Not sure how to write a paragraph outline? It's not all that complicated.

Any synopsis is a summary of a paragraph or a separate section. The quality of your personal knowledge and their assessment by teachers directly depends on how the content of the topic will be presented.

Do you think that home notes are given because there is nothing to do? But that was not the case. The fact is that your synopsis is like a litmus test by which you can determine how much you are, as it is fashionable to say now, “in the subject”. The teacher will be interested to know what exactly you wrote out, what thoughts you saw in the text.

It so happens that there is a synopsis, the synopsis is beautiful, but the student wrote out the wrong thing. Therefore, dear students, note-taking is not only a calligraphy training, but also, to a certain extent, a means of increasing your competencies, which, in fact, make a real specialist-expert out of a student.

The main rule of good notes

Therefore, the first rule follows from here, it is also the most important thing - to write a little, but to the point. The text should be sifted, as it were, for important thoughts, the important ones should be recorded in a notebook, and the side ones should be simply taken into account.

By the way, this rule is universal. It must be adhered to both when you sat down to write a synopsis for a paragraph, and when you have huge piles of books in front of you.

What else will help you?

It is believed that it is necessary not only to highlight all the phrases and definitions that require it in the paragraph, but also to try to structure the entire text in general, placing important information in a sequence of prioritized priorities.

The need for a synopsis arises when you need to process a large amount of information in a short time. Records help to reproduce in memory the necessary and most important information on the studied paragraph.

What is a free outline?

There is a so-called free synopsis, which combines extracts, quotes, plan and abstracts. This type is of the highest quality. With its help, the student can quickly give the desired example and navigate the question that was posed to him.

The advantage of the free presentation of the material is that it is possible to recreate the content of a paragraph in memory even after a long period of time. But such a summary is not always suitable for study, for example, for a speech at a conference it is better to make a summary that looks more like a plan or thesis form.

But a synopsis with large extracts is needed when you process literature on the topic of an abstract, term paper or thesis. In this case, in addition to the extracts themselves, it is necessary to indicate the name of the sources where they were taken from, and it is also advisable to put specific pages in the margins. This will help not only to find a quote later in the book, but also to make a reference to it in the diploma or in the same abstract.

How to write a synopsis for a paragraph?

Before proceeding with the design of the abstract, you can read the entire paragraph in order to understand the content of the text as a whole. You can, of course, work in parallel - reading and writing something out.

It is imperative to find and highlight the most important points, main thoughts, ideas, formulas. You should not write down literally everything that is told to you or that is written in the textbook. State the content of this or that article in your own words. Find relevant examples. You can even create a table by which it will be easier for you to navigate.

As soon as you read the information, mentally break it down into points and rarities of importance. And you will quickly be able to navigate how to write a summary for a paragraph. To fully reveal the essence of the information being studied, highlight the main concepts and write down important quotes. At the end of the synopsis, you should write conclusions, give examples and facts.

It is very comfortable and practical to use a variety of schemes for writing notes. They allow you to visually show the information you need. For this, material is selected to draw up a diagram and general concepts are highlighted. Using key phrases and words, they reveal the essence of the concept. Pictures can also be a clue to the content of the topic. Do not forget that the information written in the synopsis is easy to understand and has a logical structure.

For visual perception, use colored markers, felt-tip pens or paste. If there are formulas, concepts, definitions, it is best to enclose them in frames. Using abbreviations, notation, and different types of fonts will make your note-taking easier. This is what a paragraph outline should look like.

Now you should no longer have a question about how to write a summary for a paragraph. Be careful, and the synopsis will become a personal encyclopedia of all the necessary and important information.

#Students. Old robbers - video

This lesson will help organize the work of students to familiarize themselves with the science of zoology and the subject of its study. During the lesson, completing a variety of tasks, students will establish the differences between plants and animals, remember the four living environments of living organisms, including animals, groups of environmental factors, the concept of "biocenosis" and types of relationships between animals. The lesson is accompanied by a vivid presentation. The work was added to the competition "My presentation for the lesson".

Development contains a summary of the lesson, presentation and video. This is the second lesson on the topic "Cell structure", the previous one studied all organelles, except for the nucleus.

Most of the lesson is devoted to consolidating and testing knowledge about the structure and functions of cell organelles, which will be helped by a presentation with settings for the appearance of captions to figures; the smaller one is to study the structure and functions of the nucleus by watching a video clip and performing independent tasks in a notebook.

