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Russian scientists -
computer engineers
and informatics

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Computer science is a very young science in comparison with mathematics, with which it is closely related. However, it also has its own interesting and difficult story. In particular, the history of Russian informatics knows many remarkable names. Today we will tell you about some of them, the most striking and significant ones. Our Russian scientists, relying on outstanding mathematical knowledge, carried out serious developments in the field of informatics, invented electronic computers, carried out theoretical research, and published scientific works.

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It so happened that basically all the achievements in the field of informatics and computer technology are associated with the names of foreign researchers, mostly American and English. However, this is not entirely fair.

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The United States and England relied on a strong business base and established supply chains, industry standards, and a huge class of skilled managers. In our country that survived terrible war, every little thing had to be invented from scratch and entire industries were created from scratch. Therefore, Soviet achievements are largely based on creative insights, unique technologies and the talent of their creators.

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Alexey Andreevich Lyapunov
Soviet mathematician, one of the founders of cybernetics, corresponding member of the USSR Academy of Sciences. Specialist in the field of the theory of the function of a real variable and mathematical issues of cybernetics.
(1911 - 1973)

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The development of the computer industry in the USSR began in the late 1940s almost simultaneously in two centers: in Kiev and in Moscow. In Kiev, at the Institute of Electrical Engineering, under the leadership of the scientist Sergei Alekseevich Lebedev, a small electronic calculating machine (MESM) began to be created in 1948, which later turned out to be the first computer in Europe.

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Sergey Alekseevich Lebedev
The founder of computer technology in the USSR, academician of the USSR Academy of Sciences (1953), Hero of Socialist Labor. In 1945 S.A. Lebedev created the country's first electronic analog computer for solving systems of ordinary differential equations, which are often found in problems related to power engineering.
(1902 - 1974)

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MESM, 1951
Work on the machine was of a research nature and was carried out in order to experimentally test the principles of building universal digital computers. After the first successes and in order to meet the vast needs in computing, it was decided to complete the model to a full-fledged machine capable of solving real problems. It turned out to be the first computer in continental Europe. It was successfully used in the atomic, space and military industries.

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BESM-6 (large electronic calculating machine), 1967
BESM-6 is a masterpiece of creativity of the team of the Institute of Precision Mechanics and Computer Engineering (ITM and VT) of the USSR Academy of Sciences, the first super-computer of the second generation.

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BESM-6
The electronic circuits of BESM-6 used 60 thousand transistors and 180 thousand semiconductors-diodes, its speed reached 1 million operations per second. It was a new generation car, reliable and easy to operate.

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American ILLIAC-IV
The direct competitor of BESM-6, the American ILLIAC-IV, was completed later, cost a lot more and was inferior to the Soviet design in terms of speed.

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Isaac Semyonovich Brook
Soviet scientist, mathematician, specialist in electrical engineering and computer technology, corresponding member of the USSR Academy of Sciences (1939). I.S.Bruk has published over 100 scientific works... A scientist of wide erudition, I.S.Bruk had the talent of an inventor and experimenter. He received more than 50 copyright certificates for inventions, 16 of them in the last 5 years of his life, being already in old age.
(1902 - 1974)

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Automatic digital computer M-1, 1950
M-1 performed computational operations at a speed of 15-20 op / s and had a memory of 256 numbers. The element base consisted of about 500 electronic tubes, as well as several thousand semiconductors, first used in the design of a computer. These were captured German rectifiers.

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Mikhail Alexandrovich Kartsev
Outstanding scientist and engineer, designer of four generations of electronic computers and powerful real-time computing systems, author of fundamental works on computing, including arithmetic and architecture of electronic digital machines. Under the leadership of I.S. Brooke took part in the development of the first generation small computer "M-1". Later he headed the design and manufacture of computers intended for the defense industry (M-2, M-4, etc.).
(1923 – 1983)

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We will learn about some record-breaking developments of the Soviet era only now. Such is the M-10 machine (for missile defense systems) created in the early 1970s under the leadership of Mikhail Aleksandrovich Kartsev, which surpassed the American analogue Cray-1 in terms of speed. The average uptime of the M-10 was 90 hours, which was a very high rate (the Cray-1 could only work 50 hours).

