Euripides (also Euripides, ancient Greek ?????????, lat. Euripides, 480 - 406 BC) - an ancient Greek playwright, a representative of a new Attic tragedy, in which psychology prevails over the idea of ​​divine fate ...
Earlier, Euripides lived a little-known playwright with the same name, as reported in the Byzantine dictionary of the Courts.

The great playwright was born on Salamis, on the day of the famous victory of the Greeks over the Persians in a naval battle, September 23, 480 BC. e., from Mnesarch and Kleito. Parents ended up on Salamis along with other Athenians who fled from the Persian army

King Xerxes. The exact connection of Euripides' birthday to victory is an embellishment that is often found in the stories of ancient authors about the greats. So in the Court it is reported that the mother of Euripides conceived him at the time when Xerxes invaded Europe (May, 480 BC), from which it follows that in September he could not be born in any way.

The Parian marble inscription identifies the playwright's birth year as 486 BC. e., and in this chronicle of Greek life, the name of the playwright is mentioned 3 times - more often than the name of any king. According to other evidence, the date of birth can be attributed to 481 BC. NS.
Euripides' father was respected and judging

All over a wealthy man, Kleito's mother was selling vegetables. As a child, Euripides was seriously involved in gymnastics, even won the competition among boys and wanted to get to the Olympic Games, but was rejected because of his youth. Then he was engaged in drawing, however, without much success.

Then he began to take lessons in oratory and literature from Prodicus and Anaxagoras and philosophy lessons from Socrates. Euripides collected books in the library, and soon he himself began to write. The first piece, Peliad, took the stage in 455 BC. e., but then the author did not win because of a quarrel with the judges.

Euripides won the first prize for skill in 441 BC. NS. and from then until his death he created his creations. The playwright's social activity was manifested in the fact that he participated in the embassy in Syracuse in Sicily, apparently supporting the goals of the embassy with the authority of a writer recognized by all of Greece.
Euripides' family life was unsuccessful. From his first wife, Chloirina, he had 3 sons, but divorced her because of her adultery, writing the play "Hippolytus", where he ridiculed sexual relations. The second wife, Melitta, was no better than the first. Euripides gained fame as a misogynist, which gave the comedy master Aristophanes a reason to joke about him.

In 408 BC. NS. the great playwright decided to leave Athens, accepting the invitation of the Macedonian king Archelaus. It is not known exactly what influenced Euripides' decision. Historians are inclined to think that the main reason was, if not persecution, then the offense of a vulnerable creative personality against fellow citizens for non-recognition of merits.

The fact is that out of 92 plays (75 according to another source), only 4 were awarded prizes at theatrical competitions during the life of the author, and one play was posthumous. The popularity of the playwright among the people is evidenced by the story of Plutarch about the terrible defeat of the Athenians in Sicily in 413 BC. NS.:
“They [the Athenians] were sold into slavery and branded with a horse on their foreheads. Yes, there were those who, in addition to captivity, had to endure this too. But even in such an extreme, they benefited from self-esteem and self-control. The owners either set them free or highly regarded them.

And some were saved by Euripides. The fact is that the Sicilians, probably more than all the Greeks living outside Attica, honored the talent of Euripides. When the visitors brought them small excerpts from his works, the Sicilians enjoyed verifying them by heart and repeated to each other. They say that at that time many of those who returned home safely greeted Euripides and told him how they received freedom by teaching the master what remained in memory from his poems, or how, wandering after the battle, they earned themselves food and water by singing songs from his tragedies. "
Archelaus showed honor and demonstrative respect to the famous guest to such an extent that signs of affection were the cause of the death of the king himself. Aristotle in his work "Politics" reports about a certain Dekumnich, who was given to be scourged by Euripides for the offense inflicted on him, and this Dekumnich, in revenge, organized a conspiracy, as a result of which Archelaus died. This happened already after the death of Euripides himself in 406 BC. NS. The death of such a remarkable person gave birth to the legends set forth in the Court:
“Euripides ended his life as a result of a conspiracy between Arridaeus of Macedonia and Crateus of Thessaly, poets jealous of the glory of Euripides. In 10 minutes they bribed a courtier named Lysimachus to unleash the king's hounds, whom he followed, from the leash on Euripides. Others say that Euripides was torn apart, not by dogs, but by women, as he hurried at night to meet Craterus, Archelaus's young lover. Still others claim that he was going to meet with Nicodica, Aref's wife. "
The version about women is a rude joke with a hint of Euripides' play "The Bacchae", where maddened women tore the king to pieces. Plutarch tells about the love of the aged writer for young men in “Quotes”. The modern version is more mundane - the body of 75-year-old Euripides simply could not stand the harsh winter in Macedonia.
The Athenians asked permission to bury the playwright in his hometown, but Archelaus wished to leave the grave of Euripides in his capital, Pella. Sophocles, upon learning of the playwright's death, forced the actors to play the play with their heads uncovered. Athens put a statue of Euripides in the theater, honoring him after death.