The lesson is built according to the program of N.I. Sonina, material of general biology of grade 10, basic level, but it may well be used in grade 9 according to the concentric program of the same author or other authors. The lesson uses a variety of independent, pair and group work of students.

Target audience: for grade 10

This presentation can be used in a biology lesson in grade 5 on the topic: Environmental factors of the environment. The purpose of the lesson: find out what ecological factors of the environment are, what effect they have on living organisms. Lesson from I.N. Ponomareva "Algorithm of success"

Methodical development of the lesson "Man in nature" for grade 11. A lesson in the discovery of new knowledge. Contains tasks to prove that a person belongs to the animal world. Includes reflection stage and optional homework.

Target audience: for grade 11

The biology lesson in the 5th grade was developed according to the teaching materials of I.N. Ponomareva, but can be used for textbooks by other authors. The lesson is aimed at the formation of UUD based on educational tasks according to Dana Tollingerova. The lesson includes a technological map, presentation and applications, tables of educational tasks according to D. Tollingerova, supplemented by the generated UUD.

Target audience: for grade 5

Abstract and presentation for a lesson in biology"

Lesson Objectives:

To form knowledge about the structure of an animal cell, the structure and functions of parts and organelles of a cell (nucleus, cytoplasm, cell and nuclear membranes, EPS, Golgi complex, mitochondria, lysosomes, chromosomes, DNA).

To form an idea that the cell is the main structural and functional element of the body.

UMC: D.V. Kolesov. R.D. Mash. Biology. Human. 8 cl. - Textbook / M: "Bustard", 2016

Target audience: for grade 8

This lesson is an introductory biology lesson in grade 6. The material of the lesson allows you to form an idea of ​​botany as a science of plants, to develop an idea of ​​the diversity of the plant world, the importance of plants in nature and human life, to deepen knowledge of the signs and organs of plants. The lesson is accompanied by a colorful presentation.

Target audience: for grade 6

Development of a lesson in biology: "Habitat. Migration. Patterns of animal placement." 7th grade.

UMC: V. V. Latyushin, V. A. Shapkin Biology. Animals. 7th grade. Textbook / M .: Bustard, 2014.

The purpose of the lesson: To form the knowledge of students about habitats, migrations;

• To acquaint with the patterns of placement of animals in the range caused by a change in habitat and changes in environmental conditions;
• Show that the placement of animals is adaptive and is the result of evolution;
• To form the skills to carry out examples of types of endemics, cosmopolitans, relics, various types of migrations (age, periodic, non-periodic), to draw up and sound schemes (types of migration).

Target audience: for grade 7

Biology lesson in the 11th grade "Solving Genetic Problems".

Lesson type: lesson - workshop.

Methods: reproductive, partially exploratory.

Lesson type: generalization and systematization of knowledge and methods of activity.

The form of organizing student activities is group.

The purpose of the lesson: to generalize knowledge about the material foundations of heredity and variability, to consolidate knowledge on solving genetic problems of different types, to work out the symbols and terminology necessary for solving problems, to continue learning to work in groups.

Target audience: for teachers

Introduction BIOLOGY AS A SCIENCE

Methods of scientific knowledge

The main task of general biology is to identify and explain the general laws of the development of the organic world

The main signs of the living

unity of elemental chemical composition

Metabolism and energy

Self regulation

Reproduction

Consistency and variability

Growth and development

Irritability and movement

Levels of organization of the living world:

Biosphere

Population specific

Organic

Tissue

Cellular

Molecular

Methods of cognition

Observation

Experimental

Comparison

Historical

Modeling

The history of the study of the cell. Cell theory

The history of the study of the cell is associated with the name of many scientists. Hooke 1665 Constructed a cork cut.The cell he saw he called the cell. And Leeuwenhoek designed a microscope that magnified 200 times and examined the cells of animals and plants.

Botanist Schleidan and zoologist Schwann generalized knowledge about the cell and formed a cell theory. But they did not correctly explain the appearance of new cells from non-cellular matter. 1858 F Virchow proved that all cells are formed from two cells.

The main provisions of the cell theory

1-cell is an elementary unit of all living things

2-All cells are similar in structure and composition

3-Cells only give birth to cells

Multicellular organisms are complex systems consisting of interacting cells.

