When traveling around the world, people inevitably find themselves at different times of the day - this is due to the movement of the planet around its axis. Russia is a very large country occupying an impressive territory. For greater convenience, its area was divided into a certain number of zones corresponding to the number of time zones in Russia.

What determines time on Earth

Our planet, as you know, has a spherical shape. In 24 hours, it manages to complete a full revolution around its axis, that is, 360 °. Accordingly, in one hour the Earth rotates around its axis by 15 °.

In different parts of the world, people at different times meet sunset or sunrise. In places located on different meridians, at the same moment the hands of the clock will show different times of the day. For example, in Yakutsk it will be 21 hours, while in Yekaterinburg - only 17.

But at the same time, on the same meridian along its entire length from the North to the South Pole, the time of day will be the same. This time is called local or solar.

However, it is extremely inconvenient to use the local time: it makes the development of relations between countries very difficult. To eliminate this discomfort, astronomers have proposed the introduction of a standard time system around the world.

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As a result, the entire planet was divided along the meridians into 24 belts, each of which includes 15 ° longitude. Thus, the time in each time zone differs from the time in the neighboring zones by 1 hour.

Zero is considered to be the time zone centered on the Greenwich meridian. He is also the 24th in a row. Time zones are counted from zero from west to east.

Rice. 1. The starting point is the Greenwich meridian.

Time zones of Russia

The length of Russia from west to east is very large, and covers 11 time zones. The capital of the Russian Federation, Moscow, is in the second time zone, and, say, the Chukotka Autonomous Okrug, in the twelfth.

Moscow time serves as a reference point when determining local time anywhere in Russia. The difference is calculated by the number of complete hours: the minutes and seconds are the same in all time zones.

In order to avoid confusion on the territory of Russia, all the work of river, sea, aviation and railway transport, as well as all kinds of communications, are carried out only according to Moscow time.

Rice. 2. Time zones of Russia on the map.

For greater convenience, on the territory of Russia, the second and eleventh time zones have been combined into one. For this reason, within the Russian Federation, they are met not eleven, but ten times.

It is not difficult to independently calculate the standard time of each individual settlement. It is enough to know the boundaries of its location and the number of the time zone in which it is located. For example, if in Moscow, located in the second zone, it is 8 am, then in Yekaterinburg, located in the fourth zone, it will be 10 am, since the difference with Moscow will be 2 hours.

City table (time difference)

Daylight saving time

In 1930, by decree of the Council of People's Commissars, throughout the territory of Russia, the clock hands were moved one hour ahead of the relative standard time. The country has lived in this regime for more than 50 years according to the so-called "decree" time. It was believed that the transition to a new time was established in order to save electricity. The return to seasonal time only happened in 1981.

In the same year, daylight saving time was introduced on the territory of the USSR. In the period from April 1 to October 1 throughout the country, the clock hands were moved forward one hour. The official reason for this transition is the rational use of daylight hours and energy savings.

Rice. 3. Physiologists are against the transition to a new time.

However, physiologists are sure that such leaps in time have a very negative effect on the well-being of people. For any organism, the transition to a new time is stressful, and it takes some time for life cycles to adjust to new conditions.

Daylight saving time on the territory of the Russian Federation was canceled in 2011.

What have we learned?

When studying one of the topics in the 8th grade geography program, we found out how many time zones there are in Russia. We found that their number of time zones corresponds to the number of meridians, and the time difference in each neighboring zone is exactly one hour. The main thing in Russia is Moscow time, according to which all types of transport operate, connections are established on the territory of the country.

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The transition to winter time is carried out on the last Sunday of October
(in 2019 - 27th October- at 04:00 in Kiev).

A person tends to get up at dawn in order to make the most of the daylight hours. This is where the idea of ​​summer and winter time originates, according to which they now live in many countries of the world. Combining the time of wakefulness with the daylight hours of the day allows you to save energy consumption: in the spring, the hands of the clock running in standard time are set one hour ahead, and in the fall they are set again in standard time.

Divide the whole Earth into sentries belts 15 degrees in each, and for the zero line to take the Greenwich meridian - the middle of the zero belt - was proposed by the Canadian communications engineer S. Fleming. Inside the belt, the time is assumed to be the same everywhere, and at the border, the hands are moved forward or backward one hour. In 1883, Fleming's idea was accepted by the US government. And in 1884, at an international conference in Washington, 26 countries signed an agreement on time zones and standard time. The conference was attended by representatives of Russia. The new account of time was not pleasant for the same reason that Russia stubbornly held on to a mile and a pood: any change seemed to be a "shaking of the foundations" and an impetus to "popular fermentation."

After the October Revolution, on February 8, 1918, the zonal division was introduced by a decree of the Council of People's Commissars “in order to establish a monotonous counting of time during the day with the entire civilized world, which determines the same hour readings in minutes and seconds throughout the world. simplifying the registration of relations between peoples, social events and most natural phenomena in time ”.