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Victor Mikhailovich Glushkov
One of the founders of Russian informatics. The main works are devoted to theoretical and applied cybernetics: the theory of digital automata, computer design automation, the use of cybernetic methods in the national economy. On the basis of the new principles of computer construction developed by him, the machines "Kiev", "Dnepr-2" and machines of the "Mir" series were created, anticipating many features of the personal computers that appeared later.
(1923 – 1982)

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MIR-1 and MIR-2 (Machine for Engineering Calculations)
In WORLD, the task was set so that programs could be written by any engineer in his usual notation and style. The uniqueness of such a computer is evidenced by at least the fact that at the exhibition in London in 1967 it was bought by the American firm IBM.

Leonardo da Vinci For more than 300 years, it was believed that the author of the first calculating machine was Blaise Pascal. However, in 1967, in the National Library of Madrid, two volumes of unpublished manuscripts were found by Leonardo da Vinci (), one of the titans of the Renaissance, Italian painter, sculptor, architect, scientist and engineer. Among the drawings, a sketch of a thirteen-bit adder with ten-toothed wheels was found. For advertising purposes, it was collected by the company. However, in 1967 in National Library Madrid, two volumes of unpublished IBM manuscripts were found and proved to be quite workable.

Wilhelm Schickard Ten years earlier, in 1957, a previously unknown photocopy of a sketch of a calculating device was discovered in the city library of Stuttgart, from which it followed that another project of a calculating machine appeared at least 20 years earlier than the "Pascal wheel". It was possible to establish that this sketch is nothing more than an absent supplement to the previously published letter to I. Kepler of the professor of the University of Tübingen Wilhelm Schickard (from), where Schickard, referring to the drawing, described the calculating machine invented by him. The machine contained an adder and a multiplier, as well as a mechanism for recording intermediate results. In another letter (from) Schickard wrote that Kepler would be pleasantly surprised if he saw how the machine itself accumulates and transfers to the left a dozen or a hundred and how it takes away what it keeps in mind when subtracting. Wilhelm Schickard () appeared in Tübingen in 1617 and soon became a professor of oriental languages ​​at the local university. At the same time, he corresponded with Kepler and a number of German, French, Italian and Dutch scientists on issues related to astronomy. Drawing attention to the outstanding mathematical abilities of the young scientist, Kepler recommended that he study mathematics. Shikkard listened to this advice and achieved significant success in the new field. In 1631 he became professor of mathematics and astronomy. And five years later, Shikkard and his family members died of cholera. The scientist's works were forgotten ...

Blaise Pascal Blaise Pascal () is one of the most famous people in human history. Pascal died when he was 39 years old, but despite such a short life, he went down in history as an outstanding mathematician, physicist, philosopher, writer, who also believed in miracles. knows the name of their author. For example, now very few will say that the most ordinary wheelbarrow is the invention of Blaise Pascal. He also came up with the idea of ​​omnibuses for multi-seat horse-drawn carriages with fixed routes for the first type of regular public urban transport. When he was very young (1643), Pascal created a mechanical device, a summing machine, which made it possible to add numbers in the decimal system. In this machine, the numbers were set by the corresponding turns of the disks (wheels) with digital divisions, and the result of the operation could be read in the windows, one for each number. The disks were mechanically linked, and the addition took into account the transfer of the unit to the next digit. The disc of units was associated with the disc of tens, the disc of tens with the disc of hundreds, etc. The main drawback of Pascal's summing machine was the inconvenience of performing all operations with its help, except for addition.

Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz () entered the history of mathematics primarily as the creator of differential and integral calculus, combinatorics, and the theory of determinants. But his name is also among the outstanding inventors of calculating devices. Leibniz was born in Leipzig and belonged to a family known for its scientists and politicians. In 1661, Leibniz becomes a student. He is studying philosophy, law and mathematics at the universities of Leipzig, Vienna and Altdorf. In 1666 he defended two dissertations at once for the title of associate professor in jurisprudence and mathematics. In 1672, Leibniz met the Dutch mathematician and astronomer Christian Huygens. Seeing how many calculations the astronomer had to do, Leibniz decided to invent a mechanical device for calculations, the creation of which he completed in 1694. Developing Pascal's ideas, Leibniz used the shift operation to multiply numbers bitwise. One copy of Leibniz's car came to Peter the Great, who presented it to the Chinese emperor, wishing to impress him with European technical achievements. Leibniz also came close to the creation of mathematical logic: he proposed using mathematical symbols in logic and for the first time expressed the idea of ​​the possibility of using a binary number system in it, which later found application in automatic computers.

George Boole George Boole (). After Leibniz, research in the field of mathematical logic and the binary number system was carried out by many outstanding scientists, but the real success here came to the English self-taught mathematician George Boole, whose determination knew no bounds. The financial situation of George's parents allowed him to finish only primary school for the poor.After some time, Buhl, having changed several professions, opened a small school, where he taught himself. He devoted a lot of time to self-education and soon became interested in the ideas of symbolic logic. In 1854, his main work, "Investigation of the laws of thought, on which the mathematical theories of logic and probability are based." how a statement can be either true or false. Already in the XX century, together with the binary number system, the mathematical apparatus created by Boole formed the basis for the development of a digital electronic computer.

Herman Hollerith An American, the son of German emigrants, Hermann Hollerith () made a significant contribution to the automation of information processing. He is the founder of the counting and punching technique. In the process of processing the statistical information of the population census conducted in the United States in 1890, Hollerith built a hand-held punch that was used to apply digital data on punched cards (holes were punched on the card), and introduced mechanical sorting to lay out these punched cards, depending on the place of punches. He built a summing machine, called a tabulator, which "probed" the holes on the punched cards, perceived them as corresponding numbers and counted these numbers. The tabulator card was the size of a dollar bill. It had 12 rows, in each of which it was possible to punch 20 holes corresponding to such data as age, gender, place of birth, number of children, marital status, etc. The census agents entered the respondents' answers into special forms. The completed forms were sent to Washington, where the information contained in them was transferred to the cards using a puncher. Then the punched cards were loaded into special devices connected to a tabulator, where they were strung on thin needles. The needle, falling into the hole, passed it, closing the contact in the corresponding electrical circuit of the machine. This, in turn, caused the counter, consisting of rotating cylinders, to move forward one position.

John Vincent Atanasov In 1973 through the court it was established that the patent rights to the basic ideas of digital electronic machines belong to John Atanasov. Bulgarian by origin, John Vincent Atanasov () became an American in the second generation. Atanasov began his search for ways to automate computations in 1933, when he supervised graduate students studying elasticity theory, quantum physics, and crystal physics. Most of the problems they faced involved partial differential equations. To solve them, it was necessary to use approximate methods, which, in turn, required a solution large systems algebraic equations. Therefore, the scientist began to make attempts to use technical means to speed up calculations: Atanasov decided to design a computer based on new principles, taking electron tubes as an element base. In the fall of 1939, John Atanasov and his assistant Clifford Berry began building a specialized computer machine designed to solve a system of algebraic equations with 30 unknowns. It was decided to call it ABC (Аtanasoff Berry Computer). The initial data, presented in decimal notation, had to be entered into the machine using standard punched cards. Then, in the machine itself, the decimal code was converted to binary, which was then used in it. The main arithmetic operations were addition and subtraction, and multiplication and division were performed with their help. There were two storage devices in the car. By the spring of 1942, work on the car was largely completed; however, at this time the United States was already at war with Nazi Germany, and wartime problems pushed work on the first computer to the background. Soon the car was dismantled.