A similar cellular structure of the body has a common origin

Cell chemistry

The cell includes

Inorganic substances water and mineral salts (release microelements 98% C, hydrogen, oxygen nitrogen 1.8%, chlorine, potassium, sulfur. Microelements 0.2% iodine, fluorine, copper. Water is a solvent (fats are insoluble)

Hydrophilic well soluble in water (sugar salt). Water is involved in many metabolic processes (ATP photosynthesis)

Organic substances are proteins, fats, carbohydrates, nucleic acids, DNA and RNA, and ATP.

Proteins are made up of carbon, hydrogen and nitrogen - a polymer made up of monomers. Protein monomers are amino acids.

Protein properties:

Specificity is the destruction of the 2-3rd structure of the protein under the influence of high temperatures

Distinguish

Primary structure

The secondary structure is denser

Tertiary structure is even denser

Protein functions

Construction

Transport

Protective

Catalytic - speeds up the reaction

Energy - with the splitting of 1 gr. protein is released 17.1 KJ of energy

Carbohydrates - consist of (C, H2. O2). Allocate monosaccharides (glucose, fructose) well soluble in water

Polysaccharides (starch) are insoluble in water, not sweet.

Functions

Construction

Energy (17.1 KJ)

Fats are insoluble in water, composed of amino acids

Functions

Construction

Protective

Energy (with the breakdown of 1 g of fat, the secretion of 39 KJ)

Practical work No. 1

Study of the catalytic activity of enzymes

The aim of the work is to form knowledge about the role of enzymes in cells. Strengthen the ability to conduct an experiment and ensure their result.

Equipment: Hydrogen peroxide solution, pieces of raw and boiled potatoes, pieces of raw and boiled meat, test tubes, tweezers

Progress

potatoes

A piece of boiled potatoes was placed in a test tube with H2O2

Enzyme protein denaturation occurred during cooking

A piece of boiled meat was placed in a test tube with H2O2

No change occurs with the solution

Enzymes are present in meat cells

A piece of raw meat was placed in a test tube with H2O2

Violent bubbling of oxygen

Potato cells contain enzymes that accelerate the breakdown of H2O2

Conclusion: The action of enzymes in plant and animal cells is similar between these organisms.

Cell structure

The main composition of the cell is the cytoplasm and the membrane. The cytoplasm is formed by cytoplasmic substances in it organelles are located, the constantly present structure and inclusions - a fickle structure (droplets of fat, starch).

Allocate

Membrane organelles - Gol Ji complex, lysosomes, mitochondria

Non-membranous - Ribosomes cell center

The structure and function of cell organelles

Gol ji

Thickened tanks

Packaging of substances that form lysosomes

Mitochondria

Rounded bodies 2 membranes. Outer forms cristae

ATP synthesis

The cell center consists of

Leukoplast

White paint

Chloroplasts

Photosynthesis

Chromoplasts

Give color

Laboratory work No. 1

Comparison of the cell structure of plants and animals

Purpose: to continue the formation of skills, to prepare micropreparations to reveal the structural features of plant and animal cells.

Equipment: microscope and cover glass, tweezers, teaching needles, microscope, iodine, onions, ready-made micropreparations.

Progress

Preparation of a micropreparation of onion skin cells. Its examination at low and high magnification.

PICTURE 1

The structure of onion skin cells at low magnification-m, high-b

Cell shell

Cytoplasm

Core

Nucleolus

Vacuole

Examined under a microscope a single-layer squamous epithelium (mesothelium) of the omentum of a rabbit on a finished microscope

FIGURE 2

Mesothelium cell

Cell borders

Core

Cytoplasm

Carried out a comparative characterization of animal and plant cells

When comparing plant and animal cells, features of similarity in their structure were revealed, which indicates different paths of evolution of the plant and animal world.

Laboratory work No. 3

Study of plasmolysis and diplasmolysis in plant cells

Purpose of work: To continue the formation of the skills to prepare samples, examine them under a microscope, study the phenomenon of plasmolysis and diplasmolysis in the skin of onion scales.

Equipment: slides and coverslips, tweezers, teaching needles, microscope, iodine, bow, safety pin, saturated solutionNaCl

Progress

Prepared a micropreparation of onion skin skin cells, examined it under a microscope.

A drop of saturated solution was placed on a glass slideNaClpulling off water from the opposite side with filter paper. After a while, we observe plasmolysis, because the concentration of water inside the cell is higher than outside

A drop of water was placed on a glass slide, pulling the solution from the opposite edgeNaCl... We observe deplazmolysis because water moves from the outer space of the cell into the cell.