By a government decree of June 16, 1930, the hands of all clocks on the territory of the Soviet Union were moved forward one hour. Formed maternity time, the introduction of which made it possible to save electricity. The validity period of the daylight saving time was set "until canceled" (existed until 1981).

By a resolution of the Council of Ministers on April 1, 1981, the hands of the clock were moved forward one hour more. Thus, daylight saving time was already two hours ahead of the standard time. For ten years, for the winter period, the clock hands were set back one hour compared to summer time, and in the summer they returned to their place.

Daylight saving time was canceled in March 1991. The lead by two hours ahead was abolished. We switched to the summer-winter time frame. Now, in winter, standard time is used, and in summer, the clocks are set forward 1 hour. This is, in brief, the history of time counting changes.

We count the time by the average solar days, divided by hours, minutes and seconds. Those. according to the arithmetic mean of the durations of all true solar days per year (the difference between the duration of the true and average days reaches 15 minutes due to the non-circular orbit of our planet).

Rice. 1. Changes in daylight and darkness throughout the year

In fig. 1 shows the change in daylight and dark times of the day during the year for a latitude of 50 ° (latitude of Kiev). The border between light and dark time is considered to be the beginning or end of the so-called civil twilight, that is, the time when the Sun dropped 6 ° below the horizon. In the evenings, by this time, the lights on the streets of the city should be turned on. The graph indicates sunny true time(true solar time begins and ends at noon, i.e. when the star passes through the meridian and stands as high as possible).

The average person gets up at 7 a.m. and goes to bed at 11 p.m. local time. On the graph, the wake time of such a person is marked with two horizontal dashed lines. Starting out with Martha, he gets up after dawn. By moving the watch forward, he is forced to get up earlier (solid horizontal lines). This is justified by the fact that he will get up in the daytime and consume less electricity for lighting.

Return to winter time v october does not lead to energy savings. As it turned out, this is done solely so that in winter people do not get up much earlier than sunrise. Therefore, the transition to winter time does not seem to be justified.

From the point of view of common sense, it is rational to return to daylight saving time, abandon the annual clock change and live with a constant countdown, which will differ by one hour ahead of standard time. This rhythm of life, from a biological point of view, is the most favorable for humans.

Donetsk and Lugansk people's republics since October 26, 2014 switched to a new standard for calculating time and moved the hands in accordance with the third time zone of the international system.
On October 24, 2014, the DPR Supreme Council adopted a resolution "On the transition to Donetsk time", now Donetsk will have one time with Moscow and an hour of difference with Kiev. The corresponding resolution was adopted by the LPR leadership.

1. Local time.

The time measured on a given geographic meridian is called local time this meridian. For all places on the same meridian, the hour angle of the vernal equinox (or the Sun, or the middle sun) is the same at any moment. Therefore, on the entire geographic meridian, local time (sidereal or solar) at the same moment is the same.

If the difference in geographic longitudes of two places is D l, then in a more eastern place the hour angle of any star will be at D l greater than the hour angle of the same star in a more westerly place. Therefore, the difference between any local times on two meridians at the same physical moment is always equal to the difference in the longitudes of these meridians, expressed in hourly measure (in units of time):

those. the local mean time of any point on Earth is always equal to universal time at that moment plus the longitude of that point, expressed in an hour, and considered positive east of Greenwich.

In astronomical calendars, the moments of most phenomena are indicated by universal time T 0. Moments of these phenomena in local time T t. are easily determined by formula (1.28).

3. Zone time... It is inconvenient to use both local mean solar time and universal time in everyday life. The first because there are, in principle, the same number of local time systems as there are geographic meridians, i.e. countless. Therefore, in order to establish the sequence of events or phenomena noted in local time, it is absolutely necessary to know, in addition to the moments, also the difference in longitudes of those meridians on which these events or phenomena took place.

The sequence of events marked in UTC is easy to establish, but the large difference between UTC and the local time of meridians far from Greenwich makes it inconvenient to use UTC in everyday life.

In 1884 it was proposed belt average time counting system, the essence of which is as follows. Time is counted only at 24 major geographical meridians located from each other in longitude exactly 15 ° (or after 1 h), approximately in the middle of each time zone. Time Zones Areas of the earth's surface are called, into which it is conventionally divided by lines running from its north pole to the south and spaced approximately 7 °, 5 from the main meridians. These lines, or the boundaries of time zones, exactly follow the geographic meridians only in the open seas and oceans and in uninhabited land areas. For the rest of their length, they follow the state, administrative, economic or geographical boundaries, deviating from the corresponding meridian in one direction or another. Time zones are numbered from 0 to 23. Greenwich is taken as the main meridian of the zero zone. The main meridian of the first time zone is located from Greenwich exactly 15 ° to the east, the second - at 30 °, the third - at 45 °, etc. to 23 time zone, the main meridian of which has an east longitude of 345 ° from Greenwich (or west longitude 15 °).

Standard timeT p is called the local mean solar time, measured at the main meridian of a given time zone. It is used to keep track of time throughout the territory that lies in a given time zone.

