Specification
control measuring materials
for the main state exam in 2018
by geography

1. Purpose of CMM for OGE- to assess the level of general education in geography of graduates of the 9th grade of general educational organizations for the purpose of state final certification of graduates. The exam results can be used when admitting students to specialized secondary school classes.

The OGE is carried out in accordance with the Federal Law of the Russian Federation dated December 29, 2012 No. 273-FZ "On Education in the Russian Federation".

2. Documents defining the content of CMM

3. Approaches to the selection of content, the development of the structure of CMM

Each version of the KIM 2018 includes tasks that check the level of knowledge of the content of all the main sections of the geography course for a basic school and the fulfillment of the basic requirements for the level of training of graduates.

4. Connection of the exam model of the OGE with the KIM of the exam

A significant part of the KIM tasks for the OGE are similar in type to the tasks used in the exam work of the exam.

Unlike the Unified State Exam, in the KIM for the OGE, more attention is paid to the achievement of students' requirements aimed at the practical application of geographical knowledge and skills. It is also important for the OGE to check the formation of the ability to extract and analyze data from various sources of geographic information (atlases maps, statistical materials, diagrams, media texts).

5. Characteristics of the structure and content of CMM

The examination paper consists of 30 items. The assignments test the knowledge that forms the basis of students' geographic literacy, as well as the ability to apply knowledge and skills in contexts corresponding to the main sections of the school geography course.

The work contains 27 tasks with a short answer, of which: 17 tasks with an answer in the form of one number, 3 tasks with an answer in the form of a word or phrase, 7 tasks with an answer in the form of a number or a sequence of numbers; 3 tasks with a detailed answer, in which it is required to write down a complete and reasonable answer to the question posed.

6. Distribution of CMM tasks by content, tested skills and methods of activity.

Specification
control measuring materials
to conduct a unified state exam in 2019
by geography

1. Appointment of KIM USE

The Unified State Exam (USE) is a form of objective assessment of the quality of training of persons who have mastered educational programs of secondary general education, using tasks of a standardized form (control measuring materials).

The Unified State Exam is conducted in accordance with the Federal Law of December 29, 2012 No. 273-FZ "On Education in the Russian Federation".

Control measuring materials allow to establish the level of development by graduates of the Federal component of the state standard of secondary (complete) general education in geography, basic and profile levels.

The results of the unified state exam in geography are recognized by educational organizations of higher professional education as the results of entrance examinations in geography.

2. Documents defining the content of the KIM USE

3. Approaches to the selection of content, the development of the structure of the KIM USE

The content and structure of control measuring materials for geography are determined by the need to achieve the goal of the unified state exam: an objective assessment of the quality of training of persons who have mastered educational programs of secondary (complete) general education, for their differentiation by level of training and competitive selection in institutions of secondary and higher vocational education.

The content of the CIM USE in geography is determined by the requirements for the level of training of graduates, fixed in the Federal component of state standards for basic general and secondary (complete) general education in geography. The selection of the content to be checked in the exam paper of the Unified State Examination in 2019 is carried out in accordance with the section "Mandatory minimum content of basic educational programs" of the Federal component of state standards of basic general and secondary (complete) general education in geography. In this document, the main sections of the school geography course are highlighted, which are taken as the basis for the selection of blocks of content to be checked in the exam.

Sources of geographic information

Earth nature and man

World population

World economy

Nature management and geoecology

Regions and countries of the world

Geography of Russia

The work tests both the knowledge of geographical phenomena and processes in the geospheres and the geographical features of the nature of the population and economy of individual territories, as well as the ability to analyze geographical information presented in various forms, the ability to apply geographical knowledge gained at school to explain various events and phenomena in everyday life.

The number of tasks that test the knowledge of individual sections of the school geography course is determined taking into account the importance of individual elements of the content and the need to fully cover the requirements for the level of training of graduates.

In the examination work, tasks of various types are used, the forms of which ensure their adequacy to the skills being tested.

4. The structure of the KIM USE

Each version of the examination paper consists of 2 parts and includes 34 tasks, differing in form and level of difficulty.

Part 1 contains 27 tasks with a short answer. (18 tasks of a basic level of difficulty, 8 tasks of an increased level of difficulty and 1 task of a high level of difficulty).

The examination paper presents the following types of tasks with a short answer:

1) tasks requiring to write down the answer in the form of a number;

2) tasks requiring to write down the answer in the form of a word;

3) assignments to establish the correspondence of geographical objects and their characteristics;

4) tasks that require you to enter answers from the proposed list in the text in place of the gaps;

5) tasks with the choice of several correct answers from the proposed list;

6) tasks to establish the correct sequence.

The answers to the tasks of part 1 are a digit, a number, a sequence of numbers or a word (phrase).

Part 2 contains 7 tasks with a detailed answer, in the first of which the answer must be a picture, and in the rest it is required to write down a complete and reasonable answer to the question posed (2 tasks of an increased level of complexity and 5 tasks of a high level of complexity).

The distribution of tasks by parts of the examination work, indicating the primary points, is presented in Table 1.

Table 1. Distribution of tasks of examination work by parts of work

5. Distribution of KIM USE tasks by content, types of skills and methods of action

The examination paper provides for checking the level of training of graduates in accordance with the requirements for it.

Since the achievement of a number of requirements in various versions of the examination work can be checked on the content of various sections of the school geography course, the distribution of tasks by the main blocks of content may differ slightly from the approximate distribution shown in Table 2.