Konrad Zuse The creator of the first working computer with programmed control is considered the German engineer Konrad Zuse (), who loved to invent from childhood and, even when he was in school, designed a model of a machine for changing money. He began to dream of a machine capable of performing tedious calculations instead of humans while still a student. Unaware of the work of Charles Babbage, Zuse soon set about creating a device much like the Analytical Engine of this English mathematician. In 1936, in order to devote more time to building a computer, Zuse resigned from the company where he worked. He set up a "workshop" on a small table in his parents' house. After about two years, the computer, which already occupied an area of ​​about 4 m2 and was a tangle of relays and wires, was ready. The machine, which he named 21 (from 7, of the surname Zuse, written in German), had a keyboard for entering data. In 1942, Zuse and the Austrian electrical engineer Helmut Schreier proposed to create a device of a fundamentally new type, based on vacuum electronic tubes. The new machine was supposed to act hundreds of times faster than any of the machines available at that time in the belligerent Germany. However, this proposal was rejected: Hitler banned all "long-term" scientific research, because he was confident in a quick victory. In the difficult post-war years, Zuse, working alone, created a programming system called Plankalkul (Planckal-kühl, "calculus of plans"). This language is called the first high-level language.

Sergey Alekseevich Lebedev Sergey Alekseevich Lebedev () was born in Nizhny Novgorod In 1921, he entered the Moscow Higher Technical School (now the Bauman Moscow State Technical University) at the Faculty of Electrical Engineering. In 1928, Lebedev, having received a diploma in electrical engineering, became both a teacher at the university, which he graduated from, and a junior researcher at the All-Union Electrotechnical Institute (VEI). In 1936, he was already a professor and the author (together with PS Zhdanov) of the book "Stability of Parallel Operation of Electrical Systems", widely known among experts in the field of electrical engineering. In the late 1940s, under the leadership of Lebedev, the first domestic electronic digital computer MESM (small electronic calculating machine) was created, which is one of the first in the world and the first in Europe with a program stored in memory. In 1950, Lebedev moved to the Institute of Precision Mechanics and Computer Engineering (ITM and VT of the USSR Academy of Sciences) in Moscow and became the chief designer of the BESM, and then the director of the institute. Then BESM-1 was the fastest computer in Europe and was not inferior to the best computers in the United States. Soon the car was slightly modernized and in 1956 it began to be mass-produced under the name BESM-2. At BESM-2, calculations were performed when launching artificial earth satellites and the first spaceships with a person on board. In 1967, the serial production was started under the leadership of S.A. Lebedev and V.A. Melnikov's original architecture BESM-6 with a speed of about 1 million op./s: BESM-6 was one of the most productive computers in the world and had many "features" of machines of the next, third generation. It was the first large domestic machine, which began to be supplied to users along with advanced software.

John von Neumann American mathematician and physicist John von Neumann () was from Budapest, the second largest cultural center of the former Austro-Hungarian Empire after Vienna. With his extraordinary abilities, this man began to stand out very early: at the age of six he spoke the ancient Greek language, and at eight he mastered the basics of higher mathematics. He worked in Germany, but in the early 1930s he decided to settle in the United States. John von Neumann made a significant contribution to the creation and development of a number of areas of mathematics and physics, had a significant impact on the development of computer technology. He performed basic research related to mathematical logic, group theory, operator algebra, quantum mechanics, statistical physics; is one of the founders of the Monte Carlo method of a numerical method for solving mathematical problems based on the simulation of random variables. "According to von Neumann," the main place among the functions performed by a computer is occupied by arithmetic and logical operations. An arithmetic logic unit is provided for them. The control of its work and, in general, the entire machine is carried out using a control device. The role of the information storage is performed by random access memory. It stores information for both the arithmetic logic unit (data) and the control unit (command).

Claude Elwood Shannon As a teenager, Claude Elwood Shannon () began to design. He made model airplanes and radios, built a radio-controlled boat, and connected his house with a friend's house with a telegraph line. Claude's childhood hero was the famous inventor Thomas Alva Edison, who was at the same time his distant relative (nevertheless, they never met). In 1937, Shannon presented his thesis "Symbolic Analysis of Relay and Switching Circuits", on which he concluded that Boolean algebra could be used successfully to analyze and synthesize switches and relays in electrical circuits. We can say that this work paved the way for the development of digital computers. The most famous work of Claude Elwood Shannon is Mathematical Communication Theory, published in 1948, which presents considerations concerning the new science of information theory that he created. One of the tasks of information theory is the search for the most economical coding methods that make it possible to convey the necessary information using the minimum number of characters. Shannon defined the basic unit of information (later called a bit) as a message representing one of two options: heads tails, yes no, etc. A bit can be represented as 1 or 0, or as the presence or absence of current in the circuit.

