.134. The medieval book "Troy" asserted that "Antenor and Aeneas were to blame for the destruction of the Trojan kingdom, for they betrayed King Priam, and betrayed Troy and doomed to ruin", p.136.

As we will see later, there were diametrically opposed opinions in assessing the personality and role of Tsar Aeneas. Various opposing camps, apparently, significantly differently evaluated his role, which was reflected in the pages of the chronicles.

Let's go back to the Aeneid. According to Virgil, when Troy was captured by the Greeks, a bloody pogrom begins. Aeneas, with a family and a group of Trojans, flees in ships from the burning city. He was given a vision: he must take the sacred penates of Troy with him, sail to the distant, powerful and rich country of Hesperia, in order to found a new great kingdom there, which will be given to conquer the whole world. The fact is that the ancestors of Aeneas, it turns out, were from Hesperia. Therefore, Aeneas should now return to his distant homeland and create a new kingdom there. A long and difficult journey begins. In the end, Aeneas with his companions arrives in Tartarus, and then in Hesperia or Italy-Latinia, where the Etruscans and Ruthels live. According to our results, see [CHRON5], earlier ITALY and RUTELIA were called Rus-Horde. By the way, the expression LUDNAYA country could be pronounced as LATINIA, and the name RUTENIA could come from the expression: RATNAYA country, that is, RUTELIA, during the transition NL.

Aeneas mastered in Latinia-Rutelia. Along with his friends, he also has enemies with whom Aeneas is at war. The Trojans who arrived with Aeneas gradually take root in the Hesperia and begin a new life. Aeneas gains great power. "The local Latin king is ready to give Aeneas the hand of his daughter Lavinia and provide a place for the founding of a new city, but for this, Aeneas has to enter into a difficult struggle with Thurnus (Ruthen? - Auth.) - the leader of the local Rutul tribe, who also claims the hand of Lavinia (Fig. .3.1 - Auth.). Aeneas wins the duel of Tournus and the Trojan deities receive a new refuge on the Italian land, which BECOMES THE SUCCESSOR OF THE GLORY OF THE TROYANTS ", v. 2, p. 662. The Aeneid ends with Aeneas fighting Thurn.

According to some reports, when Aeneas dies after a while, he ascends to heaven.

Further events were reflected in other "antique" sources, for example, Titus Livy. The descendants of Aeneas - the twins Romulus and Remus - founded the great Rome in Hesperia Latinia, which later became the capital of the grandiose world Empire.

Looking ahead, we will immediately report the result of our reconstruction, the detailed justification of which is devoted to further sections.

Apparently, after the capture of Troy = Tsar-Grad in 1204 and heavy wars in and around the capital, Russia-Horde and its allies, who avenged the execution of Christ in Tsar-Grad = Evangelical Jerusalem, finally completely conquer the former Bosphorus metropolis of the empire and punish the guilty. However, among the Horde crusaders there is no agreement about the future fate of the state. Disputes lead to internecine wars, to the redistribution of spheres of influence. One of the representatives of the former royal dynasty that ruled in Tsar-Grad - Tsar John-Aeneas - stands out among others in that his family partially originates from Russia-Horde. In addition, John-Aeneas was most likely a Christian and was personally present at the crucifixion of Christ in 1185, was his adherent.

Just before the fall of Troy, or after the capture of the capital, Aeneas leaves Tsar-Grad = Jerusalem and goes along with his supporters to Russia. Arriving here, and taking advantage of the fact that he is a royal family and that some of his ancestors came precisely from Russia, he occupies a high place in Russia-Horde. As can be seen from Virgil's description, by the time of the arrival of John = Aeneas, Russia was already a strong and developed state. However, in the era when the capital of the empire was in Tsar-Grad, Russia occupied a subordinate position, being one of the females of the empire. But after some time, namely, at the beginning of the XIV century, the royal descendants of John-Aeneas - the "antique" Romulus and Remus - that is, as we now understand, Tsar Khan Georgy Danilovich Kalita and Tsar Khan Ivan Danilovich, - founded Great = "Mongolian" Empire with the center in Russia.

This became possible for two reasons. First: Russia possessed enormous natural and human resources, was a rich country, and occupied an exceptionally advantageous strategic position in Eurasia. As a result, she became one of the most influential themes of the former empire. Perhaps even the most influential. Perhaps that is why Russia of the XIII century led the Crusades to Tsar-Grad, in order to punish those responsible for the execution of Christ. And in the end she got her way.

The second reason for the rise of Russia in the XIII - early XIV centuries is as follows. After the fall of Troy = Tsar-Grad, representatives of the former royal dynasty, headed by Aeneas, arrived in Russia from the former capital, the Gospel Jerusalem. Moreover, we repeat, he was one of the closest supporters of Christ. Thus, the sacred legacy of the former empire was transferred to Russia. Virgil emphasizes that it was the transfer of the sacred Penates of Troy to Latin America that gave the right to world dominion of the new metropolis - Rome. That is, as we now understand, Russia. Italian Rome will emerge much later.

So in Russia, the old empire was revived in a new capacity. So Russia turned at the beginning of the XIV century into Russia-Horde = Great Empire. It was she who was then described on the pages of numerous "antique" sources of the XV-XVII centuries as a powerful "Roman Empire". In the XIV-XVI centuries, it really acquired gigantic proportions, covering almost all of Eurasia, most of "Africa and America. At the beginning of the XVII century, the Russian-Horde Empire =" ancient Rome "split. In" ancient "sources this event is described as a collapse" ancient Rome "allegedly in the VI century AD. Here we see a chronological shift of about a thousand years.