Table 2. Distribution of assignments for the main substantive sections (topics) of the geography course

• a scale for recalculating the primary score for completing the examination paper in 2020 into a mark on a five-point scale;
• a scale for recalculating the primary score for completing the 2019 examination paper into a mark on a five-point scale;
• a scale for recalculating the primary score for completing the examination work in 2018 into a mark on a five-point scale;
• a scale for recalculating the primary score for completing the examination work in 2017 into a mark on a five-point scale;
• a scale for recalculating the primary score for the examination work in 2016 into a mark on a five-point scale;
• a scale for recalculating the primary score for the completion of the examination work in 2015 into a mark on a five-point scale;
• a scale for recalculating the primary score for the examination work in 2014 into a mark on a five-point scale;
• a scale for recalculating the primary score for the examination work in 2013 into a mark on a five-point scale.

Changes in the demonstration options for the OGE in geography

In 2013, it was reduced the total number of tasks from 31 to 30 and changed ratio the number of multiple choice questions, with short and detailed answers: 18, 9 and 3, respectively.

In 2014 in demo version of the OGE in geography It was changed ratio the number of multiple choice questions, with short and detailed answers: 17, 10 and 3, respectively, and task included to test the understanding of basic geographical concepts and terms and the ability to use the acquired knowledge to solve practical problems.

In 2015 in the demo version of the OGE in geography has changed only response zip form in tasks with a choice of answer: it became necessary to write down the answer number with the number of the correct answer(not circled).

V demo version of the OGE 2016 in geography compared to the 2015 demo there are no substantial changes. Modified only order of following several tasks of part 1.

V demo options for the OGE 2017 - 2019 by geography compared to the 2016 demo there were no changes.

V demo version of the OGE 2020 in geography compared to the 2018 demo, the following occurred changes:

• was changed the sequence of tasks;
• was the form of recording the answer has been changed in tasks (2, 3, 14, 15, 21, 22, 24, 26);
• was included a mini-test of three tasks (27-29) to test the ability to work with the text of geographic content;
• maximum score for all the work was reduced from 32 to 31.

Preparation for the exam in geography includes several mandatory stages. First of all, you need to familiarize yourself with the demos.

The FIPI official website publishes demos of the KIM USE of the current year, here you can also familiarize yourself with the demo versions of previous years.

Demo version of the Unified State Exam in Geography 2018 with answers from the official website of FIPI

Changes in the KIM USE in 2018 by geography in comparison with the KIM in 2017

There are no changes in the structure and content of the CMM.

The maximum score for task 4 is increased to 2. The maximum score for task 7 is reduced to 1. The maximum primary score has not changed.

CMM structure

The exam paper of the 2018 exam in geography consists of two parts, which include 34 tasks.

Part 1 contains 27 tasks with a short answer.

Part 2 contains 7 tasks with a detailed answer.

3 hours (180 minutes) are allotted for the performance of the examination work in geography.

Answers to the tasks of part 1 (1–27) are written in the form of a number, a sequence of numbers or a word (phrase).

Approaches to the selection of content, the development of the structure of the KIM USE 2018 in geography

The content and structure of control measuring materials for geography are determined by the need to achieve the goal of the unified state exam: an objective assessment of the quality of training of persons who have mastered educational programs of secondary (complete) general education, for their differentiation by level of training and competitive selection in institutions of secondary and higher vocational education.

The content of the KIM USE in geography is determined by the requirements for the level of training of graduates, fixed in the Federal component of state standards for basic general and secondary (complete) general education in geography. The selection of the content to be checked in the exam paper of the Unified State Examination in 2018 is carried out in accordance with the section "Mandatory minimum content of basic educational programs" of the Federal component of state standards of basic general and secondary (complete) general education in geography.

In this document, the main sections of the school geography course are highlighted, which are taken as the basis for the selection of blocks of content to be checked in the exam.

Sources of geographic information

Earth nature and man

World population

World economy

Nature management and geoecology

Regions and countries of the world

Geography of Russia

The work tests both the knowledge of geographical phenomena and processes in the geospheres and the geographical features of the nature of the population and economy of individual territories, as well as the ability to analyze geographical information presented in various forms, the ability to apply geographical knowledge gained at school to explain various events and phenomena in everyday life.

The number of tasks that test the knowledge of individual sections of the school geography course is determined taking into account the importance of individual elements of the content and the need to fully cover the requirements for the level of training of graduates. In the examination work, tasks of various types are used, the forms of which ensure their adequacy to the skills being tested.

Secondary general education

Geography

Demo version of the exam-2019 in geography

Geography. USE-2019. Analysis of the tasks of the examination work

Exercise 1

("Determining the location of an object by its geographic coordinates"). 1 point

Type 1. The city of Arlit has geographical coordinates 18 ° 44 ′ N. 7 ° 23 ′ E Determine the territory of which state this city is located.

In this task and in other tasks in which it is proposed to determine the state on the territory of which the city is located, it is necessary to use the world map offered to the KIM:

To determine the location of an object by its geographic coordinates, find the intersection point of the parallel (specified in the task latitude) and the meridian (specified in the task longitude) where the object is located.

It is important not to confuse parallels with meridians, north latitude with south, and west longitude with east. It must be remembered that the latitude on the map is measured from the equator (indicated in the figure by the Roman numeral I), to the north (in the figure above) from the equator the north latitude is counted, to the south - the south. Longitude is measured from the zero (Greenwich) meridian (indicated in the figure by the number II). Longitude is counted from 0 to 180 °. To the east (left) from the prime meridian to 180 ° east longitude is counted, to the west - west.

