Role - it is a model or type of behavior expected in a social group from people occupying different positions. It can also be said that a role is a set of expectations, rights and obligations aimed at a person as having a certain social position.

Each person has a wide network of social relationships. Some of them are temporary, some are long-term and important. In the network of social relations, everyone has a certain social position, to which expectations are directed and in which established rights and obligations are inherent. The holder of the position is forced to behave in accordance with these expectations, rights and obligations, to fulfill the role they require.

The role is quite stable: the person changes, but his social role remains. The "performance" of a social role is learned in the process of socialization, focusing on the expectations that society sets. A role can be understood as a “response” to a set of expectations directed at a person in society. This "answer" is determined by his position, profession, position, gender and other factors.

The role sets behavioral limits for its performer. If the behavior inherent in a given role does not go beyond these limits, then it satisfies both the individual and his environment, i.e. meets the required standards. Different roles do have different limits of permissibility, and in each role there are specific situations of this “permissibility”. The range of this role freedom can be larger and smaller, the strictness of adherence to the “role” rules is weaker or stronger - the so-called role dichotomy. For example, an actor or representative of another creative profession is allowed a lot that is not allowed for a priest ...

Fulfilling the role requires a certain creative approach. The interpretation and implementation of the role is largely determined by the personality of the individual. Sometimes important roles transform the personality, which is essentially an integration of all the roles that the individual has acquired ...

Each individual plays many different roles. Barely leaving the house (or rather, at home), a person falls into the cycle of social roles. For example, during the day: the customer, the pedestrian, the driver, the father, the director are the same person.

From a sociological point of view, the distribution of labor and activities in society has a role-based basis. The presence of social roles in society and their parameters is also a way to control the activities and behavior of members of society.

30. The author considers the existence of social roles in society as a way of social control. Using the text and social science knowledge, explain the author's opinion. Make it concrete with examples of the roles of the buyer and the pedestrian.

31. What two aspects of the relationship between the social role and personality of the individual indicated by the author? Using text and social science knowledge, explain each aspect.

Social role - ______________________ Therefore, only behavior functionally associated with a certain status and meeting the expectations of other people is a social role.

Read the text and complete the assignments to it

Any person holding a high social position in society strives to correspond to his status and behave properly. From a person with the status of a banker, those around them expect very specific actions and do not expect others who do not correspond to their ideas about this status. Consequently, status and social role link people's expectations. If expectations are formally expressed and fixed in any acts (laws) or in customs, traditions, rituals, they are in the nature of social norms.

Although expectations may not be fixed, they do not cease to be expectations from this. Despite this, people expect from the holder of a specific status that he will play a very specific role in accordance with the requirements that they impose on this role. The society prescribes the requirements and norms of behavior to the status in advance. For the correct performance of the role, the individual is rewarded, for the wrong one is punished.

A status-oriented behavior model includes a set of status rights and responsibilities. Rights mean the ability to perform certain actions due to the status. The higher the status, the more rights are vested with its owner and the greater the range of responsibilities assigned to him.

The status-oriented behavior model also has external marks of distinction. Clothing is a social symbol that serves three main functions: comfort, decency, and ostentatious expression.

The function of status symbols is also performed by housing, language, demeanor, and leisure.

(R. T. Mukhaev)

22. What two conditions are necessary for the consolidation of role behavior as a social norm? How does society support the correct implementation of social norms?

23. What three main functions of clothing as a social symbol does the author highlight? Using social and historical knowledge, illustrate any two of them with examples.

24. Give the position of the text, reflecting the relationship between the status of a person, on the one hand, and the circle and scope of rights and responsibilities that she possesses, on the other. Based on social science knowledge, give two arguments justifying this position.

Topic SOCIAL CONTROL AND DEVIATION

Theme plan:

1. Social control - the main elements and types.

C4. Make an outline of the text. To do this, select the main semantic fragments of the text and title each of them.

Each society values ​​certain personality traits above others, and children learn and develop these qualities through socialization. Socialization methods depend on which personality traits are valued higher, and in different cultures they can be very different. In American society, such qualities as self-confidence, self-control and; in India, the opposite values ​​have traditionally developed: contemplation, passivity.

These cultural values ​​are at the core of social norms. Norms are the expectations and standards that govern how people interact. Some norms are presented in laws prohibiting theft, assault on another person, breach of contract, etc. Such laws are social norms and those who violate them are punished. Our behavior in everyday life is influenced by many expectations: we should be in relation to other people; when we are visiting a friend's house, a gift should be made for his family; on the bus it is necessary to give way to the elderly and the disabled. We set these expectations for our children as well.

It's not just norms that affect people's behavior. The cultural ideals of a given society have a huge impact on their actions and aspirations. In addition, since these ideals are shaped by many values, society avoids general uniformity. For example, we value science, which is why the name of Albert Einstein is held in high esteem and respect. We also value sports highly, giving famous athletes a high social status.<…>

Socialization is a two-way, multidirectional process. There is a mutual influence between biological factors and culture, as well as between those who carry out socialization and those who are socialized.

(According to N. Smelzer)

C1. The state actively participates in the process of socialization of citizens. Imagine what qualities it seeks to form in citizens. List any two qualities and briefly explain your choice.