Conclusion: In the course of laboratory work, the phenomenon of plasmolysis and deplasmolysis in the cells of onion scales was observed. Found out that the cell membrane is semi-permeable

The cell nucleus is the structure and function of chromosomes.

The essential component of eukaryotic cells is the nucleus. It stores information about the structure of the body and controls all vital processes. The cell nucleus is surrounded by a nuclear membrane, contains nuclear juice, chromatin and one or more nucleoli. The nuclear membrane consists of 2 membranes. The outer membrane passes into the endoplasmic reticulum. The surface of the core is permeated with pores that exchange various substances.

Nuclear juice-solution of proteins, carbohydrates and nucleic acids, DNA RNA, all intranuclear processes take place in it

The nucleolus is the site of RNA synthesis, in which the RNA species involved in protein biosynthesis are formed.

In the nucleus of the cell there are DNA molecules that contain information about all the characteristics of the organism.

DNA molecules together with proteins form complexes - Histones

In the nucleus of a dividing cell, these filaments are long and thin. During the preparation of the cell for division, DNA molecules spirealize, shorten, and become visible under a light microscope called. - chromosomes.

The shape of the chromosomes depends on the location of the primary constriction.

The centromere is the place to which the fission spindle filaments are attached.

The totality of all the characteristics of the chromosome set characteristic of a particular species is called a karyotype.

A person has 46 chromosomes. Carrying over 30,000 genes.

Allocate

Haploid-single set of chromosomes (n)

Diploid 2nd set of chromosomes (nn)

Homologous chromosomes are the same - these are chromosomes of the same size carrying the same genes

DNA is the carrier of hereditary information. Protein biosynthesis.

Information about the structure of all proteins in the body is recorded in DNA molecules and is called genetic information.

A set of combinations of three nucleotides coding for the composition of amino acids is called the genetic code.

Gene-site of a DNA molecule carrying hereditary information.

Protein biosynthesis:

Transcription - rewriting information about the structure of a protein from a DNA molecule to inf., RNA

Translation is the transfer of amino acids to the site of protein synthesis. Transport RNAs are located in the cytoplasm under the influenceenzymes and energy are formed by a set of sost. from amino acid and transport RNA. It moves to the ribosome, the site of protein synthesis. If the triplet and RNA are complementary (corresponds) to the triplett-RNA, then a peptide bond arises between the amino acids and the protein molecule is lengthened at the same time. This happens until the ribosome goes all the way alongi-RNA or until the unbiased triplet arrives. The formed protein goes through the channels of the endoplasmic reticulum to the part of the cell where it is needed.

All processes take place with the participation of ATP. Duplication process DNA synthesisI-RNA and proteins are called template synthesis reactions.

The matrix type of reaction underlies the ability of living organisms to reproduce their own kind.

Picture3

Nuclear-free and nuclear cells. Features of the structure of prokaryotes and eukaryotes.

All organisms with a cellular structure are divided into two groups:

Pre nuclear (prokaryotes),

nuclear (eukaryotes)

Comparative characteristics of prokaryotes and eukaryotes.

Mitosis

Meiosis

Gametes

Mitochondria

Plastids in autotrophs

Method of absorbing food

Digestive vacuoles

Flagella

No

No

No

No

No

No

Absorption across the cell membrane

No

There is

There is

There is

There is

There is

There is

There is

Phagocytosis and tweezers

There is

There is

Organisms

Autotrophic organisms are organisms capable of independently synthesizing organic matter (blue-green algae).

Heterotrophs are organisms capable of consuming ready-made organic substances (animals, fungi, bacteria).

Mycotrophic organisms - which include the properties of both

Photosynthesis is the process of the formation of organic substances from inorganic substances, which occur with the participation ofsunlight. All reactions are carried out in higher plants in chloroplasts. Algae in chromoplasts.

Essence of the equation of photosynthesis

6 CO 2 +6 H 2 O= C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2

Photosynthesis takes place in 2 phases

Light phase: a quantum of light hits the chloroplast molecule, knocks out one electron, which takes part in photosynthesis.

OH - = OH + 1 e

4OH = 2H 2 O + 2O

During the photolysis of water, a hydrogen cation is formed, which participates in the reaction of the dark phase

Dark phase - carbon dioxide interacts with hydrogen from the light phase, glucose is formed with the participation of ATP. PVA converts to ethyl alcoholCH5 Lactic acid fermentation produces lactic acid

Plastic exchange

All organisms are divided:

Aerobic organisms that require oxygen (energy metabolism in 3 stages)

Anaerobic patients can do without oxygen (tetanus causative agent) (energy metabolism in 2 stages)

Plastic exchange is a set of synthesis reactions that take place with the absorption of energy. Examples of plastic metabolism in animals are protein biosynthesis, in plants - photosynthesis.

