Antīqui poētae Romanōrum tradunt egregium virum Trojānum, Aenēan 1 nomĭne, post Trojam a Graecis captam et delētam a Trojae orā in Italiam venisse. Narrant eum fatō profŭgum multum terrā marīque jactātum esse ob iram Junōnis deae saevae. Nam fato destinātum est Trojānos cum Aenēa in Italiam ventūros esse et ibi ab eis oppĭdum novum condĭtum iri. Ităque Aenēas et amīci illīus in Italiam veniunt. Inter eos et Latīnos, antiquae Italiae incŏlas, bellum ortum est. Eo bello Trojāni Latīnos vincunt et Lavinium oppĭdum novum ab eis condĭtur. Postea Jūlus Aenēae filius aliud oppĭdum Albam Longam condit.

II.

1. Ego sum illīus mater. 2. Ubi nunc ea femĭna habĭtat? 3. Scio illum amīcum ejus esse. 4. Appāret id etiam caeco. 5. Hinc illae lacrĭmae. 6. Valde ipsas Athēnas amo. 7.Ob ista verba gratias ei magnas ago. 8. Pro isto tuo officio gratias agre vix possum. 9. Ipsa scientia potentia est. 10. Naturā tu illi pater es, consiliis ego. ( Terentius) 11. Femĭnae formōSae sunt plerumque superbae eo ipso, quod pulchrae sunt.

EXERCISE

dicit, dictum esse, superāri, captāre, tradunt, tradidisse, ventūros esse, narrātur, condĭtum iri, dici, jactātum esse, condĭtur.

2. Agree:

ad ill ... amīcum, ist ... natūrae (3 forms), apud ill ... villas, ips ... agricolārum, eum naut ..., ejus amic ...

3. Decline:

illĕ naută bonŭs, id oppĭdum antīquum.

4. Make the following sentences dependent on notum est:

Luna circum terram errat. In luna vita non est.

5. The following Russian derivatives go back to some Latin words:

master, antique, doctrine, appeal, intervention.

6. Translate from Russian into Latin:

1. We know that the Greeks took Troy. 2. We know that Troy was taken by the Greeks. 3. Cassandra, daughter of Priam, predicts that Troy will be taken by the Greeks. 4. Cassandra, daughter of Priam, predicts that the Greeks will take Troy. 5. Jupiter informs the gods that Aeneas will arrive in Italy and that the Latins will be defeated by the Trojans.

Lessons 1 0 .

NO. III SKL; III AGREEMENT. SKL ; PERF. IND. PASS; QUI, QUAE, QUO; ABL. SEPARATIONIS; DAT. DUPLEX

Noun III DECLINATIONS

All other case forms are formed from this base.

2. Asigmatic nominative forms names with stems:

According to the nature of the historical basis in the III declension, three types of declension are distinguished. Names with a consonant stem make up consonant type declensions, names based on -ĭ vowel type... As a result of mixing consonant stems and stems on -ĭ formed mixed type declensions.

III CONSENTABLE DECLINATION

According to the consonant type III declension, nouns of all three genders change with a stem for one consonant sound:

victor, ōris m winner
vox, vocis f voice
nomen, mĭnis n name

WORD FORMATION OF NON-DECLINATION III

Many nouns of the III declension are formed from verb stems (supine, infect). The most productive are the following types of verbal noun formation:

1. From the base supina by suffix - (t) or, - (s) or nouns with meaning are formed character- nomĭna agentis:

This is a very productive type of Latin word formation, which has also been adopted by new languages, including Russian (cf. innovator, innovator). In new languages, this suffix forms the names of not only the characters, but also the acting objects ( tractor, loudspeaker, excavator, television etc.).

2. No less productive is another type of names, also formed from the base of the supine with the help of a suffix - (t) io (n), - (s) io (n)... This type represents feminine nouns with the meaning actions or fortunes- nomĭna actiōnis:

Nouns of this type are widely adopted by new languages. These words entered the Western European languages ​​in the form of a stem.