C3. Make an outline of the text. To do this, select the main semantic fragments of the text and title each of them.

C6. Students of the same class, dressed in school uniforms, even follow the same rules and tasks, remain different from each other. But this does not mean that their socialization is unsuccessful. Give two reasons (arguments) supporting this opinion.

Being a father is more difficult today than it was before. The father no longer has the "innate" right to be the head of the family, the "hereditary" right now. The "innate" authority of the father can be replaced by the authority acquired, which is determined by all behavior in the family, by caring for it. But even then this authority will not be dominant, but equal to that of the mother. This is the essence of a modern, equal, democratic family. Researchers have found that some schoolchildren put their father in the family in all respects in second place after the mother, and for a number of reasons - after the grandmother, grandfather, and peers.

Or maybe so be it: mother comes first? After all, a mother is a given educator of her children by nature. It's right. But father? Isn't a father an equally capable educator of his children? The father has a good store of versatile information for raising a child, often not less, but more than the mother. The father takes much less time to work in the household than the mother, he is freer in the family. It turns out that in many families there is considerable parental upbringing potential, often hidden, unused.

A positive example of a father in raising children is important and significant. Being attentive and caring to children is the main thing. But the father must be quite demanding - you cannot respect without demanding. And you cannot demand without respecting. True, it is very important what tone of communication with children the father chooses. In a family, a demand is best translated into a request. The tone of the order or direction is not useful here, or least of all, especially when we are talking with teenagers or older children. Otherwise - a breakdown, a conflict.

Probably every father wants to see his children good. Recently, many fathers have become more attentive to family problems, to raising children. Sociologists have found that the share of male participation in raising children is clearly growing. Men are much more willing to attend parent-teacher meetings and help children with their homework than to participate in cooking and doing laundry. However, more and more men consider it necessary to do with their wife and work in the household. This means that they correctly understand their fatherly duty.

C2. Eighth-grader Alina thinks that her parents are too protective of her, treat her like a small child. Therefore, Alina often quarrels with her parents. Using the text and social science knowledge, formulate two tips for Alina and her parents, which, in your opinion, can improve them.

C3. There is an opinion that the family today is losing its meaning.
in raising children. Using the content of the text and social science knowledge, give two arguments (explanations) to refute this opinion

C4. Based on the text and based on personal social experience, name two circumstances that allow the author to highly appreciate the upbringing potential of the father in the family. Consider why this potential often goes unused. C5. Give three examples that illustrate the importance of a father's involvement in raising children. C6. Make an outline of the text. To do this, select the main semantic fragments of the text and title each of them.

Social deviations play a dual, contradictory role in society. On the one hand, they pose a threat to the stability of society, on the other, they support this stability.

The successful functioning of a society can be considered effective only if order and predictable behavior of people are ensured. Everyone should know (within reasonable limits, of course) what behavior he can expect from others, what behavior is expected of him and what social norms children should learn. Deviant behavior violates this order and predictability of behavior. When there are numerous cases of social deviations in a society or a social group, people lose a sense of expected behavior, and the social order is disturbed. Moral norms cease to control people's behavior, fundamental values ​​can be rejected, and a person loses a sense of security and confidence in their actions. Therefore, a society will function effectively only when a majority of its members accept established norms and act largely in accordance with the expectations of others.

On the other hand, deviant behavior is one way of adapting culture to social change. There is no modern society that would remain static for a long time. Even communities isolated from world civilizations must change their patterns of behavior from time to time due to environmental changes. Explosions in fertility, technological innovations, changes in the physical environment - all this can lead to the need to adopt new norms and adapt to them by members of society.

New social norms are born and develop as a result of the daily behavior of people, in the collision of constantly emerging social circumstances. The behavior of a small number of individuals deviating from the old, customary norms may be the beginning of the creation of new normative models. Gradually, overcoming traditions, deviant behavior, containing new viable norms, more and more penetrates into the consciousness of people. As members of social groups assimilate behavior containing new norms, it ceases to be deviant.

(, text adapted)

C1. How, according to the author, do new social norms appear? (Using the content of the text, indicate the four stages of this process.) C2. What social phenomena, according to the author, can make the emergence of new social norms necessary? Using the content of the text, indicate three phenomena and explain the relationship of any two of them with the emergence of new social norms.

C3. What conditions do you think the new social norms must meet in order for them to be accepted by society? (Using social science knowledge and personal social experience, specify any three conditions.) C4. What does the author consider necessary for the successful functioning of social structures? How do numerous cases of deviation, according to the author, affect society?

C5. Make an outline of the text. To do this, select the main semantic fragments of the text and title each of them. C6. There is an opinion that any massive social deviations are beneficial for the development of society. Using the content of the text and social science knowledge, give two arguments (explanations) to refute this opinion.

Social sphere

1. Are the following judgments about interethnic relations correct?

1) only A is true

2) only B is true

3) both statements are true

4) both judgments are wrong

2. To give a child "by the teeth" (when the first tooth is cut through) a silver spoon is an example of following

1) religious norms

2) legal regulations

3) traditions

4) aesthetic standards

3. What is the basis for the unification of people and their groups into such a social community as parliament members?

1) political

2) ethnic

3) territorial

4) cultural

4. What social role can a teenager play?

1) contract soldier

2) younger brother's guardian

3) bus driver

4) website visitor

5. The teacher in the social studies lesson characterized nationalities and nations. Compare these two ethnicities. Select and write down the ordinal numbers of the similarities in the first column of the table, and the ordinal numbers of the differences in the second column.