Plutarch passed on a legend: lightning struck the tomb of Euripides, a great sign that only Lycurgus of the famous people was awarded.

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Translated by Innokenty Annensky

CHARACTERS

in the order of their appearance on the stage

Mycenaean Plowman (III) Agamemnon's Old Uncle (III)

Electra, his named wife (I) Herald (III)

Orestes (II) Clytemnestra, with her retinue from

Piladas (without speeches) the Phrygian captives (III)

A choir of local girls from Dioscuri (speaking Castor)

Coryphaus is an older girl

The action takes place in Argos, near the border, in front of a poor village

The moonlit night is running out. Poor shack. In the distance there is a descent to the river, in the waves of which,

hesitating, the moon is reflected. In front of the house is the poor altar of Apollo.

THE FIRST APPEARANCE

(comes out of the shack, carrying the harness)

O ancient land of Argos, O Inah!

Once upon a time Agamemnon from your waters

He took his proud fleet to Troy,

So that there, killing the sovereign Priam,

Dardanian strongholds to crush

And barbaric innumerable prey

Measure the heights of the Argos temples ... Yes ...

He was happy across the sea, but in Mycenae

Returned to perish from the nets

10 His wife, under the hand of Aegisthus.

(Pauses, then quieter and in a changed voice.)

When, having dropped his ancient scepter,

The slain king fell, Fiesta child

He took the throne of the Atrides and

Wife, Tindara's daughter. Atrid children

Were left here - before the war:

Child Orestes and the delicate color of Electra,

So the boy Fiesta son kill

Prepared, but the breadwinner saved him

And to Strophy, the Phokid king,

Stealthily carried the child away, but in the father

The daughter remained in the palace. And her,

20 A little bloomed, from all Hellas to woo

Came to know.

Trembling Aegisthus,

May the princess not give birth to a nobleman

Atrid the avenger's grandson, her

But he did not find peace: like a son

It is impossible to give to a grandee even under lock and key.

(After a pause.)

To the cub and the wolf in the heart

Love lives and Clytemnestra is a mother

Electra saves him from the knife ...

After all, to stab a husband, at least an excuse

She had, but for the blood of children

30 Hatred threatened her without mercy.

Fiesta's son finally came up with:

Behind the head of the fleeing Orestes

He promised the murderers gold,

And he gives the king's daughter to me as a wife.

Mykene I am the original: ancient family

Of course, I will not defame mine.

But what is she, good blood, if she

Not to be married with wealth? Wicked poverty

Strangle the glory of the name. Aegisthus

I hoped that by betraying the princess

To insignificant, it will reduce to nothing

And the very danger. After all, perhaps

40 A noble son-in-law would inspire a rumor,

He would have threatened the murderer of his father-in-law with punishment ...

(After a pause.)

O poor man chosen by Aegisthus

The princess did not defame the bed:

She is clean - I swear by Cypriot.

Yes, I would consider it a shame on a girl,

Born in the palace, if she

He gave me a chance to wife, to scoff ...

And the groans heave my chest when

I will think that if the betrothed

Our son-in-law Orestes will return to Argos and

Will see his sister's unhappy marriage ...

50 And if someone calls you a madman

Me for being a young maiden's bed

I, her husband, dare not touch her,

Let his others not measure by measure

And even a humble person, yes, he will respect him ...