Bill (William) Gates Bill Gates was born on October 28, 1955. He and his two sisters grew up in Seattle. Their father, William Gates II, is a lawyer. Bill Gates' mother, Mary Gates, was a schoolteacher, board member at the University of Washington (Universite of Washington) and chairman of United Way International. Gates and his high school buddy Paul Allen entered the entrepreneurial world at the age of fifteen. They wrote a traffic control software and formed a company to distribute it; earned dollars on this project and did not go to high school... In 1973, Gates entered his freshman year at Harvard University. During their time at Harvard, Bill Gates wrote the first operating system with Paul Allen, developing the BASIC programming language for the first mini-computer, MITS Altair. In his third year, Bill Gates left his studies at Harvard, deciding to devote himself entirely to Microsoft, the company he founded in 1975 with Allen. Under a contract with IBM, Gates created the MS-DOS operating system, which in 1993 was used by 90% of computers in the world and which made him fabulously rich. So Bill Gates went down in history not only as the chief software architect of Microsoft's corporation, but also as the youngest billionaire to achieve it on his own. Today Bill Gates is one of the most popular figures in the computer world. There are jokes about him, they sing praises to him. People magazine, for example, says "that" Gates means as much to programming as Edison does to a light bulb: part innovator, part entrepreneur, part merchant, but invariably a genius. "

GREAT INFORMATICS

Niklaus Wirth (German Niklaus Wirth, born February 15, 19 Swiss scientist, computer scientist, one of the most famous theorists in the field of programming languages. Lead developer of languages ​​Pascal, Modula-2, Oberon, Professor of Computer Science (ETH), Prize Winner Turing in 1984.

Edsger Wybe Dijkstra (Dutch. Edsger Wybe Dijkstra; May 11, 1930, Rotterdam (Netherlands) - August 6, 20) an outstanding Dutch scientist, whose ideas had a huge impact on the development of the computer industry. Born May 11, 1930 in Rotterdam (father - a chemist, mother is a mathematician).

Alan Curtis Kay (born May 17, 19 American scientist in the field of computer systems theory. One of the pioneers in the fields of object-oriented programming and graphical interface. Winner of the 2003 Turing Prize for work on object-oriented programming, Kyoto Prize (2004).

Alan Jay Perlis (born April 1 February 1 19 American scientist in the field of computer technology, known for his work on programming languages ​​and as the first recipient of the Turing Prize.

Andrew Stuart Tanenbaum (born 1944) is a professor at the Free University of Amsterdam, where he leads the development team computer systems, Ph.D.

John von Neumann (von Neumann) (American mathematician. He made a great contribution to the creation of the first computers and the development of methods for their application.

Norton Peter, Famous American Computer Programmer. Born in Seattle, Washington, USA, he was educated at Readon College, Portland, Oregon and the University of California, Berkeley. He is well known in the modern computing world as the "great teacher" of personal computers.

... Born June 27, 1939 in Moscow. In 1961 he graduated from the Faculty of Mechanics and Mathematics of Moscow State University. From 1965 he worked at the Main Computer Center of the State Planning Committee of the USSR, after a number of reorganizations he ended up at the Ministry of Economy of Russia. At the Main Computer Center, for the first time he was engaged in economic modeling.CIn 1966, little by little I studied programming, and since 1967 I had to completely switch to this type of activity. Dealt with data processing tasks.

Gates William (Bill) Henry, (b. October 28, 1955), American entrepreneur and inventor in the field of electronic computing; carried away by business, did not complete his education at Harvard. Cofounder of Microsoft Corporation (1975) and creator of the operating systemMS- DOSused in IBM (IBM) compatible computers. In 1997 he topped the list of the richest people in the world.Author of the book "The Road to the Future" (1995).

Charles Babbage. Babbage was an English mathematician. He designed the very first calculating machine - a 15-ton mechanical calculator in 1822. Among his projects is an adding machine with a rotating handle, which until recently was widely used as an alternative to ordinary counting.