1) has a single territory of residence 2) is united by stable economic ties

3) has common cultural traditions

4) develops in the conditions of the formation of statehood

FEATURES OF SIMILARITIES FEATURES OF DIFFERENCES

6. There are different typologies of families. Which of the following types of families is allocated depending on the size of the family?

1) nuclear

3) democratic

4) matriarchal

7. Tatyana Viktorovna works as a teacher. In addition to lessons, she organizes holidays, quizzes, excursions, hikes with students; spends a lot of time talking with the parents of their students. Tatiana Viktorovna's actions illustrate

1) social role

2) social conflict

3) social structure

4) social policy

8. Read the text below, each position marked with a letter.

1. reflect fact 2) express opinions

9. Parents take care of the material conditions of the child's life: high-quality and timely food, good clothes and toys. What function of the family does this example illustrate in the first place?

1) emotional

2) education and upbringing of children

3) household

4) status

10. The social structure of society is understood as

1) any changes in the social status of a person

2) a set of social norms accepted in society

3) the degree of mastering of cultural values ​​by a person

4) a set of social communities and groups and their relationships

11. Vitya, a fifth-grader, lives with his parents, brother and sister. What makes a family different from a small group like a classroom?

1) direct personal contacts

3) the presence of special norms of behavior

4) community of interests

12. Establish a correspondence between social roles and social groups: for each item given in the first column, select an item from the second column.

SOCIAL ROLES

A) buyer

B) Internet user

C) a student of a gymnasium

D) officer

E) Voter

SOCIAL GROUPS

1) teenagers

2) adults

3) both adolescents and adults

13. Are the following judgments about deviant behavior true?

A. The manifestations of deviant behavior are varied.

B. Deviant is only called wrongful behavior.

1) only A is true

2) only B is true

3) both statements are true

4) both judgments are wrong

14. Are the following judgments about deviant behavior true?

A. Deviant behavior involves both positive and negative deviations from the norm.

B. The reason for the deviant behavior of a person can be the bad influence of his immediate environment.

1) only A is true

2) only B is true

3) both statements are true

4) both judgments are wrong

15. Are the following judgments about social conflict correct?

A. The basis for the emergence of a conflict in society is the conflict of interests of various social groups.

B. At the heart of some social conflicts lies the inequality of people in income, living standards.

1) only A is true

2) only B is true

3) both statements are true

4) both judgments are wrong

16. The expected behavior of an individual, associated with his position in society and typical for a given social group, is called

1) social prestige

2) social status

3) social mobility

4) social role

17. Establish a correspondence between examples and types of social norms: for each element given in the first column, select an element from the second column.

EXAMPLES

A) when entering the room, a man must take off his headdress

B) A citizen over 35 years old who has been permanently residing in Russia for at least 10 years can be elected President of the Russian Federation

C) every day you need to do some kind of good deed

D) the younger ones should be the first to greet the older ones.

E) travel without a ticket in public transport is punishable by a fine

TYPES OF SOCIAL NORMS

1) moral

2) legal

3) norms of etiquette

18. Tribes, nationalities, nations are

1) ethnic communities 2) stages of state development

3) demographic groups

4) forms of the political system

19. Are the following judgments about social conflicts correct?

A. The causes of social conflicts lie in the conflict of interests of various social groups.

B. Social conflicts only have a negative impact on the development of society.

1) only A is true

2) only B is true

3) both statements are true

4) both judgments are wrong

20. Are the following judgments about ethnic groups correct?

A. Ethnic groups are culturally specific.

B. Any ethnic group strives to create its own statehood.

1) only A is true

2) only B is true

3) both statements are true

4) both judgments are wrong

21. Establish a correspondence between the characteristics and types of social norms: for each element given in the first column, select an element from the second column.

SPECIFICATIONS

A) are fixed in laws and regulations

B) regulate social relations

C) are protected by the power of the state

D) reflect public opinion

E) behavior is assessed from the standpoint of good and evil

TYPES OF SOCIAL NORMS

1) moral

2) legal

3) both moral and legal

22. The social studies teacher talked about the social structure of society. Compare such communities as class and estate. Select and write down the ordinal numbers of the similarities in the first column of the table, and the ordinal numbers of the differences in the second column.

1) belonging to a community, as a rule, is inherited

2) belonging to a community, as a rule, determines the way of life

3) belonging to a community reflects social inequality

4) the community has legally enforceable rights and obligations

FEATURES OF SIMILARITY FEATURES OF DIFFERENCES

23. Which of the following terms characterize the demographic structure of society?

1) women, men

2) parents, children

3) Belarusians, Tatars

4) Masulman, Christians

24. The teacher in the social studies lesson characterized the tribe and the nation. Compare these two social communities. Select and write down the ordinal numbers of the similarities in the first column of the table, and the ordinal numbers of the differences in the second column.