In addition, as we will show, the "ancient" history of Aeneas reflected, though much more dimly, also individual events of the XIV-XV centuries, which unfolded already on the territory of Western Europe during the great = "Mongol" conquest. In particular, the Horde-Cossack colonization of Italy and the founding of Italian Rome there at the end of the XIV century. And also, probably, the voyage of Columbus = biblical Noah = Aeneas across the Atlantic and the beginning of the colonization of America at the end of the 15th - 16th centuries [CHRON6], ch.14.

But the main content, the core of the "ancient" history of Aeneas - as it is set forth by Virgil and other "classics" - is the story of the prehistory of the emergence of Rome. That is, the powerful Horde Empire with a metropolis in Russia. The closest ally of Russia-Horde, starting from the middle of the 15th century, was Ottomania = Atamania with the capital in Tsar-Grad = Evangelical Jerusalem.

1.2. IN THE MIDDLE AGES, MANY CONSIDERED THE "LANGUAGE" VERGILIA A CHRISTIAN. WHEN LIVED VERGILIUS?

Today it is believed that:<<Виргилий, Вергилий (Публий В. Марон) [пишется Vergilius в Медицейской и Ватиканской рукописи и в нескольких последующих, начиная с XIV в. - "е" заменяется "i" в рукописях] - ЗНАМЕНИТЕЙШИЙ ПОЭТ Августовского века. Родился в 70 г. до Р.Х. близ Мантуи>>. Figure 3.2 shows an old portrait of Virgil from a manuscript usually called Vergilius Vaticanus, allegedly created around 400 AD.

"During his lifetime, Virgil was VERY FAMOUS. There is information that when he entered the theater to read his poems, CITIZENS GIVED HIM HONORS THAT GIVEN AUGUST. Many years after the poet's death, the day of his death, October, was considered sacred ... His glory. went along two very different channels. It narrowed in those circles that could appreciate his poetic merits, AND EXPANDED IN THE PEOPLE'S MASS ... Virgil's grassroots glory is a unique and highly curious phenomenon ", pp. 24-25.

The Aeneid is a great poem that is one of the pearls of "ancient" literature.

In addition to the Aeneid, Virgil also wrote the Bucolics. In this work, commentators have long found noticeable traces of Christianity. They write like this:<<Самая знаменитая и на самом деле самая интересная (в "Буколиках" - Авт.)... эклога IV (Pallio), в которой Вергилий предсказывает БУДУЩИЙ ЗОЛОТОЙ ВЕК и скорое рождение ребенка, который изменит течение жизни на земле. Поэт рисует картину этой будущей счастливой жизни... и заканчивает славословием БУДУЩЕГО БЛАГОДЕТЕЛЯ ЛЮДЕЙ. Христианские писатели видели в этой эклоге пророчество рождения Христа, и на ней основана главным образом распространенная в средние века вера в Вергилия как в волшебника>>. The fact that in medieval literature the "Golden Age" was associated with Christ, we told in the book "Tsar of the Slavs".

"The famous Master Abelard (allegedly 1079-1142 - Auth.), A medieval French theologian and poet, recommended reading the pagan poet (Virgil - Auth.) CHRISTIAN SHEPHERD", p. 428.

It is believed that<<в средневековье сложилось как бы два образа Вергилия. Один - Вергилий, изображавшийся НА ВИТРАЖАХ СОБОРОВ, ПРОРОК, ПРЕДСКАЗАВШИЙ ЯВЛЕНИЕ ХРИСТА... Блаженный Августин видит в Вергилии "душу, христианскую по природе", святой Иероним ставит его выше всех языческих поэтов и включает его в круг изучаемых авторов в основанной им монастырской школе в Вифлееме...

Another Virgil is a sorcerer, warlock and magician. This transformation took place in the Middle Ages. The name of his maternal grandfather is rethought - Magic. They show a mirror with which Virgil allegedly engaged in magic; images of Virgil are worn as a talisman ... The founding of Naples is associated with Virgil's charms ... At the beginning of the 16th century, these legends were collected in a collection and soon translated into other languages. According to one of them, Virgil was born in the Ardennes (in the Horde? In the Horde? In Ruthenia? - Auth.) After the founding of Rome, in Toledo he studied magic, which he later exhausted the emperor of the Romans, fell in love with the daughter of the Babylonian sultan, founded Naples and mysteriously disappeared into storm time at sea ...

Allegorically-CHRISTIAN interpretation ... ALL THREE WORKS OF VERGIL (Bucolics, Georgics, Aeneid - Auth.) Are exposed in the Middle Ages. "Bucolics" became especially popular at that time. This is explained not only by the fact that Christ was seen in the mysterious baby eclogue IV (Section IV of the poem - Auth.), But also by the fact that ... the image of the bucolic shepherd correlates with the image of Jesus as a good shepherd, in the ratio of "a shepherd and his flock" the meaning of the "shepherd and his flock" is embedded ...

The "Aeneid" with its sixth book - "Hell" also succumbed to allegorical Christian interpretation ... In the "Divine Comedy" Dante Virgil was chosen to accompany the poet both as a great master, AND AS A CHRISTIAN ... "and in" The House of Glory "(1383-1384) by Chaucer >>, pp. 374-375.

