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(from the Greek. iōn - going), charged particles formed from an atom (molecule) as a result of the loss or attachment of one or more electrons. In solutions, positively charged ions are called cations, negatively charged ions are called anions. The term was proposed by M. Faraday in 1834.

IONS (from the Greek ion - going), electrically charged particles formed as a result of the loss or attachment of one or more electrons (cm. ELECTRON (particle))(or other charged particles) to an atom, molecule, radical or other ion. Positively charged ions are called cations (cm. CATION), negatively charged ions - anions (cm. ANION)... The term was proposed by M. Faraday (cm. FARADAY Michael) in 1834
Ions are designated by a chemical symbol with an index located at the top right. The index indicates the sign and magnitude of the charge, i.e. the multiplicity of the ion, in units of the electron charge. When an atom loses or gains 1, 2, 3 ... electrons, one-, two-, and three-charged ions are formed, respectively (see Ionization (cm. IONIZATION)), for example Na +, Ca 2+, Al 3+, Cl -, SO 4 2-.
Atomic ions are also denoted by the chemical symbol of the element with Roman numerals indicating the multiplicity of the ion, in this case, the Roman numerals are spectroscopic symbols and their value is greater than the value of the charge per unit, i.e., NI means a neutral atom N, the designation of an ion NII means a singly charged ion N +, NIII means N 2+.
A sequence of ions of different chemical elements containing the same number of electrons forms an isoelectronic series.
Ions can be part of the molecules of substances, forming molecules due to ionic bond (cm. ION BOND)... In the form of independent particles, in an unbound state, ions are found in all states of aggregation - in gases (in particular, in the atmosphere), in liquids (in melts and in solutions), in crystals. In liquids, depending on the nature of the solvent and solute, ions can exist for an infinitely long time, for example, the Na + ion in an aqueous solution of sodium chloride NaCl. Solid state salts usually form ionic crystals (cm. IONIC CRYSTALS)... The crystal lattice of metals consists of positively charged ions, inside which there is an "electron gas". The interaction energy of atomic ions can be calculated using various approximate methods that take into account the interatomic interaction (cm. INTER-ATOMIC INTERACTION).
The formation of ions occurs during the ionization process. To remove an electron from a neutral atom or molecule, it is necessary to expend a certain energy, which is called the ionization energy. The ionization energy referred to the charge of an electron is called the ionization potential. Electron affinity is the opposite of ionization energy and shows the amount of binding energy of an additional electron in a negative ion.
Neutral atoms and molecules are ionized under the action of quanta of optical radiation, X-ray and g-radiation, electric field when colliding with other atoms, particles, etc.
In gases, ions are formed mainly by the impact of high-energy particles or by photoionization by ultraviolet, X-rays, and g-rays (see Ionizing Radiation (cm. IONIZING RADIATION)). The ions formed in this way are short-lived under normal conditions. At high temperatures, ionization of atoms and ions (thermal ionization, i.e. thermal dissociation with the separation of an electron) can also occur as an equilibrium process (cm. BALANCED PROCESS), in which the degree of ionization increases with increasing temperature and decreasing pressure. In this case, the gas transforms into a plasma state (cm. PLASMA).
Ions in gases play an important role in many phenomena. Under natural conditions, ions are formed in the air under the influence of cosmic rays, solar radiation, or an electric discharge (lightning). The presence of ions, their type and concentration affect many of the physical properties of air, its physiological activity.

encyclopedic Dictionary. 2009 .

See what "ions" are in other dictionaries:

IONS- (from the Greek. ion walking, wandering), atoms or chemical. radicals carrying electric charges. History. As Faraday established for the first time, conducting an electric current in solutions is associated with the movement of material particles carrying ... ... Great medical encyclopedia

IONS, electrically charged particles formed from an atom (molecule) as a result of the loss or attachment of one or more electrons. Positively charged ions are called cations, negatively charged ions are called anions ... Modern encyclopedia

ions- - electrically charged atoms or molecules. General chemistry: textbook / A. V. Zholnin Ions are electrically charged particles arising from the loss or attachment of electrons by atoms, molecules and radicals. Analytical Chemistry Dictionary ... ... Chemical terms