In 1948, Wiener's book "Cybernetics, or control and communication in an animal and a machine" was published in the USA and Europe, which marked the birth of a new scientific direction - cybernetics.

Norbert Wiener was born in the United States to a family of Russian origin.

By the age of 18, Norbert Wiener was already a Ph.D. in mathematical logic at Cornell and Harvard Universities.

Douglas Engelbart, who made himself famous by many, never became famous. If thirty years ago he had said to himself “stop, I’ve done a great job, it’s time to think about my daily bread,” now, probably, he could be richer and more famous than guys like Bill Gates, Steve Jobs or Mark Andreessen. Microsoft, Apple, and Netscape have followed the paths beaten by Engelbart. In order for you from the very beginning to appreciate the work of old Doug, I will name only one, the most "popular" of his inventions - a computer mouse.

George Boole is a self-taught mathematician. The financial situation of his parents allowed him to graduate only from elementary school for the poor.

Blaise Pascal is one of the most famous people in human history.

GREAT MATHEMATICS

Stefan lived at a time when, in contrast to the previous period, many famous Polish mathematicians lived and worked. Banach's achievements are closely related to the Polish school of mathematics, which has justly won international recognition.

Banach was one of the founders of a part of the Polish mathematical school, namely its Novol'vo branch.

The life of the famous French mathematician Elie Joseph Cartan took place in the second half of the 19th and the first half of the 20th century. Cartan witnessed the rapid flowering of exact sciences and technology. He had a significant impact on the development of modern mathematics.

Nikolai Nikolaevich Luzin occupies one of the most honorable places among Soviet mathematicians. Luzin was born on December 9, 1883. He won his place in the galaxy of outstanding mathematicians with his doctoral dissertation "Integral and trigonometric series", written in 1915. This work contains a number of basic provisions concerning the structure of measurable sets and measurable functions, convergence of trigonometric series, decomposition of a function in trigonometric series, and the like. The results of this work determined the development of the metric theory of functions.

Zhoravsky was born on June 22, 1866 in Shchuchin near Tsekhanuv. In 1884, after graduating from high school, he entered the Faculty of Mathematics at the University of Warsaw and graduated in 1888 with a master's degree in mathematics, received for developing an astronomical thesis based on his own observations. William Feller

The famous Soviet mathematician Vsevolod Romanovsky was in 1911-1915 an assistant professor, later a professor at the University of Warsaw. For the next three years (1915-1918) he taught at Rostov, and since 1919 - at Tashkent universities. In 1943, Romanovsky became a member of the Academy of Sciences of the Uzbek SSR. The most important works of Romanovsky are devoted to the theory of probability and mathematical statistics. He made significant progress in the theory of Markov chains and wrote a textbook on this topic. He was also engaged in mathematical analysis, in particular, the integration of differential equations. In his writings, Romanovsky developed the classical methods of probability theory and mathematical statistics and gave many examples of the application of mathematical statistics in various fields of knowledge and in practice.

From a young age, Frigyesh Ries was interested in mathematics. At the request of his parents, who believed that a mathematician had no great chances to make a career, Rhys, after graduating from high school, entered the Polytechnic Institute in Zurich. However, the love of mathematics prevailed, and Rees graduated first from the University of Budapest, and then from Göttingen.

John von Neumann, the initiator of the construction of modern computers, was born on December 28, 1903 in Budapest. Von Neumann was distinguished by an extraordinary memory. In his early youth, he showed extraordinary abilities and love for the exact sciences. He studied at the University of Berlin, where he studied first chemistry, then mathematics. He also graduated from the Technische Hochschule in Zurich and the University of Budapest. While still young, namely in 1927, he became assistant professor at the University of Berlin, then lectured at the University of Hamburg. William Feller went to the United States of America at the invitation of Princeton University, where he remained forever.

The death of Mieczyslaw Bernacki, which followed on November 21, 1959 in Lublin, was a great loss for Polish science, which was sensitively reflected in the work of the Lublin Mathematical Center. The life, scientific and pedagogical activity of Bernatsky was closely connected with two university cities: Lublin and Poznan.