Parallels and meridians on this map are drawn every 20 °. One degree - 60 minutes, which means the parallel is 18º 44 ′ N. will pass slightly south of the parallel of 20º 44 ′ N. , meridian 7 ° 23 ′ E - between the Greenwich (see fig.) Meridian and the meridian of 20º East.

Parallel 18º 44 ′ N and meridian 7 ° 23 ′ E. intersect on the territory of the state of Niger. So the city of Arlit is located on the territory of this state.

Type 2... The city of Sosnovoborsk has geographical coordinates 56º 07 ′ N. 93º 20 ′ E Determine on the territory of which subject of the Russian Federation this city is located.

In this task, it is proposed to determine the subject of the Russian Federation, on the territory of which the city specified in the task is located, which means that to complete this task it is necessary to use the map of the administrative-territorial structure of Russia. (see fig. 2). It is important to understand the location of the parallels and meridians on the map of Russia.

Parallels on the map of Russia are depicted in the form of arcs described around the North Pole. Meridians are straight lines fanning out from the North Pole. Parallels and meridians are drawn on this map every 10 degrees.

We draw the meridian 93º 20 ′ E on the map. (for the exam, this can be done with a pencil on a ruler right on the application map) and parallel 56º 07 ′ N.

Assignment 2

Type 1

(Understanding the patterns of change with altitude in atmospheric pressure.)

At the points indicated in the figure with numbers, measurements of atmospheric pressure are simultaneously carried out. Arrange these points in the order of the rise in atmospheric pressure (from lowest to highest).

Atmospheric pressure decreases with altitude, so the lowest pressure will be observed in point 3, and the highest - in point 2.

Answer: 312.

Type 2

(Understanding the patterns of change with altitude in air temperature.)

At meteorological stations 1, 2 and 3, located on the slope of the mountain at different heights, air temperature measurements were simultaneously carried out. The values ​​obtained are shown in the table. Arrange these weather stations in order of increasing altitude (from lowest to highest).

Write down the resulting sequence of numbers in the table.

The air temperature decreases with height, which means that meteorological station 3 is located at the lowest altitude above sea level, and meteorological station 2 is at the highest.

Answer: 312.

Type 3

(Understanding the patterns of change in the relative humidity of air depending on its temperature.)

At points 1, 2 and 3, measurements of temperature and relative humidity of air were carried out simultaneously. The values ​​obtained are shown in the table. Arrange these items in order of increasing absolute air humidity (from lowest to highest).

Write down the resulting sequence of numbers in the table.

The higher the air temperature, the more water vapor can be contained in it, therefore, at a constant temperature, the relative humidity of the air will increase with an increase in the water vapor content (absolute humidity). Answer: 321.

Assignment 3

(Knowledge of examples of rational and irrational nature management, understanding of the impact of human economic activity on nature is tested):

When performing this task, it is important to understand the differences between rational (contributing to the conservation of natural resources and environmental protection) use of natural resources from non-rational.

Some examples of both are shown in the table below.

Sample Job 3 (1)

Which of the following statements are correct? Write down numbers under which they are indicated.

1. An example of unsustainable use of natural resources is the production of granular pig iron from metallurgical waste.
2. The construction of power plants using renewable energy sources contributes to limiting carbon dioxide emissions into the Earth's atmosphere.
3. The creation of large reservoirs leads to a change in the regime of rivers.
4. An example of unsustainable use of natural resources is the use of renewable energy sources in the power industry.
5. An example of rational nature management is the planting of shelterbelts in the steppe zone.

In the above task, the correct answer: 235.

Sample Job 3 (21)

Which of the following is an example of unsustainable environmental management? Write down numbers, under which examples of rational use of natural resources are indicated.

1. creation of small hydroelectric power plants on small rivers for power supply of remote settlements.
2. longitudinal plowing of slopes
3. excess irrigation in drylands
4. recycling water supply of enterprises
5. biofuel production from wood processing waste

Answer: ___________________________.

The creation of small hydroelectric power plants allows, using a renewable energy source, to abandon the use of diesel installations using organic fuel, therefore this is an example of rational environmental management.

Plowing along the slopes is an example of unsustainable environmental management, because it leads to the creation of grooves along which rainwater rapidly flows down the slope, eroding the soil - water erosion develops.

Excessive irrigation in drylands leads to salinization of soils and a decrease in soil fertility, so this is an example of unsustainable environmental management.

The use of recycling water supply systems allows you to completely exclude the discharge of wastewater into water bodies, therefore this is an example of rational nature management.

The use of waste from the woodworking industry for biofuel production is an example of rational environmental management, because it is the use of a renewable energy source.

Correct answer: 23.

Assignment 4

(Knowledge and understanding of the main processes and phenomena in the geospheres, knowledge of geographical terminology are tested)

Example 1

Read the text below where a number of words are missing. Select from the provided list the words to be inserted in place of the blanks.

Tundra zone

The natural zone of the tundra is located to the north of the natural zone of the taiga. The border between them is drawn along the July isotherm of + 10 ° С. Atmospheric precipitation on the territory of the zone falls _______________ (A) than in the natural zone of the taiga, the moisture is excessive. Low air temperatures _______________ (B) the development of woody vegetation climate. Tundra-gley soils have ______________ (H) humus content.

one once.

Word list:

1. more
2. obstruct
3. smaller
4. short
5. contribute
6. high

The following table lists the letters that represent the missing words. Write down in the table under each letter the number of the word you have chosen.

In the tundra zone, there is less precipitation than in the taiga zone, low air temperatures interfere with the development of woody vegetation, in conditions of a small amount of plant litter and leaching from the soil, the products of their decomposition of humus in the soil are very few.

Correct answer: 124.