As we now understand, it is not surprising that in the Middle Ages, Virgil's poems were regarded as CHRISTIAN WORKS. The fact is that Virgil most likely worked in the epoch of the XVI-XVII centuries and described, in particular, the events that took place after the crucifixion of Christ in 1185. However, modern commentators prefer to speak of Virgil's Christianity as a "Christian-allegorical interpretation." Say, Virgil himself was not a Christian, of course. It's just "interpreted this way." It is clear why it is so sentenced. Because the Scaligerian chronology mistakenly attributed Virgil and his works to the 1st century BC, that is, allegedly before the birth of Christ. It turned out to be an artificial contradiction. Which several generations of historians, starting from the 18th century, intensively comment on and carefully study.

It should be noted that<<для литературы XVII и XVIII веков наследие Вергилия продолжает сохранять значение ЖИВОЙ ТРАДИЦИИ... Как ПРЯМОЕ ПОДРАЖАНИЕ эклогам Вергилия... написаны несколько пастушеских стихотворений Д.Мильтона (1608-1674) и А.Попа (1688-1744). Роман-идиллия "Астрея" (1607) Оноре д"Юрфе, где пастухи приобрели утонченность французских аристократов, связана с возрожденческим романом-идиллией типа "Аркадии" Санадзаро (которого называли, оказывается, "неаполитанским Вергилием" , с.376 - Авт.)>>, p. 379.

Moreover,<<эпос... средневековых рыцарских романов ЗАИМСТВУЕТ ИЗ "ЭНЕИДЫ" ЦЕЛЫЕ ЭПИЗОДЫ. К этой традиции можно отнести "Тезеиду" (1339-1340) Боккаччо, "Неистового Роланда" (1516-1532) Ариосто, "Королеву фей" (1591-1596) Спенсера. Наконец, "Энеида" - часть сюжетной основы христианской эпопеи в "Освобожденном Иерусалиме" (1581) Торквато Тассо>>, pp. 377-378.

By the way, the very name "Bucolics" probably comes from the Slavic phrase "God Face", that is, the Face of God or the Divine Face. It is quite consistent with the content of this book. As we have already seen, it actually speaks of a good shepherd tending his flock. That is, as commentators rightly believe, about Christ. In this case, the title of the book "The Face of God" meant: "The Face of Christ."

Virgil's second work - "Georgiki" - has a completely different content. It, in a poetic form, consistently sets out the main branches of agriculture: arable farming, viticulture, cattle breeding and beekeeping. The poem contains many very specific prescriptions and agricultural advice. Agricultural techniques are described in detail and professionally - checking the quality of the soil, grafting trees, treating sick sheep, methods of capturing re-grown bees. By the way, regarding the name "Georgiki", let us state the following hypothesis. Perhaps, here the phrase "Geo + Give birth" appears here, that is, Earth + Give birth, in the sense of the giving birth Earth, giving birth to the Earth. It fully corresponds to the essence of this poem. Describes, in particular, methods of improving yields, that is, how to make "give birth to the earth".

The question is, at what time were Virgil's agricultural recommendations addressed to the readers? It turns out that the peak of interest in "Georgics" falls on the XVII-XVIII centuries. The following is reported.

<<"Георгики" всегда уступали "Энеиде" и "Буколикам" в популярности. В ЭПОХУ ВОЗРОЖДЕНИЯ С ЕЕ ИНТЕРЕСОМ К БОТАНИКЕ И ПРАКТИЧЕСКОМУ САДОВОДСТВУ "ГЕОРГИКИ" НАЧИНАЮТ ИГРАТЬ БОЛЕЕ ЗАМЕТНУЮ РОЛЬ И КАК ПРАКТИЧЕСКОЕ НАСТАВЛЕНИЕ НАЧИНАЮЩЕМУ ЗЕМЛЕДЕЛЬЦУ, и как поэтический образец>>, p. 377. Most likely, it was in the era of the XIV-XVI centuries that the Georgics were written. And they did not lie on dusty shelves for many hundreds of years, supposedly starting from the 1st century BC.

Moreover:<<СЕМНАДЦАТЫЙ И В ОСОБЕННОСТИ ВОСЕМНАДЦАТЫЙ ВЕК - ВРЕМЯ НАИБОЛЬШЕЙ ПОПУЛЯРНОСТИ "ГЕОРГИК". Английский поэт, драматург и литературный критик XVII века Д.Драйден (1631-1700) называет "Георгики" "божественным творением" Вергилия, Вольтер видит в Вергилии прежде всего творца "сладчайших" "Георгик"...

Since the 19th century, Virgil's influence BECOMES LESS IMMEDIATE, acquiring the value of a carefully guarded cultural heritage >>, p.379,381.

And further:<<Непосредственное влияние на русскую литературу оказала "Энеида" в XVIII веке>>, p. 382. In general, it must be said that for some not very clear reasons, the attitude in Romanov's Russia towards Virgil's Aeneid was restrained.

Thus, if the "antique" poet Virgil, or rather the editor who wrote the poems of Virgil in their modern form, lived in the epoch of the XVI-XVII centuries, then it becomes clear why the peak of the popularity of his works falls on the XVII -XVIII century. And in the 19th century, his poems gradually began to be forgotten and considered only as an important historical heritage.

Who is Aeneas?

Aeneas - the hero of the Trojan War, the son of Anchises and Aphrodite. Initially did not take part in the Trojan War, but after Achilles attacked the herds of Aeneas, he turned against the Achaeans.

Aeneas was first mentioned by Homer in Iliad, but the most complete version of the adventures of an ancient mythological hero was set forth by the Roman poet Virgil in Eniad.