Depending on the absorption of carbon, this is the type of exchange of substances and the conversion of energy. Energy exchange

Metabolism (metabolism) is one of the basic properties of all living organisms. It consists of energy and plastic metabolism ..

Energy metabolism is a set of cleavage reactions. Walking with the release of energy. Energy exchange takes place in 3 stages:

Preparatory - occurs in the ventricle of the intestinal tract. Under the influence of enzymes. Proteins are broken down to amino acids, fats to glycine and fatty acids, carbohydrates to monosaccharides. Energy is released as heat.

Oxygen-free - this is an oxygen-free breakdown process whereby glucose is broken down to pyruvic acidC 3 H 4 O 3 in this case, 2ATP is released. If there is oxygen in the cell, then pyruvic acid is completely oxidized toCO 2 andH 2 O

Oxygen - Needed oxygen and intact mitochondrial wall.

C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2 +38 ADP +38 F= 6CO 2 + 6H 2 O + 38ATF

The oxygen stage is more energetically favorable, since 36 ATP is formed

Fermentation is an easier way and takes place without oxygen.

If there is no oxygen in the cell, then the fermentation process develops.

The Russian scientist Temeryazev made a great contribution to the study of the process of photosynthesis. Which proved that plants synthesize sugar from inorganic substances. Converting the energy of light into the energy of chemical bonds. 1771 English scientist Grechtl concluded that plants emit oxygen.

Cell division

The period of a cell's life from the moment of its appearance in the process of division and until death is called the life cycle. One of the methods of division is - mitosis

Mitosis - cell division without a decrease in the number of chromosomes

Inter-phase is the period between two divisions. In which there is preparation for cell division.

The meaning of mitosis is that two daughter cells appear, exactly similar to the maternal one, which ensures the maternal stability of the cell. Due to mitosis, vegetative reproduction occurs. Asexual reproduction in unicellular organisms.

Meiosis is the maturation of germ cells, which goes with the number of chromosomes decrease.

Meiosis is a successive division in the prophase of the 1st division, conjugation occurs, the convergence of homologous chromosomes and cross-over exchange of chromosome regions

The biological significance of meiosis - as a result, daughter cells with a haploid set of chromosomes are formed. Diploidy is restored at the moment of fertilization, that is, a constant number of chromosomes from the father and mother is maintained, as a result of which the individual flaunts new signs.

Non-cellular life forms. Viruses. Measures for the prevention of viral diseases .

They occupy an intermediate position between living and inanimate nature.

Each virus consists of DNA or RNA, which is surrounded by a protein coat, a capsid.

Russian professor Dmitry Iosifovich Ivanov on the example of the tobacco cell virus.

The biological significance of viruses is that they are the causative agents of many diseases:

Influenza, measles, rubella, hepatitis, chickenpox, rabies, herpes, AIDS. HIV.

Once in a cell, viruses rearrange its activity. The DNA of the virus interacts with the DNA of the cell.

Ready cells gradually change it or destroy it, the properties of the virus change.

Since viruses mutate, curing viral diseases is difficult. Particular attention is paid to the prevention of viral diseases.

Preventive measures for viral diseases:

Proper nutrition

Healthy lifestyle

Vaccinations

Correct behavior during epidemics

Compliance with the rules for processing honey instruments

Public education

Ordered sexual intercourse

Asexual and sexual reproduction

Asexual reproduction without the participation of germ cells is simple haploid division (ciliates). Spore formation (mold fungi), vegetative (leaf), bulbs - tulip, tuberous - (potatoes). Fragmentation - division of the body into 1-4 parts (annelids), budding (yeast).

Sexual reproduction takes place with the participation of gametes. Species that have different gametes are called heterosexual. A species in which one and the same individual can form male and female gametes - hermaphrodites. (angiosperms), self-fertilization is possible.

With asexual reproduction, the number of individuals increases much faster, and this reproduction takes longer.

With sexual reproduction, new traits are formed in the offspring.

Fertilization is its meaning. Artificial pollination and fertilization in animals.