Example 2

Read the text below where a number of words (phrases) are missing. Select from the proposed list the words (phrases) that you want to insert in place of the gaps.

The territory of Russia is located mainly in _____________ (A) latitudes. The European part of the country is influenced by the Atlantic, which determines the active _____________ (B) activity with frequent changes in weather conditions. The central regions of Siberia have a sharply continental climate, and the extreme eastern regions of the country have _____________________ (B).

Select one word (phrase) after another in succession, inserting words (phrases) from the list in the required form in place of the gaps. Please note that there are more words (phrases) in the list than you need to fill in the gaps. Each word (phrase) can be used only once.

List of words (phrases):

1. anticyclonic
2. arctic
3. moderate
4. monsoon
5. trade wind
6. cyclonic

Most of the territory of our country is located in temperate latitudes. Frequent changes in weather conditions mentioned in the text can only be associated with the activity of cyclones. The Far East is located in an area of ​​monsoon climate. Correct answer: 364.

Assignment 5

(The knowledge and understanding of the regularities of the distribution of air temperatures of atmospheric precipitation on the Earth and on the territory of Russia, the position on the map of climatic zones is tested)

Example 1

Arrange the cities below in order of the multiyear average temperature of the coldest month, starting with the city with the lowest air temperature.

1. Rostov-on-Don
2. Permian

Write down the resulting sequence of numbers in the table.

When performing this and similar tasks, it must be remembered that the continentality of the climate on the territory of our country increases from the northwest to the southeast, therefore, in winter, the average monthly air temperatures in our country decrease when moving in this direction, and increase when moving to the north. west. If you do not remember the position on the map of the cities indicated in the assignment, then you can roughly determine it using the political and administrative map of Russia from the KIM reference materials. (see task 1)

Correct answer: 321.

Example 2

Establish a correspondence between the point indicated on the world map and the climatic zone in which it is located: for each element of the first column, select the corresponding element from the second column.

Correct answer: 321.

Assignment 6

(The understanding of the patterns of changes in the length of the day and the position of the Sun above the horizon at different latitudes depending on the season are tested)

Place the parallels listed in the order of increasing daylight hours on June 1, starting with the parallel with the shortest day length.

1. 40º N
2. 10º S
3. 30º S

Write down the resulting sequence of numbers in the table.

When performing this and similar tasks, it is important to remember that at the equator the length of the day is always equal to the length of the night, while in the summer months in the Northern Hemisphere, the length of the day increases with distance from the equator, and decreases in the southern hemisphere. In winter, the relationship is reversed.

Correct answer: 321.

Place the parallels listed in the order of increasing daylight hours on June 1, starting with the parallel with the shortest duration.

1. 55 ° S NS.
2. 35 ° S NS.
3. 15 ° S NS.

Write down the resulting sequence of numbers in the table.

Summer is in June in the Southern Hemisphere, and the length of the day increases with distance from the equator.

Correct answer: 321.

Assignment 7

(Knowledge of the geographical nomenclature is checked: the position and interposition of the largest and most significant geographical objects)

Set the correspondence between the bay and its designation on the world map:
for each element in the first column, match the corresponding element from the second column.

Write down the selected numbers in the table under the corresponding letters.

Correct answer: 241.

Place the listed parts of the World Ocean from west to east in the order in which they are located on the world map, starting with the westernmost.

1. Arabian Sea
2. Bay of bengal
3. Gulf of guinea

Write down the resulting sequence of numbers in the table.

Correct answer: 312.

Assignment 8

(Knowledge and understanding of the specifics of the demographic situation and indicators of the standard of living of the population in countries with different levels of socio-economic development is tested)

Example 1

Place the countries listed in ascending order of their average life expectancy, starting with the country with the lowest value of this indicator.

1. Republic of the Congo
2. United Kingdom
3. Brazil

Write down the resulting sequence of numbers in the table.

When performing this and similar tasks, it is important to remember that the lowest indicators of the standard of living are typical for the countries of Africa, and the highest for the economically developed countries of North America, Europe, Australia and Japan.

Answer: 132

Example 2

Arrange the listed countries in ascending order of their natural population growth rate (per 1,000 inhabitants), starting with the country with the lowest value of this indicator.

1. Canada
2. Nigeria
3. Finland

Write down the resulting sequence of numbers in the table.

When performing this and similar tasks, it must be remembered that the lowest rates of natural population growth are characteristic for most countries of Western Europe. In the USA, Canada and Australia, they are higher than in Western Europe. The highest rates are typical for developing countries, but in most countries of Asia and Latin America, these rates are slightly lower than in developing countries in Africa.

Correct answer: 312.

Assignment 9

(Knowledge and understanding of the geographical features of the distribution of the population across the territory of Russia and the world is tested.)

Example 1

Which three of the listed regions of Russia have the highest average population density? Write in the table numbers

1. Komi Republic
2. Tula region
3. Zabaykalsky Krai
4. The Republic of Buryatia
5. Sverdlovsk region
6. Rostov region

To perform such tasks, you need to represent the position on the map of Russia of the main settlement strip. Presenting the position of the indicated regions on the map can help the political and administrative map of Russia from the reference materials of the KIM (see task 1) - you need to determine which of them are within the main zone of settlement.

Correct answer: 256.

Example 2

Which three of the listed countries have the highest average population density? Write in the table numbers, under which these countries are indicated.

1. Vietnam
2. Canada
3. Indonesia
4. Libya
5. Mongolia
6. Germany

Correct answer: 136.

Assignment 10

(Knowledge and understanding of the features of the structure of the economy of countries with different levels of socio-economic development is tested.)