1) belongs to an ethnic community

2) is a step in the formation of ethnic groups

3) includes various clans and clans

4) united by stable economic ties

FEATURES OF SIMILARITY FEATURES OF DIFFERENCES

25. Both nationality and nation

1) have their own special cultural traditions

2) endowed with signs of statehood

3) united by a single economic system

4) have sovereignty

26. Ira lives with her parents and grandfather. She is in 7th grade. What is the characteristic of both the family and the school class as small groups?

1) the commonality of everyday life

2) running a joint economy

3) consanguinity

4) direct personal contacts

27. The social conflict between the administration of the enterprise and employees about the work schedule and payment of wages can be attributed to the conflict

1) interpersonal

2) cultural

3) labor

4) political

28. Are the following judgments about ethnic groups correct?

A. Ethnic groups share a common language and culture.

B. Ethnic groups bring together people of the same profession.

1) only A is true

2) only B is true

3) both statements are true

4) both judgments are wrong

29. In medieval Europe, there was a proverb: the one who is not the master of his wife is unworthy to be a man. It reflects family relationships.

1) democratic

2) patriarchal

3) affiliate

4) incomplete

30. Are the following judgments about deviant behavior true?

A. Crime is an example of deviant behavior.

B. Deviant behavior is always associated with a violation of the law.

1) only A is true

2) only B is true

3) both statements are true

4) both judgments are wrong

31. A French historian who studied the events of the 18th century in the United States and France, wrote that European monarchs had to face a completely new phenomenon, which leads to a radical change in the existing system, and is also distinguished by the widest participation of the masses. The researcher had in mind such a form of social conflict as

1) popular revolt

2) peasant uprising

3) national liberation movement

4) revolution

32. It is believed that people who come to the city of Kyzyl in the Republic of Tuva must definitely come to a stone stele located in the geographical center of Asia - at the confluence of the two sources of the Yenisei River. This is the action

1) etiquette

2) traditions

3) rights

4) moral

33. The totality of large and small social groups that make up society is called

1) social mobility

2) social relations

3) social structure

4) social norm

34. Members of this social group marry, name their children and raise them according to the rules prescribed by ancient religious law and ideas about transmigration. Such a group is

1) class

2) caste

3) nation

4) estate

35. Read the text below, each position marked with a letter.

Determine which positions of the text

1. reflect facts 2) express opinions

36. Establish a correspondence between the manifestations and functions of the family: for each element given in the first column, select an element from the second column.

MANIFESTATIONS

A) joint spending of the family budget

B) the transfer of a certain status to children

C) starting a family business

D) joint housekeeping

E) teaching children the rules of etiquette

FAMILY FUNCTIONS

1) social

2) economic

37. Are the following judgments about social roles true?

A. Social role is understood as a pattern of behavior recognized as appropriate for people of a given status in a particular society.

B. Any social role is informal in nature.

1) only A is true

2) only B is true

3) both statements are true

4) both judgments are wrong

38. Family is

1) large social group

2) social institution

3) the sphere of public life

4) ethnic community

39. Are the following judgments about deviant behavior true?

A. Deviant behavior can manifest itself in unusual hobbies.

B. Deviant behavior is always associated with criminal acts.

1) only A is true

2) only B is true

3) both statements are true

4) both judgments are wrong

40. Establish a correspondence between situations and social roles that these situations illustrate: for each item given in the first column, select the corresponding item from the second column.

SITUATION

A) Pupil K. is interested in the work of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation.

B) A 15-year-old teenager in his free time works as a courier.

C) High school students on the eve of the New Year organized a holiday for the children of the orphanage.

D) Student S. purchased a digital camera.

E) Ivan participates free of charge in organizing the electoral campaign of a political party.

SOCIAL ROLE

1) citizen

2) employee

3) consumer

41. Are the following judgments about the resolution of social conflicts true?

A. The most effective constructive ways of resolving social conflicts include avoiding a conflict situation.

B. Ending a conflict always means resolving it

1) only A is true

2) only B is true

3) both statements are true

4) both judgments are wrong

42. Are the following judgments about ethnic groups correct?

A. Tribes, nationalities, nations are types of ethnic groups.

B. Members of any ethnic community are united by a common language, belief and common citizenship.

1) only A is true

2) only B is true

3) both statements are true

4) both judgments are wrong

43. Are the following judgments about social groups true?

A. Small groups include ethnic communities.

B. Social groups, whose activities are determined by regulatory documents, are called formal.

1) only A is true

2) only B is true

3) both statements are true

4) both judgments are wrong

44. As one of the types of conflicts, the "conflict of belonging" is singled out, when at the same time a person enters into two groups with opposite interests. What situation illustrates this kind of conflict?

1) girlfriends had a fight while preparing for the exam

2) K.'s spouses could not agree on how to spend the evening

3) volleyball player D. plays against the team of his hometown

4) the writer R. rejected the demands of the publisher

45. Are the following judgments about interethnic conflict correct?

1. only A is true
2. only B is true
3. both judgments are correct
4. both judgments are wrong

46. ​​Scientists interviewed 25-year-old and 60-year-old residents of country Z. They were asked the question: "What, in your opinion, is connected with deviant behavior of people?"

The results of the survey (in% of the number of respondents) are presented in the form of a diagram.

The results of the survey, reflected in the diagram, were published and commented on in the media. Which of the following conclusions directly follow from the information obtained during the survey?