3. From the stem of the infect (truncated) with a suffix -or masculine nouns with the meaning fortunes:

4. From the stem of quality adjectives using a suffix - (i) tat- abstract feminine names with the meaning quality- nomĭna qualitātis (in nom. sing. they end in -tas):

PERFECTUM INDICATĪVI PASSĪVI
(PAST TIME OF EXPLANATORY INCLINATION OF THE PASSIVE PLEDGE)

The participle agrees in gender and number with the subject of the sentence:

SRSP 10.

QUESTIONALLY RELATIVE PRONOUS QUI, QUAE, QUOD

1. Gen. and dat. sing. this pronoun is derived from the stem cu-(with loss of labialization) with endings -ius(gen. sing.), -i(dat. sing.) (see. lesson 7).
2. Forms of ac. sing. male quem and dat.-abl. pl. quibus have the endings of the III declension.
3. Nom. and acc. pl. neuter quae as a general rule (see. lesson 4, note 7) are the same, but have the ending -he(i is an ancient index particle).

ABLATĪVUS SEPARATIŌNIS

TEXT

EXERCISE

dicit, dictum esse, superāri, captāre, tradunt, tradidisse, ventūros esse, narrātur, condĭtum iri, dici, jactātum esse, condĭtur.

ad ill ... amīcum, ist ... natūrae (3 forms), apud ill ... villas, ips ... agricolārum, eum naut ..., ejus amic ...

illĕ naută bonŭs, id oppĭdum antīquum.

Luna circum terram errat. In luna vita non est.

master, antique, doctrine, appeal, intervention.

1. We know that the Greeks took Troy. 2. We know that Troy was taken by the Greeks. 3. Cassandra, daughter of Priam, predicts that Troy will be taken by the Greeks. 4. Cassandra, daughter of Priam, predicts that the Greeks will take Troy. 5. Jupiter informs the gods that Aeneas will arrive in Italy and that the Latins will be defeated by the Trojans.

The fantasy of the Greek people widely developed the cycle of legends about the Trojan War. Their subsequent popularity was due to their close connection with the centuries-old feud between the Hellenes and Asians.

The arena of the Trojan War - an area on the northwestern coast of Asia Minor, stretching as a plain up to the Hellespont (Dardanelles), further from the sea rises by ridges of hills to Mount Ide, irrigated by Scamander, Simois and other rivers - is already mentioned in ancient myths about the gods. The Greeks called its population Trojans, Dardanians, Teukras. The mythical son of Zeus, Dardan, founded Dardania on the slope of Mount Ida. His son, the wealthy Erichthonius, owned vast fields, countless herds of cattle and horses. After Erichthonius, the king of the Dardanians was Tros, the ancestor of the Trojans, whose youngest son, the handsome Ganymede, was taken to Olympus to serve the king of the gods at feasts, and whose eldest son, Il (Ilos), founded Troy (Ilion). Another descendant of Erichthonius, the handsome Anchises, fell in love with the goddess Aphrodite, who bore him a son, Aeneas, who, according to myths, after the Trojan War fled west to Italy. The offspring of Aeneas was the only branch of the Trojan royal family that survived after the capture of Troy.

Excavations of ancient Troy

Under the son of Ila, Laomedon, the gods Poseidon and Apollo built the fortress of Troy, Pergamum. The son and successor of Laomedont was Priam, who was famous for his wealth all over the world. He had fifty sons, of whom the brave Hector and the handsome Paris are especially famous. Of the fifty, nineteen of his sons were born by his second wife Hecuba, the daughter of the Phrygian king.

The Trojan War was caused by the abduction of Elena by Paris

The Trojan War was caused by the abduction of Helen by Paris, the wife of the Spartan king Menelaus. When Hecuba was pregnant with Paris, she dreamed that she had given birth to a burning brand and that all of Troy had been burned up by this brand. Therefore, Paris, after birth, was abandoned in the forest on Mount Ida. He was found by a shepherd, grew up to be a strong and dexterous handsome man, a skilled musician and singer. He grazed herds on Ida, and was the favorite of her nymphs. When the three goddesses, arguing over the apple of discord about which of them was more beautiful, presented him with a solution, and each promised him a reward for a decision in her favor, he chose not the victories and glory that Athena promised him, not dominion over Asia. the promised Hero, and the love of the fairest of all women, promised by Aphrodite.