Aeneas took part in the Trojan War and even had the honor of fighting the mighty Diomedes and Achilles himself and came out alive from these martial arts thanks to the intervention of the gods who patronized him. Indeed, as befits a real hero, he was the son of the mortal Anchises and the most magnificent Aphrodite. He was also patronized by Apollo, who, to put it mildly, did not like Achilles.

However, Troy fell and Aeneas, according to Homer, left the burning city carrying on his back only his elderly father Anchises, which the Greeks, struck by such nobility and piety, did not even hinder.

But let's stick with Virgil.

Aeneas was given a message from the gods to sail to Latin, for the foundation of a future mighty state there, glorified for centuries.

However, the Boer nailed the Trojan ships to the shores of Carthage, where Aeneas, right from the ship, fell into the arms of the ruler of the city, the beautiful Dido.

For a long time, they enjoyed their love, forgetting about everything in the world.

But then Father Zeus, somewhat irritated, reminded Aeneas that he had sent him on a voyage not at all for this and that he would quickly collect the belongings and set off on the road.

Aeneas had to secretly escape from his beloved, but she noticed the insidious lover in time, laid a funeral pyre on the shore, climbed on it and cursed her beloved, lit the fire.

According to legend, it was because of this incident that Rome and Carthage, in the future, did not tolerate each other.

Then Virgil led Aeneas to the kingdom of the dead, where his father was already staying, and he told him that according to the will of the gods he should marry the daughter of King Latina Lavinia.

As you can see, Virgil, even before Dante, led some to the underground worlds.

Arriving in Latin, Aeneas quickly agreed with Latina and no less quickly with his daughter about the wedding. There was only one snag in this business - Lavinia had already been promised to the local handsome, strong man and leader Turnu.

Solomon's decision was made - whoever overcomes whom will marry.

Naturally, in a fierce battle, Aeneas won, otherwise there would not have been Aeneid, and married Lavinia and founded a family of ancient Latin kings.

And the Romans considered themselves descendants of the Trojans.

This is probably why they constantly competed with the Greeks.

Chapter 19. The myth of Aeneas and the secret of the origin of the Etruscans

What are the pier, Aeneas, Aeneas,

Will you find your gaze intently diligent?

What comrade, gentle vagrant,

Will you stir up the blue of the gray seas?

Forget you flaming Troy

And you will say: "I will build a city on blood."

M. Kuzmin, "Aeneas"

Aeneas was the son of the Dardanian king Anchises and the goddess of love and beauty Aphrodite. Brave, mighty, courageous and reasonable, courageously handsome, Aeneas possessed all the prerequisites for becoming an exceptional figure in the Greek epic. He stood out among other heroes and his origin. His mother was a goddess, before whom no one could resist, and his paternal ancestor (albeit in the seventh generation) was Zeus himself. The son of Zeus was Dardanus, the founder of Dardania and the clan that ruled in it until the end of the Trojan War. Under Dardan's grandson, Tros, this clan split into two branches: the branch of Assarak (the eldest son of Tros) ruled Dardania, from which Troas emerged with the capital Troy, which was founded by Il, the founder of the younger branch of the Dardanids. Aeneas linked his fate with the fate of the Trojans: after Priam's son Hector, Aeneas was the most selfless defender of Troy. He married Priam's daughter Creusa, who bore him a son, Askania (Yula), and took his father Ankhiza to Troy. The Trojan people revered Aeneas as a god.

In the battles on the Trojan Plain, Aeneas performed many feats. Among the Achaeans killed by him was the leader of the Thessalian army Medon and the leader of the Athenian army Ias. Aeneas was not afraid to enter into a duel with the mighty Cretan king Idomeneos and even with the most glorious Achaean hero Achilles. After the overthrow of Patroclus, Aeneas and Hector forced the Greeks to seek salvation in their camp by the sea. What is true is true - in battle he was always kept (and in fights with Diomedes and Achilles he was saved at all) by the almighty gods, especially his mother Aphrodite, but in this he was no different from other fighters who also had divine ancestors. Aeneas was rightly called "the pride of the brave Dardanians", "a hero, the most glorious of many." However, the personal heroism of Aeneas, as well as the heroism of Hector and all the Trojans, could not prevent the fall of Troy.

The fate that doomed Troy to death meant salvation for Aeneas, and the gods who rescued the Dardanian were nothing more than its executors. He was destined to preserve the Dardan family, rule the Trojan people and transfer power to his descendants. Of all the Trojan leaders, only Aeneas and Antenor managed to escape from the burning Troy. Aeneas brought Ankhiz's father and Ascania's son out of the city. But he could not find his wife Creusa: she mysteriously disappeared.

The history of the wanderings of Aeneas and his companions was described by Virgil in his poem "Aeneid". After the fall of Troy, Aeneas retired to Mount Ida, taking with him his aged father Ankhiz, son of Askania and the images of the gods - the patrons of the Priam's city. Throughout the winter, he built ships with the remnants of the Trojan people who had gathered to him, and with the onset of spring he set out on them to look for a new homeland for himself and the Trojans. At first, they landed on the Thracian coast lying opposite Troy and wanted to stay here, having built a city for themselves, but were forced to leave this place due to an unfortunate omen. Once, when Aeneas, preparing to make sacrifices to the gods, patrons of the new city, wanted to decorate the altars with young trees and followed them into the nearby forest, he saw an unheard-of, terrible miracle - drops of thickened black blood fell from the roots of the trees he pulled out. As he approached the third tree, Aeneas heard a plaintive cry, and a voice from somewhere in the depths of the earth said: “Oh, why are you tearing my body apart? Leave the dead alone, do not stain the blood of your innocent hands and flee from this country - cruel and greedy! I am the son of Priam, Polydorus, killed by Polymestor. In this very place I fell, pierced by a cloud of spears; the trees that you see have grown from them! " Horrified, Aeneas hurried back to the city and announced what he had seen to his father and other leaders. All at once decided to leave this lawless land and sailed out of it, having previously calmed the soul of Polydorus by sacrifice.