Write down the numbers under which they are indicated.

1. Regardless of age, respondents in most cases associate deviant behavior with social factors.
2. Young people regard deviant behavior as a conscious choice of a person.
3. There is no consensus among the respondents about the reason for deviant behavior.
4. The respondents of both groups negatively assess the influence of society on a person.
5. Older people are more likely than young people to speculate about the causes of deviant behavior.

Find in the list below the conclusions that can be drawn from the diagram, and write down the numbers under which they are indicated.

1. The smallest share of respondents in both groups sees the reason in the influence of the social environment.

2) The largest share of respondents in each group believes that deviant behavior is associated with a person's lifestyle.

3) The percentage of those who see biological causes of deviant behavior is higher among 60-year-olds than among 25-year-olds.

4) An equal proportion of respondents in both groups believe that deviant behavior is a consequence of psychological character traits.

5) The percentage of those who believe that the environment determines the deviant behavior of a person is higher among 60-year-olds than among 25-year-olds.

Scientists interviewed 35-year-old working men and women of country Z. They were asked the question: "How should home and work be combined in the life of a modern woman?"

The results of the survey (in% of the number of respondents) are presented in the table.

Find in the list below the conclusions that can be drawn from the table, and write down the numbers under which they are indicated.

1) Equal shares of men and women believe that women should devote all their time exclusively to work and career.

2) Among men, the share of those who believe that the combination of work and family responsibilities gives a woman the opportunity to achieve equal success with a man is greater than the share of those who believe that after the birth of a child, a woman should leave work.

3) Among women, the share of those who believe that after the birth of a child a woman should leave work is greater than the share of those who believe that women should devote their entire adult life only to the family.

4) Equal proportions of men and women believe that the combination of work and family responsibilities gives a woman the opportunity to achieve equal success with a man.

5) Among those who believe that the ideal option for a woman is a combination of work and family until the birth of a child; in the presence of a small child - only the house, later - again the combination of a career with household chores, the proportion of men is greater than the proportion of women.

The results of the survey, reflected in the table, were published and commented on in the media. Which of the following conclusions directly follow from the information obtained during the survey? Write down the numbers under which they are indicated.

1) In country Z, women do not have the opportunity to combine work and family responsibilities.

2) Most men in Country Z are patriarchal.

3) Women's career aspirations do not find much support among the population of country Z.

4) Men of country Z do not compete with women in the professional sphere.

5) The survey did not reveal any fundamental differences in the positions of men and women.

Part 2.

The middle class is a part of society that, in terms of status, occupies an average position between the upper and lower classes.

At the beginning of the 20th century, small owners and independent entrepreneurs were classified as the middle class. But as the "society of mass welfare" developed in developed countries, the living standards of skilled hired workers (managers, lawyers, accountants and bank workers, teachers of schools and universities, doctors, etc.) have risen, which have significantly expanded the ranks of the middle class.

There is a constant debate among scholars about the criteria for distinguishing the middle class. Most often, the main objective criteria are the level of education and income, consumption standards, ownership of material or intellectual property, as well as the ability for highly qualified work. In addition to these objective criteria, a great role is played by a person's subjective perception of his position, that is, his self-identification as a representative of the “social middle”.

As the main social group, the middle class in developed countries performs a number of very important social functions.

The main one among them is the function of a social stabilizer: having achieved a certain place in the social structure of society, representatives of the middle class are inclined to support the existing state structure, which allowed them to achieve their position. It should be borne in mind that the middle class plays a leading role in the processes of social mobility, and this also strengthens the existing social system, protecting it from social cataclysms: the dissatisfaction of the lower class with their position is balanced by the very real opportunities presented to them for raising their status in society.

In the sphere of economic relations, the middle class plays the role of an economic donor - not only as a producer of a huge part of society's income, but also as a large consumer, investor and taxpayer.

In the cultural sphere, the middle class is the custodian and disseminator of values, norms, traditions and laws of society.

It is the middle class that supplies cadres of officials and managers of various ranks - both for the state apparatus and for business. Civil society activities are also based on the activity of representatives of the middle class.

(Based on materials from the Internet encyclopedia)

C1. Using the facts of public life, illustrate with three examples the social mobility of the middle class.

C2. The text indicates that there is a constant debate among scientists about the criteria for distinguishing the middle class. Formulate any two questions that might cause controversy.

C3.

C5. What are the four functions of the middle class considered by the author of the text?

C6. What two groups of criteria for distinguishing the middle class are named in the text?

Sociologists use the term nuclear married family. This term refers to a family consisting only of a married couple and their children. The nuclear family in an industrial society began to predominate over the previously widespread extended or multigenerational family. The latter also includes other relatives: grandmothers, grandfathers, etc.

But the family has not only shrunk in size. The legal foundations of family relations have changed, as well as the functions of the family. At one pole, we find the patriarchal family of ancient Rome, in which the father had unlimited power, extending to the power over the life and death of each of the family members. At the other extreme, we will find family law in modern Western societies, in which more and more attention is paid to the independent rights of each family member, including children, and we can talk about a family of a democratic type.

There was also a significant change in the economic function of the family - a shift from production to consumption. In earlier times, the family was a unit participating in social production. This is true of the peasant, the artisan, and the shopkeeper. This production function of the family has practically disappeared. Technological manufacturing has displaced the family from its ancient production role ...