Establish a correspondence between the country and the diagram reflecting the distribution of its economically active population by sector of the economy: for each position given in the first column, select the corresponding position from the second column.

Write down the selected numbers in the table under the corresponding letters.

When performing such tasks, it is enough to remember that the highest share of people employed in agriculture is characteristic for the least developed countries, and the lowest for the most highly developed countries.

Answer: 321.

Assignment 11

(Knowledge and understanding of the nature, population and economy of the largest countries in the world is tested)

Read the text below where a number of words (phrases) are missing. Select from the proposed list the words (phrase) that you want to insert in place of the gaps.

France

France is one of the most economically developed countries in the world and one of the leaders of the countries of the European Union. In foreign Europe, the country is the first in terms of territory and ___________ (A) in terms of population.

The country has deposits of various minerals, such as bauxite, iron and zinc ores, coal. However, their development (except for uranium ores) has now been discontinued and the country is importing practically all the industrial raw materials it needs.

The country has a modern diversified economy. A characteristic feature of the French industry is the dominance of __________ (B). France produces a wide variety of agricultural products. The country is one of the world leaders in the production of not only viticulture products, but also grain, and such products as _____________ (B)

Choose sequentially one word (phrase) after another, mentally inserting words (phrases) from the list in the desired form in place of the gaps. Please note that there are more words (phrases) in the list than you need to fill in the gaps. Each word (phrase) can only be used one once.

List of words (phrases):

1. the first
2. second
3. sugarcane
4. sugar beet

The following table contains letters denoting missing words (phrases). Write down in the table under each letter the number of the word (phrase) you have chosen.

Completing tasks of this type requires attracting knowledge about the nature of the population and economy of not only separately radiated countries, but also knowledge on the topics "World Population" and "World Economy" In column A, the correct answer is 2, since the largest country in Europe in terms of population is Germany ... In column B, the correct answer is 4, since France is the only country in the world in which more than 80% of electricity is produced from nuclear power plants. In column B, the correct answer is 6, since France is the world leader in the production of this particular culture of the temperate zone.

Correct answer: 246.

Assignment 12

(The knowledge of the largest cities (millionaire cities) of Russia is checked)

Which three of the listed cities in Russia have the largest population? Write in the table numbers, under which these cities are indicated.

1. Ryazan
2. Kazan
3. Tver
4. Samara
5. Novosibirsk

Kazan, Samara and Novosibirsk are among the cities listed above. Of these cities in Russia, these cities have the largest population.

Correct answer: 246.

Assignment 13

(The knowledge of the geographical features of the location of the main branches of agriculture, industry and transport in Russia is tested.)

Example 1

Which three of the listed regions of Russia are major producers of corn for grain? Write in the table numbers, under which these regions are indicated.

1. Republic of Karelia
2. Belgorod region
3. Voronezh region
4. Tyumen region
5. Krasnodar region
6. Tyva Republic

Corn gives good yields in a warm (with a high sum of active temperatures) climate and fertile soils. Such conditions exist in Central Russia and the Kuban.

Correct answer: 235.

Example 2

Choose from the list below three cities that are major centers of non-ferrous metallurgy. Circle the appropriate numbers and write them down in the table.

1. Norilsk
2. Cherepovets
3. Vladimir
4. Krasnoyarsk
5. Khabarovsk
6. Bratsk

To accomplish this and similar tasks, it is necessary to learn well the largest centers for the production of aluminum, copper and nickel with the help of atlas maps. (to complete other tasks, you will need knowledge of centers of ferrous metallurgy, chemistry, pulp and paper industry, etc.)

Correct answer: 146.

Assignment 14

(Knowledge and understanding of the peculiarities of nature, population and economy of large geographic regions of Russia and natural and economic zones is tested)

Read the text below where a number of words are missing. Select from the list provided the words to be inserted in the spaces.

Geographical features of the nature of the European North of Russia

Most of the district's territory is located in the natural zone ________________ (A), which is characterized by podzolic soils. Average air temperatures in July vary from +8 ° С in the north to +18 ° С in the south of the region. Average air temperatures in January within the territory of the region vary from –8 ° С to –18 ° С: they become lower when moving by __________________ (B)

Average annual precipitation __________________ (B) up to 850 mm in the foothills of the Urals.

Choose sequentially one word after another, mentally inserting words from the list in the desired form in place of the gaps. Please note that there are more words in the list than you need to fill in the blanks. Each word can only be used one once.

The following table shows the letters denoting the missing words (phrase). Write down in the table under each letter the number of the word you have chosen.

List of words (phrases):

1. increases
2. decreases
3. taiga
4. tundra
5. East
6. west

The following table contains letters denoting missing words (phrases). Write down in the table under each letter the number of the word (phrase) you have chosen.

In the tundra zone there is only a small part of the region located beyond the Arctic Circle, therefore in column A the correct answer is 3, when moving to the east the climate becomes more continental, therefore in column B the correct answer is 5. The amount of precipitation on the windward slopes is always greater than on the neighboring plains, so in column B the correct answer is 1.

Correct answer: 351.

Task 16

(The ability to determine and compare, based on statistical data, trends in the development of various socio-economic processes and phenomena is tested)

Based on the analysis of the data in the table below, indicate the areas
in which in the period from 2013 to 2015 there was an annual increase in industrial production. Write down numbers, under which these regions are indicated.

Dynamics of industrial production
(in% to the previous year)

Answer: ___________________________.

When performing this and similar tasks, it should be noted that all data in the table are given in comparison with the previous year. If the value of the indicator is less than 100, then this indicates a recession, decrease, reduction in production. If the indicator is more than 100, then we are talking about growth, an increase in production.