Decomposition products of any body by means of electrolysis. Dictionary of foreign words included in the Russian language. Chudinov A.N., 1910 ... Dictionary of foreign words of the Russian language

Ion (Greek ιόν "walking") is an electrically charged particle (atom, molecule), usually formed as a result of the loss or attachment of one or more electrons by atoms or molecules. The charge of an ion is a multiple of the charge of an electron. Concept and ... ... Wikipedia

Jonah- (from the Greek ion coming from) electrically charged particles formed by the loss or attachment of electrons (or other charged particles) by atoms or groups of atoms (molecules, radicals, etc.). The concept and term of ions was introduced in 1834 ... ... Encyclopedic Dictionary of Metallurgy

- (from the Greek. going), monoatomic or polyatomic particles carrying electric. charge, ex. H +, Li +, Al3 +, NH4 +, F, SO42. Positive I. are called cations (from the Greek kation, literally going down), negative an and about n and m (from the Greek anion, ... ... Chemical encyclopedia

- (from the Greek. ión coming) electrically charged particles formed by the loss or attachment of electrons (or other charged particles) by atoms or groups of atoms. Such groups of atoms can be molecules, radicals or other I. ... ... Great Soviet Encyclopedia

ions- physical particles carrying a positive or negative charge. Positively charged ions carry fewer electrons than they should, and negative ones more ... Universal Additional Practical Explanatory Dictionary of I. Mostitsky

- (physical) According to the terminology introduced into the doctrine of electricity by the famous Faraday, a body subject to decomposition by the action of a galvanic current on it is called an electrolyte, decomposition in this way by electrolysis, and decomposition products by ions. ... ... Encyclopedic Dictionary of F.A. Brockhaus and I.A. Efron

The term "ion" was first introduced in 1834, thanks to Michael Faraday. After studying the effect of electric current on solutions of salts, alkalis and acids, he came to the conclusion that they contain particles that have a certain charge. Faraday called cations the ions that moved in an electric field to the cathode, which has a negative charge. Anions are negatively charged non-elementary ionic particles that move in an electric field to the plus - the anode.

This terminology is still used now, and the particles are studied further, which allows us to consider a chemical reaction as a result of electrostatic interaction. Many reactions proceed according to this principle, which made it possible to understand their course and select catalysts and inhibitors to accelerate their course and to suppress synthesis. It also became known that many substances, especially in solutions, are always in the form of ions.

Nomenclature and classification of ions

Ions are charged atoms or a group of atoms that have lost or gained electrons during a chemical reaction. They make up the outer layers of the atom and can be lost due to the low gravity of the nucleus. Then the result of electron detachment is a positive ion. Also, if the atom has a strong nuclear charge and a narrow electron shell, the nucleus is an acceptor of additional electrons. As a result, a negative ionic particle is formed.

The ions themselves are not only atoms with an excess or insufficient electron shell. It can also be a group of atoms. In nature, it is most often group ions that are present in solutions, biological fluids of organisms' bodies and in seawater. There are a huge number of types of ions, the names of which are quite traditional. Cations are positively charged ionic particles, and negatively charged ions are anions. Depending on the composition, they are called differently. For example, sodium cation, cesium cation and others. Anions are called differently, as they most often consist of many atoms: sulfate anion, orthophosphate anion, and others.

The mechanism of formation of ions

Chemical elements in compounds are rarely electrically neutral. That is, they are almost never in a state of atoms. In the formation of a covalent bond, which is considered the most common, atoms also have a certain charge, and the electron density shifts along the bonds within the molecule. However, the ion charge is not formed here, because the covalent bond energy is less than the ionization energy. Therefore, despite the different electronegativity, some atoms cannot fully attract the electrons of the outer layer of others.

In ionic reactions, where the difference in electronegativity between atoms is large enough, one atom can take the electrons of the outer layer from another atom. Then the created bond is strongly polarized and broken. The energy expended on this, which creates the charge of the ion, is called the ionization energy. It is different for each atom and is indicated in standard tables.