The judgment of Paris. Painting by E. Simone, 1904

Paris was strong and brave, but his predominant character traits were sensuality and Asian delicacy. Aphrodite soon directed him to Sparta, whose king Menelaus was married to the beautiful Helen. The patroness of Paris, Aphrodite, aroused love for him in the beautiful Elena. Paris took her away at night, taking with him many of Menelaus's treasures. It was a great crime against hospitality and marriage law. The wicked and his relatives, who took him and Elena into Troy, incurred the punishment of the gods. Hera, the avenger for adultery, incited the heroes of Greece to stand up for Menelaus by starting the Trojan War. When Elena became an adult girl, and many young heroes gathered to woo her, Elena's father, Tyndareus, took an oath from them that they would all defend the marital rights of the one who would be elected. They now had to fulfill this promise. Others joined them for the love of military adventure, or for a desire to avenge the offense inflicted on all of Greece.

The kidnapping of Elena. Red-figured Attic amphora of the end of the 6th century B.C.

The Trojan War begins. Greeks in Aulis

The death of Achilles

Later poets continued the story of the Trojan War. Arctin of Miletus wrote a poem about the exploits accomplished by Achilles after the victory over Hector. The most important of these was the battle with Memnon, the radiant son of distant Ethiopia; therefore Arctin's poem was called "Ethiopis".

The Trojans, discouraged after the death of Hector - the Ethiopis recounted - were inspired by new hopes when the queen of the Amazons, Penthesileia, came from Thrace to help them, with regiments of her warriors. The Achaeans were again driven into their camp. But Achilles rushed into battle and killed Penthesileia. When he took off the helmet from the opponent who had fallen to the ground, he was deeply moved to see what a beauty he had killed. Tersitus scathingly rebuked him for this; Achilles killed the offender with a blow of his fist.

Then, from the far east, the king of the Ethiopians, the son of Aurora, the most beautiful of men, came with an army to the aid of the Trojans. Achilles avoided fighting him, knowing from Thetis that soon after Memnon's death he himself would die. But Antilochus, the son of Nestor, a friend of Achilles, covering with himself the father persecuted by Memnon, died a victim of his filial love; the desire to avenge him drowned out the concern for himself in Achilles. The battle between the sons of the goddesses, Achilles and Memnon, was terrible; Themis and Aurora looked at him. Memnon fell, and his mournful mother, Aurora, wept and took his body home. According to an oriental legend, every morning she again and again irrigates her dear son with tears falling in the form of dew.

Eos carries away the body of his son Memnon. Greek vase from the early 5th century BC

Achilles furiously chased the fleeing Trojans to the Skean gates of Troy and was already breaking into them, but at that moment an arrow shot by Paris and directed by the god Apollo himself killed him. She hit him in the heel, which was the only vulnerable spot in his body (Achilles' mother, Thetis, made her son invulnerable by immersing him as a baby in the waters of the underground river Styx, but the heel remained vulnerable, for which she held him at the same time). All day the Achaeans and Trojans fought to take possession of the body and weapons of Achilles. Finally, the Greeks managed to carry the body of the greatest hero of the Trojan War and his weapons into the camp. Ajax Telamonides, a mighty giant, carried a body, while Odysseus held back the onslaught of the Trojans.

Ajax removes the body of Achilles from the battle. Attic vase, approx. 510 B.C.