The data for the Bryansk and Belgorod regions all exceed 100%, which means a constant increase in production volumes.

Data for the Murmansk region in 2013 and 2014 less than 100%, which means a decrease in production volumes.

Data for the Yaroslavl region in 2013, less than 100% decline. This means that in that year the volume of industrial production was less than in 2012, there was no growth

Correct answer: 23.

Task 17

(The ability to extract information from maps using the contour method is tested.)

Using the map, compare the values ​​of the average multi-year minimum air temperature at the points indicated on the map by numbers 1, 2 and 3. Place the points in the order of increasing these values.

Average long-term air temperature minimums (in ° С)

Write down the resulting sequence of numbers in the table.

To compare the temperatures at these points, it is necessary to determine by isotherms (lines of equal temperatures) in which direction their decrease or increase occurs. This map shows that at point 1 the temperature is approximately -38 ° С, at point 2 - -53 ° С, at point 3 - -46 ° С. The lowest of these temperatures is -53 ° C, and the highest is -38 ° C. Correct answer: 231.

Task 18

(The knowledge of the capitals of the countries of the world, the capitals of the republics of the Russian Federation and the administrative centers of the territories and regions of the Russian Federation is checked.)

Establish a correspondence between the subject of the Russian Federation and its administrative center: for each element of the first column, select the corresponding element from the second column.

Write down the selected numbers in the table under the corresponding letters.

When performing such tasks, you need to know the political and administrative map of the Russian Federation.

Correct answer: 324.

Task 18

(Knowledge of the geographical features of the location of the most important industries, agriculture and transport in the world is tested.)

Which three of the following countries are major oil producers?

1. Netherlands
2. Sweden
3. China
4. Switzerland
5. Mexico

Write down the numbers under which these countries are indicated in the table.

To accomplish this and similar tasks, one should know the world's largest oil producers. They are Russia, Saudi Arabia, USA, China, Canada, Iran, Iraq, Mexico, Kuwait and the United Arab Emirates. Large oil producers also include Brazil, Venezuela, Nigeria, Qatar, Angola, Norway and Algeria.

Correct answer: 246.

In addition, it is necessary to know large producers and exporters of natural gas, coal, iron and copper ores, bauxite, large producers of agricultural products such as wheat, corn, rice, coffee, tea, cotton, sugar beets, and sugar cane.

Task 20

(The ability to determine differences in zonal time on the territory of Russia is tested.)

In accordance with the Law on the return to the "winter" time, since October 26, 2014, 11 time zones have been established in the country (see map). The starting point for calculating the local time of the time zones is Moscow time - the time of the II time zone.

The plane took off from Moscow (II time zone) to Volgograd (III time zone) at 10:30 Moscow time. The estimated flight time is 1 hour 30 minutes. How long will it be in Volgograd when the plane lands? Write your answer as a number.

Answer: ___________________________ h.

The map shows that the time difference between the time zones of Moscow and Volgograd is +1 hour. This means that the plane that departed from Moscow at 10.30 will land in Volgograd at 12 o'clock Moscow time or at 13 o'clock local time in Volgograd.

Correct answer: 13 hours.

Task 21

(The ability to determine and compare development trends, socio-economic and, processes and phenomena based on different sources of information is tested.)

Example 1

Using the data of the diagrams, determine the value of the migration increase (decrease) of the population of the Amur Region in 2015. Write down the answer in numbers.

DISTRIBUTION OF MIGRANTS BY MAJOR TRAFFIC FLOWS in 2015

Answer: ___________________________ thousand people.

Migration gain is the difference between the number of those who arrived in the region for permanent residence from the regions of Russia and from other foreign countries and the number of those who left. In this case, this will be equal to (8.8 + 3.8) - (13 + 3.4) = –3.8. It is important to write down the answer correctly in the answer form in accordance with the instructions:

Example 2

Using the data in the table, determine how much the cost of goods exported from Krasnodar Territory to non-CIS countries exceeded the cost of goods exported from Krasnodar Territory to CIS countries in 2015.

Write the answer in the form of a number (according to the sample specified in the instructions for performing the work).

Foreign trade of the Krasnodar Territory by groups of countries in 2015

Answer: ___________________________ USD million

The value of the exported goods is indicated in the "export" column. In order to find out how much the cost of goods exported from Krasnodar Territory to non-CIS countries exceeded the cost of goods exported from Krasnodar Territory to CIS countries, in 2015 it is necessary to subtract 420 from 5856.

Correct answer: 5436.

Task 22

(the ability to determine and compare the resource availability of individual countries and regions of the world is tested)

Example 1

Using the data in the table below, compare the countries' availability of arable land. Rank countries in order of increasing resource availability.

Write down the resulting sequence of numbers in the table.

To determine the resource availability of arable land, it is necessary to divide the arable land area of ​​each country by the number of inhabitants. The lowest value will be obtained for Brazil and the highest for Australia.

Correct answer: 321.

Example 2

Using the data in the table, compare the resource supply of countries with oil. Rank the countries in ascending order of their resource endowment score, starting with the country with the lowest score.

Write down the resulting sequence of numbers in the table.

To determine the resource availability of any kind of minerals, it is necessary to divide the amount of reserves of each country by the amount of production. The smallest value will be obtained for the United States and Nigeria.

Correct answer: 321.

Task 23

(Knowledge of the sequence of stages in geological history is tested.)

The following mnemonic rule will help to remember their sequence:

Example

Place the listed periods of the Earth's geological history in chronological order, starting with the earliest.