Ionization is possible only when an atom or group of atoms is capable of either donating electrons or accepting them. This is most often observed in solution and salt crystals. The crystal lattice also contains almost immobile charged particles devoid of kinetic energy. And since there is no possibility for movement in the crystal, the reaction of ions occurs most often in solutions.

Ions in physics and chemistry

Physicists and chemists are actively studying ions for several reasons. First, these particles are present in all known states of aggregation of matter. Secondly, the energy of detachment of electrons from an atom can be measured in order to use it in practice. Third, ions behave differently in crystals and solutions. And, fourthly, ions allow conducting electric current, and the physicochemical properties of solutions change depending on the concentration of ions.

Ionic reactions in solution

The solutions and crystals themselves should be considered in more detail. In salt crystals, there are separately located positive ions, for example, sodium cations and negative, chlorine anions. The structure of the crystal is amazing: due to the forces of electrostatic attraction and repulsion, the ions are oriented in a special way. In the case of sodium chloride, they form the so-called diamond crystal lattice. Here, each sodium cation is surrounded by 6 chloride anions. In turn, each chloride anion surrounds 6 chlorine anions. Because of this, simple table salt dissolves in cold and hot water at almost the same rate.

There is also no intact sodium chloride molecule in solution. Each of the ions here is surrounded by water dipoles and randomly moves in its thickness. The presence of charges and electrostatic interactions leads to the fact that salt solutions of water freeze at temperatures slightly below zero, and boil at temperatures above 100 degrees. Moreover, if there are other substances in the solution that can enter into a chemical bond, then the reaction proceeds not with the participation of molecules, but ions. This created the doctrine of the staging of a chemical reaction.

Those products that are obtained at the end are not formed immediately during the interaction, but are gradually synthesized from intermediate products. The study of ions made it possible to understand that the reaction proceeds exactly according to the principles of electrostatic interactions. Their result is the synthesis of ions, which interact electrostatically with other ions, creating the final equilibrium reaction product.

Summary

A particle such as an ion is an electrically charged atom or group of atoms that results from the loss or acquisition of electrons. The simplest ion is hydrogen: if it loses one electron, then it is only a nucleus with a charge of +1. It provides an acidic environment for solutions and media, which is important for the functioning of biological systems and organisms.

Ions can have both positive and negative charges. Due to this, in solutions, each particle enters into electrostatic interaction with water dipoles, which also creates conditions for life and cell signaling. What's more, the ionic technology is being developed further. For example, ion engines have been created, which have already been equipped with 7 NASA space missions.

Ions (from the Greek ion - going), electrically charged particles formed as a result of the loss or attachment of one or more electrons (or other charged particles) to an atom, molecule, radical or other ion. Positively charged ions are called cations, negatively charged ions are called anions. The term was proposed by M. Faraday in 1834.

Ions are designated by a chemical symbol with an index located at the top right. The index indicates the sign and magnitude of the charge, i.e. the multiplicity of the ion, in units of the electron charge. When an atom loses or gains 1, 2, 3 ... electrons, one-, two- and three-charged ions are formed, respectively (see Ionization), for example, Na +, Ca 2+, Al 3+, Cl -, SO 4 2 -.

Atomic ions are also denoted by the chemical symbol of the element with Roman numerals indicating the multiplicity of the ion, in this case, the Roman numerals are spectroscopic symbols and their value is greater than the value of the charge per unit, i.e., NI means a neutral atom N, the designation of an ion NII means a singly charged ion N +, NIII means N 2+.

A sequence of ions of different chemical elements containing the same number of electrons forms an isoelectronic series.

Ions can be part of the molecules of substances, forming molecules due to ionic bonds. In the form of independent particles, in an unbound state, ions are found in all states of aggregation - in gases (in particular, in the atmosphere), in liquids (in melts and in solutions), in crystals. In liquids, depending on the nature of the solvent and solute, ions can exist for an infinitely long time, for example, the Na + ion in an aqueous solution of sodium chloride NaCl. Solid state salts usually form ionic crystals. The crystal lattice of metals consists of positively charged ions, inside which there is an "electron gas". The interaction energy of atomic ions can be calculated using various approximate methods that take into account the interatomic interaction.