For seventeen days and nights Thetis with the muses and nereids mourned her son with such touching songs of sorrow that both gods and people shed tears. On the eighteenth day, the Greeks lit a splendid fire on which the body was laid; mother of Achilles, Thetis, carried the body out of the flames, and transferred it to the island of Levka (Snake Island, which lies in front of the mouth of the Danube). There, renewed, he lives, forever young, and has fun with war games. According to other legends, Thetis transferred her son to the underworld or to the Isles of the Blessed. There are also legends saying that Thetis and her sisters collected the bones of her son from the ashes and put them in a golden urn near the ashes of Patroclus under those artificial hills near the Hellespont, which are still considered the tombs of Achilles and Patroclus after the Trojan War.

Philoctet and Neoptolemus

After the brilliant funeral games in honor of Achilles, it was necessary to decide who was worthy to receive his weapon: it was to be given to the bravest of the Greeks. This honor was claimed by Ajax Telamonides and Odysseus. The captured Trojans were chosen as judges. They decided in favor of Odysseus. Ajax found this unfair and was so annoyed that he wanted to kill Odysseus and Menelaus, whom he also considered his enemy. On a dark night, he secretly went out of his tent to kill them. But Athena struck him with a clouding of his mind. Ajax slaughtered the herds of cattle that were with the army, and the shepherds of these cattle, imagining that he was killing his enemies. When the darkness passed, and Ajax saw how wrong he was, such a shame took possession of him that he threw himself with his chest on his sword. The entire army was saddened by the death of Ajax, who was stronger than all the Greek heroes after Achilles.

Meanwhile, the Trojan soothsayer, Gelen, who was captured by the Achaeans, told them that Troy could not be taken without the arrows of Hercules. The owner of these arrows was the wounded Philoctetes, thrown by the Achaeans on Lemnos. He was brought from Lesbos to the camp near Troy. The son of the god of healing, Asclepius, Machaon healed the wound of Philoctetes, and he killed Paris. Menelaus mocked the body of his offender. The second condition necessary for the victory of the Greeks in the Trojan War was participation in the siege of Neoptolemus (Pyrrhus), the son of Achilles and one of the daughters of Lycomedes. He lived with his mother, on Skyros. Odysseus brought Neoptolemus, gave him his father's weapon, and he killed the beautiful-faced Mysian hero Euripilus, who was the son of Heraclides Telephus and Priam's sister, and was sent to help the Trojans by his mother. The Achaeans have now defeated the Trojans on the battlefield. But Troy could not be taken while it remained in its acropolis, Pergamum, the shrine given to the former Trojan king Dardanus by Zeus - palladium (image of Pallas Athena). To spy out the location, palladium, Odysseus went into the city, disguised as a beggar, and was not recognized in Troy by anyone except Elena, who did not betray him because she wanted to return to her homeland. Then, Odysseus and Diomedes made their way into the Trojan temple and stole the palladium.

Trojan horse

The hour of the final victory of the Greeks in the Trojan War was already at hand. According to the legend, already known to Homer and told in detail by later epic poets, the master Epey, with the help of the goddess Athena, made a large wooden horse. The most courageous of the Achaean heroes: Diomedes, Odysseus, Menelaus, Neoptolemus and others hid in him. The Greek army burned their camp and sailed to Tenedos, as if deciding to end the Trojan War. The Trojans leaving the city looked in amazement at the huge wooden horse. The heroes hiding in it heard their meetings on how to deal with it. Helen went around the horse, and loudly called the Greek leaders, imitating the voice of everyone's wife. Some wanted to answer her, but Odysseus held them back. Some Trojans said that the enemies could not be trusted and that the horse should be drowned in the sea or burned. The most insistent was the priest Laocoon, Aeneas' uncle. But before the eyes of all the people, two large snakes crawled out of the sea, wrapped rings around Laocoon and his two sons and strangled them. The Trojans considered this a punishment for Laocoon from the gods and agreed with those who said that it was necessary to put the horse in the acropolis, to dedicate it as a gift to Pallas. This decision was especially facilitated by the traitor Sinon, whom the Greeks left here to deceive the Trojans with the assurance that the horse was intended by the Greeks as a reward for the stolen palladium, and that when it was placed in the acropolis, Troy would be invincible. The horse was so large that it could not be dragged through the gate; the Trojans made a hole in the wall and dragged the horse into the city with ropes. Thinking that the Trojan War was over, they began to feast joyfully.