Fertilization is the process of fusion of male and female gametes. As a result of fertilization, a diploid cell and a zygote are formed, activation andfurther development of which leads to the formation of a new organism.

When the germ cells of different individuals merge, portable fertilization is carried out, and when gametes are combined by one organism, self-fertilization

Fertilization meaning

As a result of fertilization, the genetic material is fertilized, as a result, a unique combination of genes is formed

External fertilization - cells fuse outside the female's body (Pisces)

Internal fertilization occurs in the genital tract of the female (animals), the likelihood of successful fertilization is high, therefore less germ cells are formed

The fertilization process consists of several stages. Penetration of sperm into the egg, fusion of the haploid nuclei of both gametes, resulting in the formation of a zygote, diploid cells. Zygote activation and further cleavage and development

The essence of fertilization is the formation of a diploid set of chromosomes, including hereditary information.

Features of fertilization of flowering plants.

Developed by the Russian botanist Novikov.

The fusion of one sperm with an egg and the formation of an embryo.

The fusion of the second sperm with the diploid nucleus is led by cells with a triploid set of chromosomes. 1n+2 n=3 N2. From which the endo sperm with a supply of nutrients develops in the future.

The meaning of coniferous fertilization is the formation of endo sperm - this provides an advantage over other plants. Parthenogenesis is the development of an embryo from an unfertilized bee egg.

Individual development of organisms (ontogeny).

1886 Haeckel. Ontogenesis consists of 2 stages

The embryonic period is the transition from the moment of fertilization to birth.

Stages:

Crushing as a result of crushing, a monosyllabic blastula embryo is formed.

Gastrulation - the formation of the gastrula of a bilayer embryo

Ectoderm is the outer germ layer.

Endoderm is the inner germ layer.

Between the ectoderm and the endoderm, the middle germ layer of the mesoderm is formed

Ontogenesis is the laying of axial organs (neurula stages).

Endoderm-intestine, lungs, pancreas

Ectoderm-nervous system, brain, skin

Mesoderm - Muscles, Kidneys, Skeleton and SS

Post embryonic period is isolated

Direct development (birds, mammals)

Indirect development - with incomplete transformation

Allocate:

Development with incomplete metamorphosis (grasshoppers, butterflies).

Laboratory work No. 4

Identification and description of signs of similarity between the human embryo and other vertebrates as evidence of their evolutionary relationship.

Purpose: To identify signs of similarity between the human embryo and other vertebrates.

Equipment: Handouts illustrating embryonic evidence for evolution.

Progress

Get acquainted with embryological evidence of the relationship between humans and other vertebrates (fish, salamander).

Found that the embryos of different vertebrates are more similar to each other than adults.

The similarities of the embryos are reflected in the shape of the body, the presence of a tail, limbs, and branchial pockets. As the development proceeds, the similarities between embryos decrease.The features of the classes to which they belong begin to appear.

Conclusion: The similarities between the embryos of humans and other vertebrates are proof of their evolutionary relationship.

A very important cycle of subjects in the school curriculum is natural science. After all, it is he who gives an idea of ​​nature, its phenomena, living beings, their relationship with man. Geography, biology, physics and chemistry are the basis that allows children to enter life, to begin to understand the things happening around them, to orient themselves in them and to manage them.

Biology has always been introduced into the school course from the 6th grade, however, according to the requirements of modern educational standards, now this discipline is compulsory for study from the fifth stage of education. Consider what are the requirements for lesson preparation put forward now, what role is assigned to the teacher, how the modern lesson plan in biology should look like.

Biology in the school curriculum

This discipline is the oldest of all known sciences. Since the appearance of man, he was immediately interested in everything that surrounds him. How do living organisms work? Why do certain phenomena occur? What is the structure of his own body? What is the diversity of the surrounding nature?

All these questions are answered by a biology lesson. It is this form of education that is the main one, since it allows students to assimilate the maximum possible amount of information in the allotted amount of time. At the moment, seven years are allotted for the study of this subject - from the fifth to the eleventh grade inclusive. Naturally, during this time the child receives the whole complex of natural science knowledge that is included in the subject and object of biology.

The main criterion of the lesson

The most important criterion for the success of a lesson is a variety of forms of work on it, a competent and clear construction of its structure. If these requirements are met, the most effective result is observed. The main goal is to arouse children's interest in the subject under study and stimulate their desire to learn as much as possible on their own.