The formation of ions occurs during the ionization process. To remove an electron from a neutral atom or molecule, it is necessary to expend a certain energy, which is called the ionization energy. The ionization energy referred to the charge of an electron is called the ionization potential. Electron affinity is the opposite of ionization energy and shows the amount of binding energy of an additional electron in a negative ion.

Neutral atoms and molecules are ionized under the action of quanta of optical radiation, X-ray and g-radiation, electric field when colliding with other atoms, particles, etc.

In gases, ions are formed mainly by the impact of high-energy particles or by photoionization by ultraviolet, X-rays and g-rays (see Ionizing radiation). The ions formed in this way are short-lived under normal conditions. At high temperatures, the ionization of atoms and ions (thermal ionization, i.e., thermal dissociation with the separation of an electron) can also occur as an equilibrium process in which the degree of ionization increases with increasing temperature and decreasing pressure. In this case, the gas transforms into a plasma state.

Ions in gases play an important role in many phenomena. Under natural conditions, ions are formed in the air under the influence of cosmic rays, solar radiation, or an electric discharge (lightning). The presence of ions, their type and concentration affect many of the physical properties of air, its physiological activity.

AND HE

(from the Greek ion - going), electrically charged. ch-tsa, formed during the loss or attachment of electrons by atoms, molecules, radicals, etc. I., respectively, can be positive (with the loss of electrons) and negative (when attaching el-new), I. is a multiple of the charge of e -on. I. can be a part of molecules and exist in an unbound state (in gases, liquids, plasma).

Physical encyclopedic dictionary. - M .: Soviet encyclopedia. . 1983 .

ION (from the Greek. Ion - going) is an electrically charged particle formed when one or several are detached or attached. electrons (or other charged particles) to an atom, molecule, radical and other ion. Positively charged I. is called. cations, negatively charged - anions and. I. designate chemical. symbol with an index (top right) indicating the sign and magnitude of the charge - the multiplicity of I.- in units of the electron charge (eg, Li +, H 2 +, SO 4 2-). Atomic I. designate also chemical. symbol of an element with Roman numerals indicating the frequency of I. (e.g. NI, NII, NIII, which corresponds to N, N +, N 2+; in this case, Roman numerals are spectroscopic symbols Z , they are more than the charge of the ion Z i by one: Z = Z i + l). I. sequence of various chem. elements containing the same number of electrons, forms (see, for example, Hydrogen-like atoms). The concept and term "I." (as well as "" and "anion") were introduced in 1834 by M. Faraday. To remove an electron from a neutral atom or it is necessary to spend a definite. energy, to-paradise called. ionization energy. The ionization energy referred to the electron charge is called ionization potential. The characteristic opposite to the ionization energy - - is equal to the binding energy of the complement, of the electron in negative. I. Neutral atoms and are ionized under the action of optical quanta. radiation, roentgen. and g-radiation, electric. fields in collisions with other atoms, electrons and other particles, etc. a DNA molecule carrying a negatively charged phosphate group PO 4 -) in each of its repeating units. Certain molecules in solutions and crystals remain generally electrically neutral, although they contain in decomp. its areas are oppositely charged groups, they are called. zwitterions. So, the molecule of the amino acid H 2 N - CHP-COOH (P - side radical) goes into the zwitterionic form H 3 N-CHP-COO -, which is accompanied by the transfer of a proton from the COOH group to the H 2 N group. A complex consisting of several. neutral atoms or molecules and simple I. forms a complex I., called. cluster ion. In gases, under normal conditions, the formed I.substances are short-lived, however, at high temperatures and pressures, the degree of gas ionization increases with an increase in temperature and pressure, and at very high temperatures and pressures, the gas transforms into plasma. In liquids, depending on the nature of the solvent and solute, cations and anions can be located at an almost infinite distance from each other (in the case when they are surrounded by solvent molecules), but they can also be quite close to each other and, strongly interacting, to form the so-called. ionic pairs. Solid state salts usually form ionic crystals. The energy of interaction of atomic I. as a function of the distance between them can be calculated using decomp. approximate methods (see. Intermolecular interaction). The energy levels of atomic and molecular I. and neutral particles are different and, in principle, can be calculated by the methods of quantum mechanics, as well as the ionization energy. Optical the spectra of atomic I. are analogous to the spectra of neutral atoms with the same number of electrons; they are only shifted to the short-wavelength range, since the wavelengths of spectral lines corresponding to quantum transitions between energy levels with different values ​​of Ch. quantum number, proportional to the square of the nuclear charge. In spectra I. there are so-called. satellite lines, the analysis of which allows you to investigate the structure and properties multiply charged ions. The ionic component has a significant effect on the parameters of laboratory and astrophysical plasma. The study of I. is important for various fields of physics and chemistry of plasma, astrophysics, quantum electronics, for the study of the structure of substances, etc. I. are widely used in experiments. research and instrumentation (mass spectrometers, Wilson cameras, ion projector, ion beams, etc.). Lit .: Smirnov BM, Negative ions, M., 1978; Presnyakov L.P., Shevelko V.P., Yanev R.K., Elementary with the participation of multiply charged ions, M., 1986. Dashevsky.