According to a number of sociologists, there is a "shrinkage" of the educational and upbringing function of the family. The system of preschool and school institutions is beginning to implement it more and more. The reduction of socially significant functions of the family, according to these sociologists, leads to a decrease in its role in society. Other researchers point to the preservation of other important functions for the family.

(Adapted after P. Berger, R. Collins)

C1. The text deals with two pairs of families of different types. Indicate these pairs.

C2. The text contains the assertion of a number of sociologists that the reduction of socially significant functions of the family leads to a decrease in its role in society. Do you agree with this conclusion? Relying on the text and social science knowledge, give two arguments (explanations) in defense of your position.

C3. Make an outline of the text. To do this, select the main semantic fragments of the text and title each of them.

C4. Based on the text and using social science knowledge, indicate the main reason that led to the weakening of the family's production role. How is the weakening of this role expressed specifically? (Give two manifestations).

C5. What functions of the family have changed, according to the authors, in modern society? Name two functions.

C6. Pupil M., giving an example of an extended type in the lesson, named a family consisting of adults and several children. The teacher considered this answer incomplete. What else should you know to classify a family as this type? Give a piece of text that helped you to draw a conclusion.

Each of us carries the features of our people, presents to those around us, society and the world the characteristic features of behavior, speech, traditions of our people. These traits are called ethnic. "Ethnos" in ancient Greek means people. According to a number of researchers, the main features of an ethnos include a common territory of residence, language, and historical fate. People's awareness of their belonging to a given nation (ethnic identity) is also of great importance.

Since ancient times, humanity has been composed of various ethnic groups.

The geographic (natural) environment is the most important condition for the emergence and development of an ethnos. It affects, first of all, the material culture of the people, starting with tools and ending with household items. So the climate determines the characteristics of clothing and housing, the types of crops cultivated.

The characteristic features of the geographic environment also have a certain, often indirect, influence on certain aspects of spiritual culture. This influence is expressed, first of all, in specific habits, customs, rituals, in which the features of the life of peoples associated with the conditions of its habitation are manifested.

The geographical environment is reflected in the ethnic consciousness of the people. Pictures of the surrounding nature are imprinted in the minds of people in the form of ideas about their "native land". Certain elements of the landscape in the form of visual images (for example, cherry blossoms among the Japanese) or place names (the Volga River among the Russians) become a kind of symbols of ethnicity.

Scientists argue about the degree of influence of the natural environment on the development of ethnic groups. Some consider this influence to be very significant and in many respects decisive. Others argue that the influence of this factor, including the material side of life, the economy, is now relatively small.

(Adapted from the books of Y. Bromley and R. Podolny "Humanity is us")

C1. The text provides two points of view on the role of nature in the development of an ethnos. Choose the one that you think is more correct. Relying on the text and social science knowledge, give two arguments (explanations) in defense of your position.

C2. It is known that the peoples of the tropical zone do not have ceremonial holidays associated with seasonal cycles of agricultural work. At the same time, the peoples of temperate latitudes from ancient times celebrated the beginning of spring sowing, autumn harvest festival, etc. How can this be explained? Provide a piece of text that can help you answer the question.

C3. Make an outline of the text. To do this, select the main semantic fragments of the text and title each of them.

C4. What are the main features of an ethnos as a social group given in the text? (Name four signs.)

C5. Name and illustrate with an example any three attributes of an ethnic group. C6. What aspects of the life of the people, according to the authors of the text, is influenced by the natural environment? (Indicate three sides.)

We see that the population is stratified into many different groups. Each person turns out to be a member of many groups. But obviously, there is no way to study all individual groups, starting with some "society of photography lovers". Not all groups, furthermore, have an equally important historical role. Nothing will change from the politics and behavior of the "society of photography lovers", numbering five people: there will be no revolution, no overthrow of state power, and the behavior of the population does not depend on it; another matter is such a group as the state, which, moreover, seeks to influence the behavior of the population.

Without dwelling on the details, the most important groups of the population, we must recognize those that, other things being equal,: 1) cover a larger number of members; 2) the most organized; 3) the most solidarity within.

We should consider the following groups to be the most important groupings of the population of our time: 1) family-related; 2) state; 3) racial; 4) linguistic; 5) professional; 6) property; 7) religious, etc.

The population of any cultural country is divided into family groups. A family is a group that represents, on the one hand, the union of spouses, and on the other, the union of parents and children. Although each family embraces a small number of members, since there are many families, the whole family grouping encompasses a huge number of members. The family is an organized and usually solidarity group. Therefore, the family grouping of people is very important. It is also important because the nature of the family structure, the nature of the family organization largely determines the fate of other social groups and the fate of the population itself. As the family of the people is, such will be the historical fate of the people themselves. The family is the environment where each person goes from the moment of birth. The family is the first workshop where people go to rework immediately after their birth. The family is the first sculptor who shapes the mind, will, character of the child. We (with very few exceptions) cannot avoid the influence of the family.

(According to P.A. Sorokin)

C1. Drawing on social science knowledge and facts of social life, illustrate with three specific examples the influence of the state on the "behavior of the population."