1. Cambrian
2. paleogene
3. Triassic

Write down the resulting sequence of numbers in the table.

Correct answer: 132.

Task 24

(The ability to identify a country by its short description based on the identification of its essential geographical features is tested.)

Example

Define the country by its description.

This country has no land borders with other states. It is a constitutional monarchy. Own mineral resources are small, almost all mineral raw materials are imported. Despite the high proportion of elderly people, the country has a significant human capital - the population is more than 125 million people, and the highly qualified labor force creates good opportunities for economic development.

Answer:_________________ .

The fact that the country has no land borders means that it is located on an island (archipelago). The island countries that are constitutional monarchies are Bahrain, Japan, and the United Kingdom. However, neither Bahrain nor the United Kingdom is suitable in terms of population size. In addition, Bahrain has its own significant oil and gas reserves, and the UK has a border with Ireland. Hence, this is a description of Japan.

Correct answer: Japan.

Task 25

(The ability to determine the region of Russia by its short description based on the identification of its essential geographical features is tested.)

It is important to carefully analyze the characteristics indicated in the condition, consistently excluding possible answer options.

Example

Define the region of Russia by its short description.

The territory of this region is washed by the waters of two seas. An essential feature of the economic and geographical location is the lack of rail links with other regions of the country. So far, few tourists are attracted here by the opportunity to see unique natural sites included in the UNESCO World Heritage List.

Answer:_________________ .

On the map (you can use a map from reference materials (see Assignment 1), it can be seen that the waters of two different seas wash the territories of a number of Russian regions. However, only the Kamchatka Territory and the Magadan Region have no rail links with other regions of the country. only one sea, and on its territory there are no objects included in the UNESCO World Heritage List.

Correct answer: Kamchatka Krai.

Tasks 26-28 are performed using the card shown in the CMM version.

Task 26

(The ability to determine distances using a scale is tested.)

Determine on the map the distance in the area in a straight line from the spring to the forester's house. Round up the obtained result to the nearest tens of meters. Write your answer as a number.

Answer: ___________________________ m.

We measure the distance on the map from the forester's house to the spring with a ruler. The result obtained (2.7 cm). The scale of this map is 1 cm 100 m (in tasks of different options it may be different). Multiply 2.7 times 100 to get the answer.

Correct answer: 270.

In order to measure the azimuth on the map, you need to draw a line parallel to the north-south direction through the starting point of the direction to be determined. Then, also through the point, draw a line connecting the point and the object to which you want to determine the azimuth. And then, using a protractor, measure the resulting angle (azimuth), taking into account that the azimuth is always counted clockwise.

Task 27

(The ability to determine azimuths from the terrain plan and from a topographic map is tested.)

Azimuth - the angle formed at a given point or on the map between the direction to the north and any object, and counted clockwise. Measurements of azimuths on maps are made using a protractor.

So, if the object is located strictly north of the point at which the observer is, then the azimuth to it will be 0 °, to the east - 90 °, to the south - 180 °, to the west - 270 °. Azimuths can range from 0 ° to 360 °. In order to measure the azimuth on the map, you need to draw a line parallel to the north-south direction through the starting point of the direction to be determined. Then, also through the point, draw a line connecting the point and the object to which you want to determine the azimuth. And then, using a protractor, measure the resulting angle (azimuth), taking into account that the azimuth is always counted clockwise. It is important to remember that if the object is located in the western hemisphere (the angle between the direction to the north and to the object deployed), then the azimuth will be more than 180 degrees:

Example

Determine the azimuth from the spring to the forester's house on the map. Write down the answer
as a number.

Answer: ___________________________ city.

Correct answer: 270.

Task 28

(Building a relief profile.)

To build a profile of the relief on the map, the height of each contour line and the distance between the contour lines are determined.

Example

Build a profile of the terrain along the line AB. To do this, transfer the basis for constructing the profile to answer form No. 2, using a horizontal scale of 1 cm 50 m and a vertical scale of 1 cm 5 m. Indicate the position of the spring on the profile with an "X".

The scale of the map in the task is 1 cm 100 m. This means that the horizontal scale of the profile is twice the scale of the map. Therefore, having measured the distance between the contours on the map, when transferring to the profile, they need to be doubled. The horizons on the map are drawn every 5 m, and when building the profile, you need to use a scale of 1 cm 10 m.This means that the contour lines on the profile will be marked every 0.5 cm.The distance on the map between points A and B is 4 cm. By condition, the horizontal scale twice as much, therefore, the length of the profile base will be 8 cm. When transferring the profile base to the answer form, you need to carefully look at what height points A and B are shown). The height of the signed contour lines shows that the territory from point A first (to the spring) decreases, then increases, and then decreases again to point B. It is necessary to ensure that the general direction of change in the relief on the map coincides with that shown on the profile. The closer the horizontal lines are, the steeper the slope.

Correct answer

Assignments 29

(The ability to explain various natural and socio-economic objects, processes and phenomena is tested)

In these tasks, it is required to indicate two reasons for this or that phenomenon.

Example 1

As a rule, more atmospheric precipitation falls on the coasts of the oceans than in the interior regions of the continents. However, on the Atlantic coast of South Africa in tropical latitudes, the average annual precipitation is very low. State two reasons for this phenomenon.

The main reasons for preventing the formation of clouds and atmospheric precipitation on the Atlantic coast of South Africa are the cold current passing along the coast and the prevalence of high atmospheric pressure throughout the year.