The capture of Troy by the Greeks

But at midnight Sinon lit a fire - a signal to the Greeks who were waiting at Tenedos. They swam to Troy, and Sinon unlocked the door, made in d Eos, carries the body of the Memno-wooden horse. The hour of the death of Troy, the end of the Trojan War, has come by the will of the gods. The Greeks rushed at the carelessly feasting Trojans, slaughtered, plundered and, having plundered, set the city on fire. Priam sought salvation at the altar of Zeus, but Achilles' son Neoptolemus killed him at the altar itself. Priam's son Deiphobus, who married Helen after the death of his brother Paris, courageously defended himself in his house against Odysseus and Menelaus, but was killed. Menelaus took Elena to the ships, whose beauty disarmed his hand, raised to strike the traitor. The widow of Hector, the martyr of Andromache, was given by the Greeks to Neoptolemus and found in a foreign land a slave fate predicted to her by her husband at the last goodbye. Her son Astianax was, on the advice of Odysseus, thrown from the wall by Neoptolemus. The soothsayer Cassandra, the daughter of Priam, who was seeking salvation at the altar, was torn away from him by the sacrilegious hand of Ajax the Small (son of Oileus), who overturned the statue of the goddess in a violent outburst. Cassandra was given to the spoil of Agamemnon. Her sister Polyxena was sacrificed over the coffin of Achilles, whose shadow demanded her as a prey. The wife of the Trojan king Priam Hecuba, who survived the fall of the royal family and kingdom. She was brought to the Thracian coast and learned there that her son (Polydor), whom Priam had sent with many treasures before the start of the war, was also killed under the protection of the Thracian king Polymestor. Legends spoke differently about the fate of Hecuba after the Trojan War; there was a legend that she was turned into a dog; according to another legend, she was buried on the northern bank of the Hellespont, where her tomb was shown.

The fate of Greek heroes after the Trojan War

The adventures of the Greek heroes did not end with the capture of Troy: on the way back from the captured city, they had to experience many troubles. The gods and goddesses, whose altars they desecrated with violence, subjected them to hard fates. On the very day of the destruction of Troy, in the assembly of heroes, heated with wine, there was, according to Homer's Odyssey, a great strife. Menelaus demanded to immediately sail home, and Agamemnon wanted to soften the anger of Athena with hecatombs (by offering several sacrifices, out of a hundred oxen each) before sailing. Some supported Menelaus, others - Agamemnon. The Greeks quarreled completely, and the next morning the army was divided. Menelaus, Diomedes, Nestor, Neoptolemus and some others boarded the ships. In the parking lot at Tenedos, Odysseus, who sailed with these leaders, quarreled with them and returned to Agamemnon. Menelaus's companions went to Euboea. From there, Diomedes returned favorably to Argos, Nestor to Pylos, and Neoptolemus, Philoctetus and Idomeneo sailed safely to their cities. But Menelaus was overtaken by a storm at the rocky Maleiskii cape and was brought to the coast of Crete, on the rocks of which almost all of his ships crashed. He himself was carried away by the storm to Egypt. Tsar Polybus warmly received him in a hundred Egyptian Thebes, gave him and Elena rich gifts. Menelaus' wanderings after the Trojan War lasted eight years; he was in Cyprus, in Phenicia, he saw the countries of the Ethiopians and Libyans. Then the gods gave him a joyful return and a happy old age with the eternally young Elena. According to the stories of later poets, Elena was not at Troy at all. Stesichor said that only Helen's ghost was kidnapped by Paris; according to the story of Euripides (tragedy "Helen"), he took away a woman like Helen, created by the gods to deceive him, and Hermes transferred the real Helena to Egypt, to Tsar Proteus, who guarded her until the end of the Trojan War. Herodotus also believed that Helen was not in Troy. The Greeks thought that the Phoenician Aphrodite (Astarte) was Helen. They saw the Temple of Astarte in that part of Memphis where the Phoenicians-Tyrians lived; probably from this arose the legend of Helena's life in Egypt.