For seven long years, Aeneas wandered across the Aegean, Ionian and Tyrrhenian seas, visited many countries and underwent many vicissitudes of fate. In Crete, refugees almost fell prey to a pestilence. In the Ionian Sea, on one of the islands, they survived the attack of the terrible harpies. The fight was terrible, but the Trojans fought back. But finally one of the harpies, Celena, sat on the top of the cliff and ominously exclaimed: “Do you want to expel us from our land? Hear what will happen to you for this. You will reach Italy, as you are told, but before you build yourself a city, there you will experience a terrible famine, so that you will be forced to gnaw the very tables for lack of food! " Saying this, the harpy flew off into the forest. Disheartened by this prediction, the Trojans resorted to prayer to the gods, asking them to avert the impending disaster, and hastily left the inhospitable island. Further, having passed the kingdom of the hated Odysseus, they, moving along the western coast of Greece, sailed to Epirus. Here the Trojans were surprised to learn that Gelen, the son of Priam, who was married to Andromache, the wife of Hector, reigns over the Greeks in this land. Aeneas went to the nearest town, for he was very anxious to see his old friend. Before reaching the city, in the grove he met Andromache, making a libation to the gods in memory of her dear Hector. While they were talking, Gehlen came and led the dear guest to his city, which he built on the model of his native Troy. The rest of the Trojans who remained on the dock were also invited to the city, where they were treated to them for many days. Before leaving, Gehlen, and he was a soothsayer, predicted what other dangers lay ahead for them on the way, and then let them go, giving them rich gifts. They had to sail further along the eastern coast of Italy, to the south, in order, having rounded it, again turn north, since, according to Gehlen's prediction, the place intended for the Trojans was on the western coast of Italy, on the Tiber.

Descending to the south, they, on the advice of the soothsayer, landed on the eastern coast of Sicily, near Etna, bypassing the Sicilian Strait, since Scylla and Charybdis were threatening disaster there. When the Trojans anchored, from a nearby forest on the shore suddenly ran out of a creature that barely had a human likeness, emaciated and in beggarly attire. The man announced about himself that he was one of the companions of Odysseus and was accidentally forgotten in this country and since then, fearing the terrible Cyclops, he constantly hid in the forests. We already know that this country was in Sicily or in the immediate vicinity. The Trojans, forgetting the old enmity, took pity on the unfortunate man and took him to them. But while they were listening to the story of a stranger, suddenly the giant Polyphemus appeared on the rock with his flock. He was blind and walked, feeling the road not with a stick, but with a whole pine tree. When he reached the seashore, he washed his burnt eye, groaning and grinding his teeth in pain, then went into the water - it did not even reach his waist. Keeping the deepest silence, the Trojans hastily cut the anchor ropes and started to run. The blind giant, hearing the noise of the oars, rushed after the ships, but could not catch up with them. From this whole story, we can firmly conclude that the relations of the Trojans with the Cyclops ("the peoples of the sea") were not hostile: the Trojans simply realized that they had come to visit at the wrong time.

From the land of the Cyclopes, Aeneas and his companions headed south, circled Sicily and swam to the western tip of the island, where their compatriot Acestus settled. He received the travelers amiably and did not let them go for a long time. Here, to the great grief of Aeneas, his father Anchises died.

Having buried his father, Aeneas set off again, but a fierce storm carried him far from the European coast, to Libya, where the Dardan king met his mother, the goddess Venus (Roman Aphrodite). She told him that he was near the city of Carthage, and the land around was inhabited by Libyans. Queen Dido rules in Carthage. Persecuted by her brother, she fled with her friends from the Phoenician country, from the city of Tire. Having bought land from the Libyan leaders, Dido built a new city. Aeneas was indescribably surprised at the huge buildings, houses, streets, lined with stone. Noisy activity was in full swing everywhere: walls were erected, loopholes were erected. Some workers carried heavy stones, others hewed columns to decorate the theater. In one place they began to build the foundation of a new house, in another they dug a harbor. "Oh happy people, you are already creating the walls of your city!" - Aeneas exclaimed, looking at the battlements. In the middle of the city, in a small grove, a magnificent temple was erected to the goddess Juno (Roman parallel to the Greek Hera). Approaching him, Aeneas was amazed to see a whole series of paintings depicting both heroic battles and the suffering of the Trojans. He was glad that the Carthaginians sympathize with his people. While he was admiring the paintings, Queen Dido came, accompanied by armed youths, with a beauty and a figure similar to Venus. She sympathetically reacted to the companions of Aeneas, who asked her for refuge and help in repairing ships. “Who does not know,” she said, “the great Aeneas, the beautiful Troy and her sad fate? We do not live so far from the rest of the world so as not to hear about your glory, and our hearts are not so cruel so as not to sympathize with your sad fate. "

Dido invited guests to the feast. When, amid the cheerful talk of the feasting, they began to distribute cups and Aeneas began to tell, at the request of the queen, about the fate of Troy and his wanderings, a fiery love for the hero penetrated into Dido's heart. The more the queen looked at him, the more passion flared up in her chest. Aeneas did not remain indifferent to Dido's feelings, but at the behest of the gods he had to hit the road again. Aeneas gave orders to secretly prepare the fleet to sail. Deaf to Dido's pleas and reproaches, he steadily embarked on his ship and left the coast of Carthage forever. Then the unfortunate, abandoned queen decided to die. By her order, a high fire was erected in the courtyard of the palace. Dido climbed on top of him and, when the fire blazed, pierced her chest. The last, dying gaze of the dying woman was turned in the direction where in the distance, barely whitening, could be seen the sails, rapidly moving away from the Libyan coast.