Zone time of the given zone NS is associated with universal time by the obvious relationship

It is also quite obvious that the difference in the zone times of two points is an integer number of hours equal to the difference in the numbers of their time zones.

4. Summer time... In order to more efficiently distribute electricity going to lighting enterprises and residential premises, and to make the fullest use of daylight in the summer months of the year, in many countries (including our republic), the hour hands of the standard time clock are moved forward by 1 hour or half hour. The so-called summer time... In autumn, the clock is again set to standard time.

Daylight saving time link T l any item with its standard time T p and with universal time T 0 is given by the following relations:

On July 14 (July 1, old style), 1917, the transition from "winter" to "summer" time was first carried out in Russia.

The expression "daylight saving" time (summer time or Daylight Saving Time) means an hour's shift ahead of the time taken in a given time zone. Introduced for the summer period in order to save electricity by the governments of a number of countries approximately north of 30 ° north latitude and south of 30 ° south latitude.

Switching the clock hands to "daylight saving" time is not advisable everywhere. In tropical latitudes (less than 23.5 °), the length of daylight varies little throughout the year. In polar latitudes (more than 66.33 °) there is a polar day and a polar night. The effect of shifting the clock hands to "summer" and "winter" time can take place in the latitude interval from 30 to 55 °.

The duration of "summer" time in different countries decreases from north to south, being 20-30 weeks in April-May, summer months and September-October (in the northern hemisphere) and about 20 weeks in November-March (in the southern hemisphere) ... With a significant decrease in the duration of daylight hours, the time is shifted back one hour. The mode of life according to the usual standard time in everyday life is called "winter" time.

For the first time, the idea of ​​converting clocks originated in the 18th century by the American public figure Benjamin Franklin in order to save candles for lighting, but was blocked by candle manufacturers.

In 1895, New Zealand entomologist George Vernon Hudson submitted an article to the Wellington Philosophical Society proposing a two-hour shift to preserve daylight.

The idea of ​​introducing summer time found support in most economically developed countries at the beginning of the 20th century, during the period of mass electrification of industry and everyday life. More rational use of daylight hours was supposed to reduce energy consumption for lighting premises.

In Great Britain in 1909, a bill was drawn up to introduce daylight saving time, which was repeatedly considered in parliament, but was not passed until the First World War.

Many states immediately after the end of the war abandoned the "daylight saving" time, others - repeatedly introduced this time, then abandoned it, and some countries kept this time shift throughout the year.

Daylight saving time was introduced in the event of crisis situations, for example, during World War II (USA, Great Britain), during the 1973-1974 oil crisis (USA, Germany and other countries).

In Russia, for the first time, this transition was made on July 1 (July 14 according to the new style), 1917, when, in accordance with a decree of the Provisional Government, the hands of all clocks in the country were moved forward one hour.

They were translated back on December 27, 1917 (January 9, 1918 according to the new style) already in accordance with the decree of the Council of People's Commissars of December 22, 1917 (January 4, 1918 according to the new style).

The practice of switching from "summer" to "winter" time continued until 1924.

By the decree of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR of June 16, 1930, maternity time was introduced on the territory of the USSR. Then the hands of the clock were moved one hour ahead of the standard time and after that they were not moved back, and the country began to live and work all year round, one hour ahead of the natural daily cycle. The transfer of the clock hands to "daylight saving" time was resumed from April 1, 1981, but this time relative to the daylight saving time. Thus, in the country "daylight saving" time was ahead of the standard time by two hours.

In the USSR, and since 1991 in Russia, the introduction of "summer" time was carried out on the night of the last Saturday on the last Sunday of March, and "winter" - on the night of the last Saturday on the last Sunday of September.

In 1996, the period of "summer" time in Russia was "in order to comply with a single time regime with other countries. The transition to" winter "time began to be carried out on the last Sunday of October, as in all of Europe.

At the same time, the majority of the Russian population opposed summer time.

On July 21, 2014, Russian President Vladimir Putin on the transition of Russia from October 26, 2014 to "winter" time. In most constituent entities of the Russian Federation, the clocks were set back one hour, and in the future, the seasonal conversion of the hands was not carried out. Five regions of Russia (Udmurtia, Samara Oblast, Kemerovo Oblast, Kamchatka Krai and Chukotka Autonomous Okrug) did not switch to "winter" time.

After that, from a number of regions began to receive complaints about the lack of sunlight in the evenings. In 2016, the Russian authorities approved laws that made it possible to move the clock hands forward: in the Altai Republic, Altai and Trans-Baikal Territories, Sakhalin, Astrakhan, Magadan, Tomsk, Ulyanovsk, Novosibirsk, etc.

At present, there is no consensus among experts and the international community about significant savings in energy resources when switching to daylight saving time.

In 2017, more than 70 countries and territories made the transition to "summer" / "winter" time. Of the former Soviet republics, only Moldova, Ukraine and the three Baltic republics - Latvia, Lithuania and Estonia - have introduced summer time.

The material was prepared on the basis of information from RIA Novosti and open sources