Agamemnon, upon returning from the Trojan War, was killed by his own wife, Clytemnestra, and her lover, Aegisthus. Several years later, the children of Agamemnon, Orestes and Electra, brutally avenged their mother and Aegisthus for their father. These events served as the basis for a whole cycle of myths. Ajax the Small on the way back from Troy was killed by Poseidon for unheard of pride and blasphemous insult of the altar during the capture of Cassandra.

Odysseus suffered most of all the adventures and hardships when returning from the Trojan War. His fate gave the theme and plot for the second great

1. Define the shapes:

dicit, dictum esse, superāri, captāre, tradunt, tradidisse, ventūros esse, narrātur, condĭtum iri, dici, jactātum esse, condĭtur.

2. Agree:

ad ill ... amīcum, ist ... natūrae (3 forms), apud ill ... villas, ips ... agricolārum, eum naut ..., ejus amic ...

3. Decline:

illĕ naută bonŭs, id oppĭdum antīquum.

4. Make the following sentences dependent on notum est:

Luna circum terram errat. In luna vita non est.

5. The following Russian derivatives go back to some Latin words:

master, antique, doctrine, appeal, intervention.

6. Translate from Russian into Latin:

1. We know that the Greeks took Troy. 2. We know that Troy was taken by the Greeks. 3. Cassandra, daughter of Priam, predicts that Troy will be taken by the Greeks. 4. Cassandra, daughter of Priam, predicts that the Greeks will take Troy. 5. Jupiter informs the gods that Aeneas will arrive in Italy and that the Latins will be defeated by the Trojans.

Lesson 8. NO. III SKL; III AGREEMENT. SCL; PERF. IND. PASS; QUI, QUAE, QUO; ABL. SEPARATIONIS; DAT. DUPLEX

Noun III DECLINATIONS

The III declension includes nouns of all three genders with consonant stems g, with, d, t, b, p, r, l, n, m, s and on the vowel sound ĭ .
Nom. sing. nouns III declension is formed or with the help of the ending -s(sigmatic nominative sigmatic - from the Greek name for the letter σ "sigma") or without any ending (asigmatic nominative) - in the latter case, it represents the base in its pure form or phonetically somewhat modified. Therefore, the nom. sing. nouns of III declension look very diverse: miles, victor, custos, tempus, ratio, verĭtas, anser, nomen, urbs, orbis, mare, anĭmal, longitūdo, homo, lex, etc.
A practical sign of the III declension is the ending gen. sing. -ĭs.
Since in the III declension, as in other declensions, in the form nominativus sing. it is not always possible to determine the stem of a noun, it is necessary to remember two forms - nominativus and genitivus sing.
In the form gen. sing. you can determine the practical basis (the practical and historical basis for names with consonant stems coincide, for names with stems for a vowel ĭ - do not match) the noun, dropping the ending -ĭs, for example:

All other case forms are formed from this base.
1. Sigmatic nominative form names with stems:

2. Asigmatic nominative forms names with stems:

According to the nature of the historical basis in the III declension, three types of declension are distinguished. Names with a consonant stem make up consonant type declensions, names based on -ĭ vowel type... As a result of mixing consonant stems and stems on -ĭ formed mixed type declensions.

III CONSENTABLE DECLINATION

According to consonant type III, declensions change unequal(non-syllable names have an unequal number of syllables in nom. sing. and gen. sing., for example: nom. sing. miles warrior- two syllables, gen. sing. milĭtis- three syllables) nouns of all three genders with a stem for one consonant:

victor, ōris m winner
vox, vocis f voice
nomen, mĭnis n name

WORD FORMATION OF NON-DECLINATION III

Many nouns of the III declension are formed from verb stems (supine, infect). The most productive are the following types of verbal noun formation:

1. From the base supina by suffix - (t) or, - (s) or nouns with meaning are formed character- nomĭna agentis:

This is a very productive type of Latin word formation, which has also been adopted by new languages, including Russian (cf. innovator, innovator). In new languages, this suffix forms the names of not only the characters, but also the acting objects ( tractor, loudspeaker, excavator, television etc.).