After sailing from Carthage, the Trojans were again overtaken by a storm and nailed their ships to the western tip of Sicily, to the kingdom of Atsest. Exactly a year has passed since Aeneas was here for the first time and lost his father, so now, on the anniversary of the death of Anchises, he arranged a feast on his grave and games in memory of the deceased. While men and boys competed in games, the wives of the Trojans attempted to burn their fleets to end their voyages across the seas. The Trojans, seeing this, ran to the ships in fright, but there was no human ability to stop the fire. Then Jupiter (Roman Zeus), listening to the pleas of Aeneas, sent heavy rain and poured fire. As a result of this event, Aeneas left in Sicily all wives and husbands who were unfit for war and unable to endure the difficulties of travel, having built the city of Atsesta (present-day Segesta) for them.

As soon as the ships were repaired, Aeneas again set out to sea and sent his flotilla to the shores of Italy. Passing by the island of Sirens, which once lured ships to the underwater stones with their magic singing, but, fulfilling the will of fate, took their lives after Odysseus sailed past them with impunity, the Trojans safely entered the pier of the city of Qom. Here Aeneas descended into the kingdom of shadows to see his father, Anchises, and ask him about the future. From Qom the Trojans sailed north to the island of Caete, named after the nanny Aeneas, who died here. Farther north lay the island of the sorceress Circe. The Trojans hurriedly swam past him at night and heard from afar the terrible roar of lions, bears, wild boars and wolves, into whose images the sorceress turned all the unfortunates who came to its shore.

Finally, they reached the mouth of the Tiber, which, meandering along the river valley, flowed into the sea. The Trojans, having come ashore, settled under the shade of trees and began to cook for themselves the simplest dishes - tore the fruits and put them, in the absence of tables, on dry bread cakes. Not satisfying their hunger with fruits, the Trojans began to gnaw on the very flat cakes. Then the son of Aeneas, Ascanius (his other name is Yul), exclaimed: "We are eating our tables!" Everyone rejoiced loudly when they heard these words, as they saw how harmlessly the terrible prediction of the harpy Celena was fulfilled for them, and learned that, at last, the goal of their journey had been achieved. Aeneas joyfully exclaimed: “My hello to you, about the land assigned to me by fate! Praise be to you, Penates of Troy, who have invariably accompanied me until now! Here is our new fatherland! " The next morning Aeneas set up a camp on the seaside, surrounding it with a moat and a rampart for safety.

Latium, the country where Aeneas landed, was peacefully ruled by the aged king Latin. He had an only daughter, Lavinia, whose hands were solicited by the leaders of near and far countries. The most beautiful of the suitors was Thurn, the leader of the Rutuls. To him, the bride's mother, Amata, was more favorable than to the other suitors. But various omens pointed to the undesirability of this marriage and pointed to another bridegroom who must come from a foreign country and raise the glory of their kind to heaven. Therefore, when Aeneas, upon his arrival, sent a brilliant embassy to the king to ask for a place where the Trojans could settle, the king Latinus gave them a favorable answer and offered the hero of Ilion the hand of his daughter.

This, of course, infuriated Thurn. But he was not the only one who disliked the appearance of strangers. At the instigation of Amata, an uprising against the aliens arose in the country of Latina, led by Thurn. Latin himself, already unable to influence the actions of his subjects, locked himself in his house, leaving the reins of government to his wife. Thurnus with a large army attacked the city of Aeneas. But to the aid of the besieged came the Etruscans, longtime enemies of the Rutuls, as well as King Evander, a native of the Greek Arcadia. Many Latins died in the brutal war. When their relatives asked Aeneas for peace, he answered them that he did not intend to fight the Latins, but was ready to fight Turnus. The king of the Rutuls accepted the challenge and fell in a duel with Aeneas. After this victory, Aeneas completed the construction of the city and united the two peoples, the Trojans and the Latins.

Let's pay attention to one striking circumstance. Aeneas sailed in search of a new homeland for eight years, exactly the same as Menelaus! Unlike Menelaus, Aeneas did not go to the harbors of Egypt, but he spent some time in Libya. The Libyans, along with the "Sea Peoples" at that time, fought against Egypt, and there is no doubt that the soldiers of Aeneas were involved in this campaign. True, Virgil does not say anything about this, but the fact that Aeneas wandered for exactly eight years gives us reason to assert that Aeneas began to organize the peaceful life of his tribe only after the successful completion of the second campaign of the "peoples of the sea." And to stay on the sidelines at a time when the whole Mediterranean was agitated, only the cunning Odysseus could, and even then alone.