C2. Why, according to the author, is there no point in studying all social groups? By what three criteria does the author identify social groups worthy of study?

C3. Using the text, indicate any two reasons that determine the special role of the family in society.

C4. Make an outline of the text. To do this, select the main semantic fragments of the text and title each of them.

Each society values ​​certain personality traits above others, and children learn and develop these qualities through socialization. Socialization methods depend on which personality traits are valued higher, and in different cultures they can be very different. In American society, qualities such as self-confidence, self-control, and aggressiveness are highly valued; in India, the opposite values ​​have traditionally developed: contemplation, passivity.

These cultural values ​​are at the core of social norms. Norms are the expectations and standards that govern how people interact. Some of the rules are presented in laws prohibiting theft, assault on another person, breach of contract, etc. Such laws are social norms and those who violate them are punished. Our behavior in everyday life is influenced by many expectations: we should be polite towards other people; when we are visiting a friend's house, a gift should be made for his family; on the bus it is necessary to give way to the elderly and the disabled. We set these expectations for our children as well.

It's not just norms that affect people's behavior. The cultural ideals of a given society have a huge impact on their actions and aspirations. In addition, since these ideals are shaped by many values, society avoids general uniformity. For example, we value science, which is why the name of Albert Einstein is held in high esteem and respect. We also value sports highly, giving famous athletes a high social status.

Socialization is a two-way, multidirectional process. There is a mutual influence between biological factors and culture, as well as between those who carry out socialization and those who are socialized.

(According to N. Smelzer)

C1. The state actively participates in the process of socialization of citizens. Imagine what qualities it seeks to form in citizens. List any two qualities and briefly explain your choice.

C3. Make an outline of the text. To do this, select the main semantic fragments of the text and title each of them.

C6. Students of the same class, dressed in school uniforms, even follow the same rules and tasks, remain different from each other. But this does not mean that their socialization is unsuccessful. Give two reasons (arguments) supporting this opinion.

Being a father is more difficult today than it was before. The father no longer has the "innate" right to be the head of the family, the "hereditary" authority. The "innate" authority of the father can be replaced by the authority acquired, which is determined by all behavior in the family, by caring for it. But even then this authority will not be dominant, but equal to that of the mother. This is the essence of a modern, equal, democratic family. Researchers have found that some schoolchildren put their father in the family in all respects in second place after the mother, and for a number of reasons - after the grandmother, grandfather, and peers.

Or maybe so be it: mother comes first? After all, a mother is a given educator of her children by nature. It's right. But father? Isn't a father an equally capable educator of his children? The father has a good store of versatile information for raising a child, often not less, but more than the mother. The father takes much less time to work in the household than the mother, he is freer in the family. It turns out that in many families there is considerable parental upbringing potential, often hidden, unused.

A positive example of a father in raising children is important and significant. Being attentive and caring to children is the main thing. But the father must be quite demanding - you cannot respect without demanding. And you cannot demand without respecting. True, it is very important what tone of communication with children the father chooses. In a family, a demand is best translated into a request. The tone of the order or direction is not useful here, or least of all, especially when we are talking with teenagers or older children. Otherwise - a breakdown, a conflict.

Probably every father wants to see his children good. Recently, many fathers have become more attentive to family problems, to raising children. Sociologists have found that the share of male participation in raising children is clearly growing. Men are much more willing to attend parent-teacher meetings and help children with their homework than to participate in cooking and doing laundry. However, more and more men consider it necessary to do with their wife and work in the household. This means that they correctly understand their fatherly duty.

(According to N.Ya.Solovyov)

C1. Why, according to the author, is it more difficult to be a father nowadays than before? (Name two main reasons given by the author.)

C2. Eighth-grader Alina thinks that her parents are too protective of her, treat her like a small child. Therefore, Alina often quarrels with her parents. Using the text and social science knowledge, formulate two pieces of advice to Alina and her parents, which, in your opinion, can improve their relationship.

C3. There is an opinion that the family today is losing its meaning.
in raising children. Using the content of the text and social science knowledge, give two arguments (explanations) to refute this opinion

C4. Based on the text and based on personal social experience, name two circumstances that allow the author to highly appreciate the upbringing potential of the father in the family. Imagine why this potential is often left untapped.... C5. Give three examples that illustrate the importance of a father's involvement in raising children. C6. Make an outline of the text. To do this, select the main semantic fragments of the text and title each of them.

Social deviations play a dual, contradictory role in society. On the one hand, they pose a threat to the stability of society, on the other, they support this stability.

The successful functioning of a society can be considered effective only if order and predictable behavior of people are ensured. Everyone should know (within reasonable limits, of course) what behavior he can expect from others, what behavior is expected of him and what social norms children should learn. Deviant behavior violates this order and predictability of behavior. When there are numerous cases of social deviations in a society or a social group, people lose a sense of expected behavior, and the social order is disturbed. Moral norms cease to control people's behavior, fundamental values ​​can be rejected, and a person loses a sense of security and confidence in their actions. Therefore, a society will function effectively only when a majority of its members accept established norms and act largely in accordance with the expectations of others.