(Steps aside and fiddles with the harness.)

THE SECOND PHENOMENON

Elektra comes out of the house, thin, pale, with sore, burning eyes; black cropped hair, dark and rough peplos; puts a jug on his head,

preparing to go to the river for water.

Oh night, oh mother, golden lights

Who nurtured ... the princess and the jug

On her head you see the descent

To the river ... Oh, know that this is not a need

I am lifted from the bed - evil insolence

Egisthova sends moans from my

Chest into the vastness of heaven to the father's shadow ...

A villainous mother to please her

60 To the Lover, Electra Tyndarida

She closed the door of the palace and,

Other children with Aegisthus, me and my brother

He does not give shelter at the hearth.

(seeing her, he approaches, and affectionately)

Why are you suffering, unhappy? Do you

Our rough work? You were born in bliss ...

Didn't I ask: "Electra, stop working"?

You did not crown my evil with shame:

As a god, I honor you. Oh for mortals

70 In misfortune to find such a doctor,

How you appeared to me is a treasure ...

And I will wait for the order, so that the burden

Sharing your labors with you, dear?

Or you have little business in your field ...

Leave me the house! Arriving from the fields, the plowman

Will he go to dinner himself for water? ..

(smiling)

Well, work hard, if you have your own hunt,

Well, it's good, and the water is not far ...

And I’m getting ready, it’s obvious ... it’s a little dawning,

I am leading the bulls to the field - now they are sowing.

80 Yes, those who are lazy, let them not leave his lips.

Words of prayers, but did not save bread.

Both leave. Elektra descends to the river and is visible for a long time, a plowman in the field to the left.

PHENOMENON THREE

On the right enter Orestes and Pylades with a small retinue; they are in short and dark uniforms, instead of helmets, they have felt hats, like the one in which

depict Hermes, and short swords.

Oh my Pilad, for poor Orestes

You are the first and last friend: when

Aegisthus and my damned mother

Together they killed my father and I had to

Survive all this horror, alone

You have not turned your back on me, Pilad.

Here, to the Argos region, it leads me

Oracle broadcast - about it

I didn’t tell anyone, _but the blood

Father's here will shed blood

90 of his killers_. There tonight

At the coffin, I cried and hair

Left the first curl, the blood of a sheep

I shed it secretly from the new ruler.

But I will not enter the city; two reasons

There is: firstly, if we

What spy he knows, you can hide

To the neighboring region; Yes, and I would like

Sister to find - according to rumors, she got married

She, and terem girlish forgotten.

100 And my sister will help me in revenge, right ...

Through her I learn that we have

Created in the house by the father ...

But in heaven

The dawn is already showing its white face: yes,

I have to turn off the path - maybe

Or we will meet the plowman, or the slave

And they will open to us where the dwelling is

Electrino ... (Looks around and sees the approaching Electra, who walks, barely moving

legs, going uphill, with a heavy jug on his head.)

Look, Pilad, just

The maid went down the water to the river, apparently,

The jug carries; listen, from the mouth

110 Will it not break out from her, for our happiness,

What a hint ... just a word ... shh ...

Hiding, and the retinue, at the sign of Orestes, too. They are visible to the audience, but not visible to either Electra or the choir, which should soon enter the stage. During two

the following phenomena - between them a mimic scene.

PHENOMENON FOUR

The same and Electra.

Verse I Oh, do not hesitate, do not hesitate, the dawn is rising ...

I am from the root of Atrid,

Tyndarida is cruel

Delicate color brought to the king ...

But in the mouths of Argos

I'm poor Electra.

120 I have been pitied by evil and torment,

Awakened by grief.

You, father, are dressed in hellish darkness,

Lodge by a marriage friend killed, lying

And Aegisthus was stabbed to death with her ...

Fly away, crying, groans!

Antistrophe I Oh, do not hesitate, do not hesitate, the dawn is rising ...

And higher, higher, crying, heave ...

130 Where is your city, where is your home, tell me

Poor brother? Who do you share the bread with?

And why amid evil and tears

You threw in your father's house

Electra, Electra?

Will you come to the sufferer

Tear the chain off her?