The works of the Soviet mathematician Alexander Khinchin in such fields as probability theory, function theory, metric number theory and static physics brought him worldwide fame. Khinchin's work is closely related to the development of the Soviet school of probability theory.

Kazimierz Zarankiewicz was born in 1902 in the city of Czestochowa. He graduated from the Faculty of Mathematics of the University of Warsaw and already in 1923 was awarded his doctorate. As a result of defending another thesis, he was awarded the degree of assistant professor of mathematics in 1929.

More recently, on July 29, 1962, one of the founders of modern mathematical statistics, Ronald Eilmer Fisher, unexpectedly died in the city of Adelaide. Over the past 50 years, this scientist has made the largest contribution to this branch of mathematics. Fisher was born in London 1890.

Higher education Hadamard received in Paris. In 1892 he was awarded the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. He studied mathematics much earlier.

Vitold Pogozhelsky was born on October 31, 1907 in Sergeev (USSR). He graduated from the Faculty of Mathematics of the University in 1931 in Vilna, and there, in 1934, he defended his thesis for a doctorate. Witold Pogorzelski was born on September 13, 1895 in Warsaw. He graduated from universities in Nancy and Paris. Received his doctorate in 1919; in 1920 he defended his thesis for the title of associate professor in Krakow, in 1921 he was appointed professor of rum at the Warsaw Polytechnic Institute, and in 1938 he was elected a member of the Polish Academy of Technical Sciences

On March 10, 1964, Professor Norbert Wiener, an outstanding American mathematician, the creator of a new branch of science - cybernetics, suddenly died in Stockholm.

Leitzen, an outstanding mathematician and logician, was born in Holland, the homeland of the great philosopher L. Spinoza. It is possible that under the influence of studying the works of his great compatriot, Brower in his philosophical views followed the path of intuitionism. However, he is the creator of this philosophical trend.

The Warsaw school of mathematics has been mentioned here more than once. One of the creators of this school and its greatest authority for half a century was Vaclav Sierpiński. Vaclav Sierpiński was born on March 14, 1882 in Warsaw, where he graduated from high school and studied mathematics here.

William Feller was born on July 7, 1906 in Zagreb. In 1923 he entered the university and graduated in 1925 with a master's degree. In the same year he joined the University of Göttingen. A year later, in 1926, he is awarded scientific degree Ph.D.

Ershov Andrey Petrovich

Outstanding programmer and mathematician, academician of the USSR Academy of Sciences, author of the world's first monograph on programming automation. Under the leadership of Ershov, one of the first domestic programming programs ("integral developments" of the language and programming system) were developed. Formulated a number general principles programming as a new and distinctive kind scientific activities, touched upon an aspect that would later be called user friendliness, and was one of the first in the country to set the task of creating a programming technology. He became one of the founders of the so-called "school informatics" and a recognized leader of domestic school informatics, became one of the world's leading experts in this field.

Charles Babbage

(December 26 - 18 october)

British mathematician and inventor, author of works on the theory of functions, mechanization of counting in economics; Foreign Corresponding Member of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences (1832). In 1833 he developed a project for a universal digital computer - the prototype of a computer. Babbage provided the ability to enter instructions into the machine using punched cards. However, this machine was not finished either, since the low level of technology of that time became the main obstacle to its creation. Charles Babbage is often called the "father of the computer" for the analytical engine he invented, although its prototype was created many years after his death.

Kaspersky Evgeny Valentinovich

Before 1991 yearworked at a multidisciplinary research institute of the USSR Ministry of Defense. Started studying the phenomenoncomputer viruses in October 1989 yearwhen it was found on his computervirus "Cascade" (English). From 1991 to 1997 he worked at the STC "KAMI", where, together with a group of like-minded people, he developed the antivirus project "AVP" (now - " Kaspersky Anti-Virus"). In 1997, Eugene Kaspersky became one of the founders of "Kaspersky Labs«.