According to Virgil, the Etruscans helped Aeneas settle in a new place. What kind of people are they, and how did they end up on the Apennine Peninsula? Herodotus, who lived about 25 centuries ago, believed that the Etruscans came to Italy from distant Asia Minor, from the kingdom of Lydia, located in the southwest of the Anatolia peninsula. During a terrible famine, the king of the Lydians decided to divide his people into two parts, and one of them, under the leadership of his son Tyrren, was sent across the sea in ships. After long wanderings, the subjects of Tyrrhenian reached the shores of Italy, where they founded the country and began to be called Tyrrhenians. The Greek historian Gellanic of Lesbos, who lived during the time of Herodotus, believed, however, that the Etruscans came to Italy from Greece, where they bore the name of the Pelasgians. Herodotus attributed much to the Pelasgians that is related to the Tyrrhenians. But the Pelasgians and Tyrrhenians were still different peoples for Herodotus. Hellanicus identified them for the first time in Greek historiography. Following him, their contemporaries Thucydides and Sophocles did it.

A new look at the origin of the Etruscans was formulated by Dionysius of Halicarnassus (1st century BC). In his opinion, the Etruscans did not come from anywhere: from time immemorial they inhabited the Apennine Peninsula. The great geographer of antiquity Strabo, as if linking all these views, spoke of one Etruscan city that it was originally founded by indigenous inhabitants, then captured by the Pelasgians, and even later passed to another people - the Tyrrhenians ... As you can see, the information of ancient authors is very contradictory. A similar difference of opinion is observed among the historians of our time, however, they all agree that the Etruscan people were formed as a result of a mixture of tribes of different ethnic origins. This is a fact, but here is what is extremely interesting: according to Dionysius of Halicarnassus, the Etruscans called themselves Rasenes, and in the dictionary of Stephen of Byzantine (VI century), the Etruscans are completely unconditionally called a Slavic tribe. AS Khomyakov wrote about this: “For a long time already everyone is convinced that more than one element was part of the Etruscan people ... Recognizing the Etruscans as a mixed tribe, we do not find ... an explanation of the name of Razen and many features in the development of the people. We have too few remnants of the Etruscan language to rely on their completely arbitrary interpretation and draw shaky conclusions from it; but it must be admitted that most of the names of local and urban leads us to a guess about ... the main element that became part of Etruria, namely the Slavic element. Cities: Antium, in which the name of the Antes is recalled, Clusium ( key, reminiscent of the Illyrian Key, Illyria is a region in the north-west of the Balkan Peninsula), Cortona or Gortin, Perusia (Porush), Angara (Ugarye), Clastidium, otherwise Clasticium (Klyastitsy), Spina (now Dorso di Spina); the rivers Arnus (Yarny), Tsecina (Techen), Lake Kluzina (Klyuchino) and many other names are purely Slavic. But, obviously, these will be too few. Let's pay attention to the other two circumstances, which are much more important: 1) never in the most flourishing time of their greatness, during their military enterprise, did the razenes attack the Veneti; 2) when the Celts and Romans destroyed the once strong and rich union of the Etrurian cities, those of the races who preferred freedom in the poor country to slavery in Etrurian freedom, made their way through the land of the Cisalpine Gauls and found refuge with the Great Wends (windeliks). Here, in the inaccessible gorges, they built a new city, Retsun ( Razsen, or Razhen, from fiery) and fought for a long time against the gigantic power of Rome, forming a proud alliance with the Veneti. It is hard to believe that the invincible Vendians gave up the land to them against their will; it is even more difficult that the Rasens, making their way through all the power of the Celts, seek a new war, and not the hospitality of their native tribe. "

Khomyakov as a whole quite accurately outlined the problem of Etruscan Slavism. But it, like any issue discussed for decades, is interesting for its particulars. Why, for example, did the Etruscans call themselves Rasens? Indeed, many professional historians, not finding any serious answer to this question, refuse to discuss the idea of ​​Etruscan-Slavic relations. And they are largely right, since Khomyakov himself admits that there are "too few" Slavic omens left. The metahistorical approach developed in our book, however, allows us to illuminate this problem in a new way.

Let's start with the indigenous people of Sicily. Thucydides reports that, according to legend, the most ancient inhabitants of Sicily were the Cyclops and Laestrigones who lived in one of its parts. Cyclops were descendants of the Aryans and came to Southern Europe from the territory of the Russian Plain in the IV-III millennium BC. NS. The Lestrigones, or "born robbers," are most likely the pirates of Sicily. Their teams could be international, but it seems that they obeyed the owners of the island - the Cyclops.

In the Latin tradition, the Cyclops were called Sicules, from their name the island of Sicily (Sicelia) was named. In addition to the Siculs, the Ligians or Ligurs are also mentioned among the most ancient inhabitants of Italy. These are the Lycians! We have already talked about the Lycians who lived in the 2nd millennium BC. NS. in Asia Minor and moved there from Crete. But another part of this people, known to ancient historians as leagues, migrated to Europe. Lygia lived in Upper Italy and southern France, on the Balearic (Beloyarskie!) Islands, Corsica and Sardinia (later they were ousted from here by the Celts). Yes, yes, we can definitely talk about the penetration of the maritime civilization of the Aryans up to the eastern (Mediterranean) coast of Spain.