2. No less productive is another type of names, also formed from the base of the supine with the help of a suffix - (t) io (n), - (s) io (n)... This type represents feminine nouns with the meaning actions or fortunes- nomĭna actiōnis:

Nouns of this type are widely adopted by new languages. These words entered the Western European languages ​​in the form of a stem.

Such words entered the Russian language in the form of feminine nouns with the ending - (c) ia: demonstration, the revolution, nation, lecture, inspection etc.

3. From the stem of the infect (truncated) with a suffix -or masculine nouns with the meaning fortunes:

4. From the stem of quality adjectives using a suffix - (i) tat- abstract feminine names with the meaning quality- nomĭna qualitātis (in nom. sing. they end in -tas):

With a similar meaning properties or quality are formed from qualitative adjectives feminine names with the suffix - (i) tudin-(in nom. sing. they end in -tudo):

PERFECTUM INDICATĪVI PASSĪVI
(PAST TIME OF EXPLANATORY INCLINATION OF THE PASSIVE PLEDGE)

Participium perfecti passīvi (see. lesson 4) with verb forms esse in the present tense forms analytical forms of reffectum indicatīvi passīvi:
Sing.

The participle agrees in gender and number with the subject of the sentence:

QUESTIONALLY RELATIVE PRONOUS QUI, QUAE, QUOD

Pronoun qui, quae, quod which, which acts in the meaning of interrogative and relative pronouns.

* Form gen. pl. male quōrum became a noun in Russian quorum(the required number of members of an elected body present). The term "quorum" originated from the Latin expression quorum praesentia satis est whose presence is enough.

1. Gen. and dat. sing. this pronoun is derived from the stem cu-(with loss of labialization) with endings -ius(gen. sing.), -i(dat. sing.) (see. lesson 7).
2. Forms of ac. sing. male quem and dat.-abl. pl. quibus have the endings of the III declension.
3. Nom. and acc. pl. neuter quae as a general rule (see. lesson 4, note 7) are the same, but have the ending -he (< a+i, где i- an ancient indicating particle).

ABLATĪVUS SEPARATIŌNIS

For verbs and adjectives with meaning deleting, branches, liberation etc. is put ablative, indicating a person, thing or object from which removal, separation, release, etc. This ablative is called ablatīvus separatiōnis (branch ablative). Ablatīvus separatiōnis is used without or with prepositions a (ab), de, e (ex): regno privatus - deprived of royal power.
If ablatīvus separatiōnis denotes an animated name, then with it the preposition is usually put a (ab) or de.

DATĪVUS DUPLEX

Datīvus commŏdi (dative interest, see lesson 2) is often used in combination with the dative case denoting the purpose of the action, the so-called datīvus finālis (dative purpose), forming a syntactic construction of two dative cases called datīvus duplex (double dative), for example: amīco auxilio venīre- come to the aid of a friend, where amīco- dat. commŏdi, auxilio- dat. finālis.

LEXIC MINIMUM

almus, a, um feeding, feeding; blessed
amor, ōris m love
edŭco 1 bring up
flos, floris m flower
flumen, mĭnis n river
frater, tris m brother
gigno, genui, genĭtum 3 beget
homo, homĭnis m human
honor, ōris m honor, honor
invĕnio, vēni, ventum 4 find; invent
jacio, jēci, jactum 3 throw
lac, lactis n milk
mater, tris f mother
minister, tri m servant; assistant
mos, moris m disposition, character
nepos, pōtis m grandson; nephew
nomen, mĭnis n name
pareo, rui, rĭtum 2 obey, obey
pater, tris m father
pono, posui, posĭtum 3 put, put, place
qui, quae, quod titles "De interpretationе" ... the knowledge of those languages from which the Scripture is shifted to language Latin, or... language"... D.Ya. Samokvassov in Research on stories Russian law expresses the idea that “ brief feature article stories ...