That is why a modern biology lesson is a joint activity of a teacher and a student, built on the principles of democracy. At the same time, it is not so important whether they are students of the 5th grade or 11th grade - the purpose and essence of the lesson does not change from this. Active forms of work, a variety of techniques and the use of new methods - all this should be used by the teacher at any stage of teaching this subject.

Biology Lessons: Species

In order to more successfully implement the introduction of new standards in the construction of lessons, as well as in order to increase the effectiveness of classes, various types of biology lessons should be used. In total, there are 15 main ones:

• conversation;
• problem lesson;
• combined lesson;
• excursion;
• lecture;
• seminar;
• role-playing game;
• offset;
• movie lesson;
• a lesson using Internet resources;
• laboratory work;
• generalizing lesson;
• offset;
• control and checking lesson;
• the conference.

However, there are other types that some teachers create on their own and are successfully implemented. It all depends on the personality of the teacher and his creativity, focus on results, attitude to the subject.

Obviously, with each level of education, the types of lessons should also become more complicated. So, in the fifth grade it is difficult to conduct a lesson-lecture or conference, seminar. But a role-playing game or laboratory work, an excursion will cause a violent excitement and revival among children, which will help stimulate the growth of interest in the subject.

For the senior management, on the contrary, it is better to choose more mature and serious forms of conducting classes, which will allow them to prepare for student lectures. However, you should not forget about easy types, otherwise there is a risk of losing the location and interest of the children in the subject.

Methods used

Biology lesson methods are sometimes also called forms. They are quite diverse and aimed at achieving a particular goal. Consider what they are:

1. The project method implies work not only during the lesson, but possibly the entire school year. The work can be carried out both individually and in groups. The main goal is to study a problem, an object with a specific result in the end.
2. The frontal method of work involves managing the entire class and simultaneously communicating with all children (for example, when explaining part of a new topic or disclosing a concept).
3. Individual form - tasks are selected taking into account the activity and personal characteristics of each student.
4. Collective work is basically a well-coordinated interaction of all members of the lesson: teacher - student - student. This can be done, for example, during an excursion or laboratory work.
5. The group form implies the division of students into separate "islands", each of which is engaged in the study of a particular problem.
6. The use of ICT (information and communication technologies) is an important part of the lesson methodology of any modern teacher.
7. Energy Saving Technologies.

A biology lesson plan for FSES, drawn up with a combination of the indicated methods and types of work, will certainly be successful in implementation.

Modern programs in biology

• A. I. Nikishov;
• V. V. Pasechnik;
• I. N. Ponomareva;
• N.I.Sonin;
• D. I. Traitak and N. D. Andreeva;
• L. N. Sukhorukova and others.

• workbooks for students;
• observation diary (not for everyone);
• methodological manual for the teacher;
• work program and lesson planning for the year.

Which author to choose, whose line to develop, is chosen by the teacher himself together with the school management. It is important that the chosen program in biology is relevant throughout all stages of education, so that the continuity and integrity of the perception of the material is not disturbed.

Technological lesson map: drawing up

Today, new ones have been adopted and are actively being implemented. According to them, the lesson plan in biology is a technological map in which all the main stages and the course of the lesson are written. How to compose it? To do this, you should compose a table in which the following points will be reflected:

1. Lesson topic.
2. The purpose of the lesson.
3. The planned result, in which subject skills should be described in one column and in another.
4. Basic concepts of this topic.
5. Organization of space, which includes three components (columns): interdisciplinary connections, forms of work, resources.
6. Stages of the lesson, which clearly describe the teacher's activities, as well as the work of students in three directions: cognitive, communicative, regulatory.

The biology lesson plan should include the following steps in the structural construction of the lesson:

• including the designation of the topic and its relevance;
• goal setting;
• primary assimilation and application of knowledge, comprehension;
• the results of the lesson;
• reflection;
• homework.

It is this structure that is considered complete, reflecting all the activities of the teacher and students, the methods and types of work used, the results, the amount of material. in biology, compiled in accordance with the requirements of the Federal State Educational Standard, implies an orientation towards an activity-based and personality-oriented approach to learning.

Analysis of lesson results

In order to understand how successfully the work is being carried out along the chosen line and in accordance with the Federal State Educational Standard, there is an analysis of the biology lesson. It allows you to identify the strengths and weaknesses, weaknesses, strengths. As a result, it is possible to adjust classes and improve their effectiveness, and improve the quality of teaching.

The forms of analysis can be different. For example:

• introspection;
• complex analysis;
• methodological analysis and others.