Chipped Siculs and Lycians were the first wave of migration to Southern Europe from the Russian Plain. In terms of time, it can be assumed that it fell on the era of active settlement by the same tribes in the south of Greece and Crete (the turn of the 4th and 3rd millennia BC). The Greeks called these settlers Pelasgians. The second powerful migration wave from the Russian Plain dates back to the beginning of the 2nd millennium BC. NS. It is associated with the movement to Europe of those Aryan tribes who brought with them the cult of the god Tura. The Greeks remembered them in the form of centaurs, that is, equestrian Taurus. In Greece, their role was not so significant, since the country was already inhabited by militarily strong Achaeans. But the lands of Italy were still poorly inhabited by that time. The Etruscans revered Tour under the name Turmes, and his feminine parallel Turana acted as the Etruscan Aphrodite, the goddess of love. The people who worshiped this goddess were called Tyrrhenians by the Greeks, and the sea they controlled was called Tyrrhenian. It is quite clear that the Tyrrhenians were not the only inhabitants of such fertile lands, among their neighbors were the Indo-European tribes who came here a little later from the north - the Italians (Latins and others). And maybe the word "Etruscans" (and the Romans began to use it!) Was born by combining the names of Italics and Russians ...

The most important migration in the history of Ancient Italy, however, occurred at the beginning of the 1st millennium BC. e., when immigrants from Asia Minor moved here. Who could have left this peninsula at that time? We can hardly be mistaken if we assume that this was the population of Rusen, Asia Minor, destroyed during the Trojan War. That is why the Etruscans called themselves Rasens! Keeping their ancestral name, they seemed to restore the connection of times, kept in touch with those generations of their ancestors who participated in the creation of the great civilizations of the Ancient East.

The French scientist L'Arbois de Jubanville found out that one of the ancient Egyptian inscriptions mentions the attack of the Ruthen people together with the Assyrians (under the leadership of the latter) on Egypt. Such an event could take place only in the XII century. BC NS. or, more likely, one or two centuries later, when Assyria really began to dominate Western Asia and dictated conditions to the people of the defeated Arsava (Rusen) - the Rusen (Ruthen). Consequently, after the defeat in the Trojan War, part of the population of Rusen remained in Asia Minor and continued to call themselves Rusen. At the turn of the II and I millennium BC. NS. the more adventurous of them sailed west in search of a new homeland.

In the last quarter of the 19th century, on the island of Lemnos off the coast of Anatolia, not far from the site of ancient Troy, a tombstone was found that greatly interested scientists. The stele, now kept in the National Museum of Athens, shows the face of an armed warrior in profile and two inscriptions are engraved. One of them is located above the warrior's head, and the other is on the side surface of the stele. The language of these inscriptions, written in archaic Greek letters, is characterized as akin to Etruscan. The stele described above is not the only document of this kind. Many other inscriptions in the same language have been found on Lemnos. All of them date back to the 7th century. BC NS. These findings led scientists to assume that on the way from Anatolia to Italy, the Etruscans (or some part of them) could stay on the island of Lemnos for a time - long enough to leave traces of themselves.

Nizhny Novgorod historian Professor E. V. Kuznetsov in his work "Ancient Rus: Migration", having studied the location of Russian toponyms on the map of Southern Italy, even indicated a possible route for the settlement of the Protorians there, moving from the coast of Asia Minor. According to the analysis of E.V. Kuznetsov, it is likely that the settlers moved to the west of the Mediterranean, not skirting either the projection of the Calabrian Peninsula or the island of Sicily, but, shortening the path, crossed the peninsula, using the water communications flowing here and a short portage connecting them.

In 1961, the book "Etruscans Begin to Talk" was published, which challenged the traditional hypotheses in the scientific community. It was the fruit of thirty years of work by Dr. Zachary Mayani, who worked at the University of Paris. In the course of his research, Mayani came to the conclusion that the Etruscan language belongs to the Indo-European language and that on the basis of the Etruscan inscriptions two currents can be distinguished, the merger of which gave rise to "this strange civilization": one from the banks of the Danube, the other from Anatolia. Mayani believes that the Etruscans, the "people of bronze", did not succeed in completely destroying traces of their origin: they are visible in their weapons, and in the use of columns in the construction of tombs, and in their addiction to polychromy in the visual arts, and - even more clearly - in the manner of depicting animals, and above all - in the very originality of the Etruscan culture.

Two streams of settlers - one from the Danube basin, the other from Anatolia (as Herodotus claimed) - eventually formed a highly heterogeneous population of the area that we call Etruria and which they tried to transform into their new homeland. It is in the diversity of the Etruscans that Dr. Mayani sees one of the reasons (perhaps the most important) why they did not manage to form a single nation.

Apparently, it is appropriate here to recall Toynbee's theory: he speaks of the Etruscans as a possible model of the influence of foreign settlers on a group of earlier colonists. Since usually the most brave and hardy survive, their descendants turn out, as a rule, to be a strong people; those who did not dare to join the emigrants and chose to stay in their native lands, eventually disappear from the pages of history. In addition, the descendants of immigrants tend to strictly observe old traditions and adhere to old beliefs, at least until they feel that they have taken root in a new land. Numerous parallels between the Etruscans and the peoples of the Middle East confirm that such a process took place in Etruria.

Vi. The mystery of the origin of Eastern European Jewry Arthur Koestler (1905-1983), a staunch Zionist in his youth and collaborator of the leader of the "revisionists" Vladimir (Zeev) Jabotinsky, eventually became disillusioned with the settlement project and the Jewish national movement.

4. Two theories - the Eastern and Northern origin of the Etruscans 4. 1. Eastern theory Until the middle of the 18th century, it was believed that the Etruscans came from the East, from Asia Minor. This is the so-called Eastern theory. It is based on the authority of ancient authors. "The ancients" left