In some tasks at position 29, it is required to establish a chain of cause-effect relationships:

Example 2

Scientists analyzed data from observations of the water level in the Nile, which were conducted in Cairo since 622 AD. These data were compared with the periods of volcanic activity in antiquity, information about which scientists obtained from the results of the study of ice cores in Greenland. It turned out that during large eruptions the floods were weaker on the Nile due to the weakening at this time of winds bringing moisture from the ocean. The winds were weakening due to less warming up of the mainland in the summer.

Name the links in the chain of links between the increase in the content of volcanic products in the atmosphere and the decrease in the heating of the continent, indicated in the diagram by numbers 2 and 3.

Sample response to such tasks: Due to the increase in the content of products of volcanic activity (ash), the transparency of the atmosphere decreases, which leads to a decrease in solar radiation reaching the earth's surface, so the surface of the mainland warms up less.

Task 30

(The ability to use geographical knowledge and skills to analyze and evaluate different territories from the point of view of the relationship of natural, socio-economic, man-made objects and processes is tested. These can be tasks in which you need to give a simple geographical forecast or, by logical reasoning, determine a territory or an object with the properties specified in the condition.)

Example 1

The figure shows a profile drawn across an island in the Pacific Ocean at a parallel of 20 ° S. Which of the points marked on the profile by the letters A, B, C, and D will receive the greatest amount of atmospheric precipitation? Give two reasons to support your answer.

In tropical latitudes, trade winds prevail, blowing from the southeast in the southern hemisphere. They will bring atmospheric precipitation from the ocean to the east coast of the island. The higher the air rises along the mountain slope, which the winds meet in their path, the more the air will cool, and the more precipitation will fall. This means that most of the precipitation will fall at point B.

First of all, the Sun rises above the horizon at point A, which is located to the east of the point B located with it on the same parallel (the Sun rises earlier in the East), but at the same time closer to the equator than point B, located with point A on the same meridian (in August, the duration days in the Southern Hemisphere decrease with distance from the equator).

Task 31

(The ability to evaluate and compare the role of agriculture in different countries using statistical data is tested )

Example

Using the data in the table below, compare the shares of the population employed in agriculture and the shares of agriculture in the total GDP of Israel and Iran. Draw a conclusion about in which of these countries agriculture plays a greater role in the economy. Please write down the numbers or calculations required to support your answer.

Socio-economic indicators of development of Israel and Iran in 2016

Please note that the shares of the population employed in agriculture in the countries are indicated in the table in the corresponding column in the "Structure of population employment", and the share of agriculture in the total GDP of Israel and Iran must be calculated independently by dividing the indicator of the volume of GDP created in agriculture by an indicator of the total volume of GDP. To compare shares means to indicate in which country the share is higher. It seems obvious that 16 is more than one, but if you do not write this, you may receive less points for completing the task. The answer to the task can be written like this:

The share of the population employed in agriculture in Iran (16%) is higher than in Israel (1%), and the share of GDP created in agriculture in Iran (10%) is also higher than in Israel (2.3%). Consequently, agriculture plays a greater role in the Iranian economy than in the Israeli economy.

Task 32

(Tasks to determine the geographic longitude of a point by its solar time or to determine the geographic distance between geographic objects from data on their geographic latitude)

Example 1

Determine the geographic longitude of the point if it is known that at 22 o'clock solar time, the meridian is 30 ° W. local solar time in it is 01 hour of the next day. Write down the solution to the problem.

One hour difference in time corresponds to a difference of 15 ° in longitude.

The time difference from the meridian is 30 ° W is 3 hours, so the difference in longitude is: 15 ° х 2 = 45 °

The time at the point is longer than the time on the meridian 30 ° E, which means that the point is located east of the meridian 15 ° E.

Answer: 15 ° East

Example 2

From a ship located at a point with coordinates 13 ° N. 73 ° W, an engine malfunction radio message was received. What is the distance (in km) from the port of Riohacha to the faulty vessel by the repair ship
(11 ° N 73 ° W), if it is known that the ship will go strictly along the meridian, and the faulty ship will remain at the same point from which the message was transmitted? Round your answer to the nearest whole number. Write down the solution to the problem.

Average annual population, people

There is no data

Natural population growth, people, value of the indicator per year

There is no data

Task 33

Using the data in the table, determine the natural population growth rate (in ‰) in 2017 for the Saratov region.

When calculating, use the indicator of the average annual population. Write down the solution to the problem. Round up the result to tenths of a ppm.

To solve this task, it is necessary to divide the value of the indicator of natural growth for 2017 –10150 by 12 471 105; –10150: (12 471 105: 1000) = –4.107474. Since it is required to determine the value of the indicator in ‰ (per 1 thousand people), it is very important not to forget to divide the value of the average annual population indicated for 2017 by 1000. As a result of dividing, we get –4.107474 and round the result to tenths ppm Correct answer: –4.1 ‰. Remember to write down all of your calculations. If they are absent, the score will be reduced.

Task 34

The population of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation is significantly influenced by both the natural movement of the population and migration. After analyzing the data in the table, determine the value of the migration increase (decrease) in the population of the Saratov region in 2017. Write down the solution to the problem.

This task is solved in two steps. First, we find out how much the population of the region has changed in the desired year. Since in this task it is required to determine the indicator for 2017, it is necessary to subtract the value of the population as of January 1, 2017 from the value of the population size as of January 1, 2018:

2 462 950 – 2 479 260 = –16310

This value is the sum of natural and migration (mechanical) population growth in 2017. Therefore, in order to find out the value of migration growth, it is necessary to find the difference between this value and the value of natural growth indicated in the table:

–16310 - (–10150) = –6160. Thus, the migration increase in the population amounted to -6160 people (migration loss of 6160 people).