On the other hand, deviant behavior is one way of adapting culture to social change. There is no modern society that would remain static for a long time. Even communities isolated from world civilizations must change their patterns of behavior from time to time due to environmental changes. Explosions in fertility, technological innovations, changes in the physical environment - all this can lead to the need to adopt new norms and adapt to them by members of society.

New social norms are born and develop as a result of the daily behavior of people, in the collision of constantly emerging social circumstances. The behavior of a small number of individuals deviating from the old, customary norms may be the beginning of the creation of new normative models. Gradually, overcoming traditions, deviant behavior, containing new viable norms, more and more penetrates into the consciousness of people. As members of social groups assimilate behavior containing new norms, it ceases to be deviant.

(S. S. Frolov, text adapted)

C1. How, according to the author, do new social norms appear? (Using the content of the text, indicate four steps in this process.) C2. What social phenomena, according to the author, can make the emergence of new social norms necessary? Using the content of the text, indicate three phenomena and explain the relationship of any two of them with the emergence of new social norms.

C3. What conditions do you think the new social norms must meet in order for them to be accepted by society? (Using social science knowledge and personal social experience, specify any three conditions.) C4. What does the author consider necessary for the successful functioning of social structures? How do numerous cases of deviation, according to the author, affect society?

C5. Make an outline of the text. To do this, select the main semantic fragments of the text and title each of them. C6. There is an opinion that any massive social deviations are beneficial for the development of society. Using the content of the text and social science knowledge, give two arguments (explanations) to refute this opinion.

From the guest

Give answers to questions

Social deviations play a dual, contradictory role in society. On the one hand, they pose a threat to the stability of society, on the other, they support this stability.

The successful functioning of a society can be considered effective only if order and predictable behavior of people are ensured. Everyone should know (within reasonable limits, of course) what behavior he can expect from others, what behavior is expected of him and what social norms children should learn. Deviant behavior violates this order and predictability of behavior. When there are numerous cases of social deviations in a society or a social group, people lose a sense of expected behavior, and the social order is disturbed. Moral norms cease to control people's behavior, fundamental values ​​can be rejected, and a person loses a sense of security and confidence in their actions. Therefore, a society will function effectively only when a majority of its members accept established norms and act largely in accordance with the expectations of others.

On the other hand, deviant behavior is one way of adapting culture to social change. There is no modern society that would remain static for a long time. Even communities isolated from world civilizations must change their patterns of behavior from time to time due to environmental changes. Explosions in fertility, technological innovations, changes in the physical environment - all this can lead to the need to adopt new norms and adapt to them by members of society.

New social norms are born and develop as a result of the daily behavior of people, in the collision of constantly emerging social circumstances. The behavior of a small number of individuals deviating from the old, customary norms may be the beginning of the creation of new normative models. Gradually, overcoming traditions, deviant behavior, containing new viable norms, more and more penetrates into the consciousness of people. As members of social groups assimilate behavior containing new norms, it ceases to be deviant.

(S. S. Frolov, text adapted)

2. What social phenomena, according to the author, can make the emergence of new social norms necessary? Using the content of the text, indicate three phenomena and explain the relationship of any two of them with the emergence of new social norms.

3. What conditions do you think the new social norms must meet in order for them to be accepted by society? (Using social science knowledge and personal social experience, specify any three conditions.)

5. Make an outline of the text. To do this, select the main semantic fragments of the text and title each of them.

6. There is an opinion that any massive social deviations are useful for the development of society. Using the content of the text and social science knowledge, give two arguments (explanations) to refute this opinion.

Social Studies

5 - 9 grades

Social deviations play a dual, contradictory role in society. On the one hand, they pose a threat to the stability of society, on the other, they support this stability.
The successful functioning of a society can be considered effective only if order and predictable behavior of people are ensured. Everyone should know (within reasonable limits, of course) what behavior he can expect from others, what behavior is expected of him and what social norms children should learn. Deviant behavior violates this order and predictability of behavior. When there are numerous cases of social deviations in a society or a social group, people lose a sense of expected behavior, and the social order is disturbed. Moral norms cease to control people's behavior, fundamental values ​​can be rejected, and a person loses a sense of security and confidence in their actions. Therefore, a society will function effectively only when a majority of its members accept established norms and act largely in accordance with the expectations of others.
On the other hand, deviant behavior is one way of adapting culture to social change. There is no modern society that would remain static for a long time. Even communities isolated from world civilizations must change their patterns of behavior from time to time due to environmental changes. Explosions in fertility, technological innovations, changes in the physical environment - all this can lead to the need to adopt new norms and adapt to them by members of society.
New social norms are born and develop as a result of the daily behavior of people, in the collision of constantly emerging social circumstances. The behavior of a small number of individuals deviating from the old, customary norms may be the beginning of the creation of new normative models. Gradually, overcoming traditions, deviant behavior, containing new viable norms, more and more penetrates into the consciousness of people. As members of social groups assimilate behavior containing new norms, it ceases to be deviant.
(S. S. Frolov, text adapted)

Make an outline of the text. To do this, select the main semantic fragments of the text and title each of them.

What conditions, in your opinion, should the new social norms meet in order for them to be accepted by society? (Using social science knowledge and personal social experience, specify any three conditions.)

There is an opinion that any massive social deviations are beneficial for the development of society. Using the content of the text and social science knowledge, give two arguments (explanations) to refute this opinion.