Today Eugene Kaspersky is one of the world's leading experts in the field of virus protection. He is the author of a large number of articles and reviews on the problem of computer virology, regularly speaks at specialized seminars and conferences in Russia and abroad. Evgeny Valentinovich Kaspersky is a member of the Computer Virus Research Organization (CARO), which brings together experts in this field.

Among the most significant and interesting achievements of Evgeny Valentinovich and the "Laboratory" headed by him in 2001 can be called the opening of the annual conferenceVirus Bulletin- the central event in the antivirus industry, as well as the successful confrontation of all global viral epidemics that occurred in 2001.

Lovelace August Hell

A. Lovelace developed the first programs for Babbage's analytical engine, thereby laying the theoretical foundations of programming. She first introduced the concept of a cycle of operation. In one of the notes she expressed main idea that the analytical engine can solve problems that, due to the difficulty of calculations, are almost impossible to solve manually. So for the first time, a machine was considered not only as a mechanism that replaces a person, but also as a device capable of performing work that exceeds the capabilities of a person. Although Babbage's analytical engine was never built and Lovelace's programs were never debugged or worked, a number of the general propositions she expressed have retained their fundamental significance for modern programming. Today A. Lovelace is rightfully called the first programmer in the world.

Bill Gates

(28 of October)

American computer entrepreneur and developer, founder of the world's leading software company, Microsoft.

In the 1980s, Microsoft developed the MS-DOS operating system, which became the main operating system in the American microcomputer market by the mid-1980s. Then Gates began developing applications such as Excel spreadsheets and the Word text editor, and by the late 1980s Microsoft had become a leader in this area as well.

In 1986, having released the company's shares for free sale, Gates became a billionaire at the age of 31. In 1990, the company introduced the Windows 3.0 shell, which replaced verbal commands with mouse-selectable icons, making the computer much easier to use. By the late 1990s, about 90% of all personal computers in the world were equipped with Microsoft software. In 1997, Gates topped the list of the richest people in the world.

Douglas Karl Engelbart

American inventor Douglas Engelbart of the Stanford Research Institute introduced the world's first computer mouse in 1968 on December 9.

Douglas Engelbart's invention was a wooden cube on wheels with one button. The computer mouse owes its name to the wire - it reminded the inventor of the tail of a real mouse.

Later, Xerox became interested in Engelbart's idea. Its researchers changed the design of the mouse, and it became similar to the modern one. In the early 1970s, Xerox first introduced the mouse as part of a personal computer. It had three buttons, instead of discs, a ball and rollers, and cost $ 400!

Today there are two types of computer mice: mechanical and optical. The latter are devoid of mechanical elements, and optical sensors are used to track the movement of the manipulator relative to the surface. The latest technology innovation is wireless mice.

Niklaus Wirth

Swiss engineer and explorer of the world of programming. The author and one of the developers of the Pascal programming language. N. Wirth was one of the first to introduce into practice the principle of step-by-step refinement as the key to the systematic creation of programs. In addition to Pascal, he created other algorithmic languages ​​(including Modula-2 and Oberon). They are not well known to "production" programmers, but are widely used for theoretical research in the field of programming. Wirth is one of the world's most respected computer scientists, his book Algorithms + Data Structures = Programs is considered one of the classic textbooks on structured programming.

Linus Torvalds

(December 28th)

The creator of the world famous operating system. In early 1991, he began writing his own platform aimed at the average consumer, which could be distributed free of charge over the Internet. New system acquired the name Linux, derived from the combination of the name of its creator with the name UNIX. In ten years, Linux has become a real competitor to products manufactured by Microsoft, capable of squeezing the company's monopoly on the system and server software market.

Thousands of "interested programmers", hackers, computer network specialists happily picked up Linus's idea and began to finish, finish, and debug what Torvalds offered them. In almost ten years, Linux has gone from a toy of several hundred fans and enthusiasts, who executed a couple of dozen commands in a primitive console, to a professional multiuser and multitasking 32-bit operating system with a windowed graphical interface, which is many times superior to Microsoft Windows in terms of its capabilities, stability and power. 95, 98, and NT and is capable of running on virtually any modern IBM-compatible computer.