Physical encyclopedia. In 5 volumes. - M .: Soviet encyclopedia. Chief Editor A.M. Prokhorov. 1988 .

See what "ION" is in other dictionaries:

This term has other meanings, see Ion (disambiguation). "ION" Type Private company ... Wikipedia

and he- An atom or a group of atoms that has acquired an electrical charge due to the loss or acquisition of one or more electrons. If an ion is derived from a hydrogen atom or a metal atom, it is usually positively charged; if the ion is derived from a non-metal atom ... ... Technical translator's guide

And husband. Spread. to (see Iona). Report: Ionovich, Ionovna; colloquial Ionych. Dictionary of personal names. Ion See Yvon. Day Angel. Reference book on names and name days. 2010 ... Dictionary of personal names

- (Ion, Ιων). Son of Xuf, the ancestor of the Ionian tribe. (Source: "Concise Dictionary of Mythology and Antiquities." M. Korsh. St. Petersburg, edition of A. Suvorin, 1894.) ION (Ίων), in Greek mythology, the Athenian king, the son of Creusa. Father I. the majority ... Encyclopedia of mythology

ION, yon husband. harmony, sense, meaning, suitability. It is absurd, there is no ion in it. The window was not cut through to the ion, and I repaired it. Dahl's Explanatory Dictionary. IN AND. Dahl. 1863 1866 ... Dahl's Explanatory Dictionary

Noun, number of synonyms: 17 addend (1) amphion (2) anion (1) ... Synonym dictionary

An atom (or group of atoms is a complex ion), which carries a positive (cation) or negative (anion) electric charge and is an independent or relatively independent component (building unit) of fishing or ... ... Geological encyclopedia

Ion, Ion, from Chios, c. 490 approx. 421 BC BC e., Greek poet. He often visited Athens, although he did not settle there forever. He was on friendly terms with Timon and Themistocles, he also knew Aeschylus and Sophocles. He staged the first tragedy in 451 to us ... ... Ancient writers

In Greek mythology, the grandson of Ellin, the son of Xuthus (or Apollo); the ancestor of the Ionian tribe. Became the Athenian king; his sons Hoplet, Geleont, Egikorei, Argad are eponyms of the four most ancient phyla of Attica ... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary

- (Ain) (possibly ruins), the city and the plain, which are sown. the source of the Jordan (1 Kings 15:20; 4 Kings 15:29). I. was conquered by the Aram. (sir.) king Benadad, and later Tiglathpalasar III (biblical Tiglaffellasar). In 1 Kings 15:20, the names of the localities are listed in ... ... Brockhaus Bible Encyclopedia

Books

• Ion Creangă. Selected works. Childhood memories. Fairy tales. Tale, Ion Creangă. Bucharest, 1959. Publishing house in foreign languages. With illustrations. Publishing binding. The preservation is good. The classic of Romanian and Moldavian literature Ion Creanga (1837-1889) in his ...