You should choose depending on the goals for which this event is being held.

Modern biology teacher

Great demands are placed on the teacher at all levels of education. From the point of view of the Federal State Educational Standard, the current teacher of biology must be fluent.In addition, his personal qualities must be at a certain level.

The psychological portrait of the teacher is also subject to consideration from the point of view of the Federal State Educational Standard. Let us consider in more detail exactly which competencies and traits are part of the teacher's personality.

Professional competence

There are 6 main ones:

1. Communicative. Ability to communicate constructively, find democratic methods of constructing a conversation with students and apply them. Maintain free dialogues with parents, colleagues, management. The ability to communicate is an important part of a successful learning process.
2. Professional. Naturally, a modern teacher should have a high level of knowledge in his subject, have a broad general outlook, and carry out meta-subject connections in the classroom.
3. ICT competence. Not a single open lesson in biology today is complete without the use of information technology. And it is right. Our children grow up in an era when the norm for them is the constant presence of a computer in life. The teacher must be able to use this to achieve a good learning outcome.
4. Managerial, which will allow to implement precisely the activity-based approach to learning.
5. General pedagogical. It implies knowledge of the basics of psychology and pedagogy of students.
6. Reflexive - the ability to soberly and competently evaluate one's work, to work on mistakes.

Personal qualities of a teacher

In addition to the designated professional competencies, there are requirements for the teacher as a person. It is believed that biology at school should be taught by a person who has:

• a sense of humor;
• emotionality;
• expressiveness of speech;
• creativity;
• organizational skills;
• discipline;
• persistence;
• purposefulness.

In combination with professional criteria, a portrait of a modern teacher is obtained that meets the requirements of the Federal State Educational Standard.

Tests: essence and meaning

One of the most important forms of knowledge control, which is used everywhere in every lesson, is biology tests. And this is understandable. Firstly, such a check saves time in class. Virtually anyone in biology includes this form of work. Secondly, it makes it possible to cover a larger volume of covered material with questions. Third, it allows you to increase the accumulation of assessments. But this is not the main reason.

The form of the GIA and USE exams implies the main part in the form of a test. Therefore, it is important to prepare students in advance for this form of testing. To make sure that by the time they graduate, they are already fluent in the method of writing such works and consider it common.

Tests in biology, like in any other subject, are compiled by the teacher independently or uses ready-made forms from teaching aids. In any case, it is advisable to include in the questions those that are found in the examination papers. The test form itself should be as close as possible in design to that of the final certification.

Biology as the fundamental science of life on Earth should, from the very first lessons, become for students the most interesting subject with great research potential, which over time turns into the main stimulus for the conscious evolution of individual knowledge. To properly prepare for biology, today it is not enough for a teacher to have high-quality lesson notes and the necessary equipment - each lesson requires additional visual aids and fascinating accompanying information on each topic of the biology course. Therefore, training videos with synopses of biology lessons, which will be discussed below, can help not only the student, but also the novice teacher to correctly build a lesson, skillfully select study guides and learn various entertaining information on a specific topic.

The value of biology as a science is very important, because the knowledge of the historical development of the organic world, patterns in the structure and functioning of living systems of various kingdoms and subkingdoms, their interconnections, stability and dynamism plays an important role in the formation of the materialistic worldview of each person, as well as in drawing up a general scientific picture of the world.

Study in different classes

Preparation for the exam in this subject includes the coverage of all the material passed in six years, so the teaching of 6th grade biology lessons should be conducted with an orientation towards periodic repetition of the topics covered. Moreover, the initial biology topics in the 6th grade, which cover such fundamental concepts as the cell, cell structure, tissue, should be as interesting as possible for curious students, which will subsequently help develop a subconscious craving for the subject. This interest is fueled primarily by experiments and research carried out both in classrooms and at home. Since many objects studied by this discipline are literally at hand, it is precisely this circumstance that the teacher should use to the fullest.

Of course, today no video on biology can completely replace the process of traditional teaching in the classroom at school, but these materials are quite capable of playing the role of convenient and effective auxiliary tools for the educational process. And who knows, maybe over time, with the further development of Internet technologies, distance learning will become a successful alternative to school lessons, which will allow most of topics in biology or study any other subject remotely. On our portal you can study biology for free , with only internet access .

It is important to note the humanitarian the importance of biology, which consists in the formation of ecological thinking in modern schoolchildren, the essence of which is the awareness of oneself as a part of nature.