God above, for the blood of the father

Bring here a vengeful sword

Give, O Zeus, to the wanderer Orestes!

Fly away, crying, groans!

It's so sweet for my heart to drink a cup of tears ...

(He comes to the hut and, taking off the jug, puts it on the ground.)

Verse II Heavy Burden ... Enough ...

(stretching out his hands to the sky.)

And you, what a sob

140 Nights are mourned ... Dawn has begun.

Do you hear, darling?

Oh, heed the funeral song!

Crying, I call you from the grave.

Day and night, day and night I

I am languishing - latinas in the blood

Sharp fingernail torn

And my brow is beaten

In honor of you, my king-father ...

Mesod 150 Do not regret, do not regret cheating.

Do you hear: there

By the brook and longs and rushes,

Crying, baby swan, he calls his father,

Covered with a strong net,

So in tears I call you

So, unfortunate one, I pray to you, father.

Antistrophe II Just wash your body, you bowed down, darling,

Death embraces you ...

Oh, what a flour! ..

Oh, axes blow terrible,

And in the palaces, oh, the horror of a date! ..

Not in flowers and not with ribbons

Clytemnestra was waiting for you

160 A with a sharpened poleaxe,

To give the king to Aegisthus,

Lodge to a cunning friend.

APPEARANCE FIFTH

Girls from the surrounding areas rise to the stage. During the next

they are located around the altar.

Chorus (first half chorus)

Stanza I Hello, daughter of Agamemnon!

I, O princess, have not forgotten Elektra in this wilderness.

The tragedy of Medea originates from the myth of Jason "Argonaftika", when the heir of Iolka Jason was forced to sail on the ship "Argo" to distant Colchis for the sacred rune in order to regain the throne. Power in Iolca was in the hands of a relative of Peleus. In Colchis, the hero met the sorceress Medea, the daughter of the local king (son of the Sun). Medea and Jason fell in love with each other, and the girl, with the help of witchcraft drugs, helped her chosen one to get the fleece. When sailing from Colchis, the girl killed her own brother, and scattered pieces of the body along the shore.

The pursuers delayed collecting the remains, and the lovers fled. In Iolca, the cunning Medea deceived the daughters of Peleus to kill their own father, promising that she would resurrect him young. The daughters of Peleus were exiled after the murder of their father, and it would seem that nothing threatens Jason's reign. The people rebelled against the witch's wife. Taking their children with them, Medea and Jason fled to Corinth. The king of Corinth offered Jason a way out of this situation. Jason divorces his wife as a witch and marries the king's daughter. By doing this, he will save not only himself, but also innocent children. Iason himself was already afraid of Medea, so he agreed.

For Medea, her husband's betrayal was a strong blow. She is asked to leave Corinth, but the woman has nowhere to go. In Colchis, she is the murderer of her brother, in Iolka, the witch who killed Peleus. Medea finds shelter with the Athenian ruler Aegeus, who went to the oracle to find out why he has no heirs. Aegeus heard an indistinct answer from the oracle. Medea knew that Aegeus would have a son Theseus, because of whom later Aegeus himself would die. She, taking advantage of the situation, promises Egey that he will have children if he gives shelter to Medea. Having received shelter, Medea decides to destroy the Jason family in the bud. It speaks of pride and jealousy. Before leaving Corinth, Medea lulls her husband's vigilance, pretending to have resigned herself to her situation. She has prepared a gift for Jason's young wife, a cloak and a bandage, and orders her children to present them to their stepmother. The children gave the poisoned dress to their stepmother and returned to Medea. The mother cries, says goodbye to the children, but out of pride and resentment she kills the heirs of Jason, otherwise they would have been killed by others.

The homewoman, throwing on her cloak, admires in the mirror, and suddenly the clothes flare up, a poisonous flame bites into the body, devouring the queen. The king's father rushes to his daughter, the daughter's body wraps around the father and the flame burns both of them.

Jason bursts into Medea's chambers to save the children, but it's too late. A mother with two dead children in her arms rushed off in a chariot. Iason shouts after: “You are a lioness, not a wife! You are the demon that the gods struck me with! " "Call what you want, but I hurt your heart." - "And your own!" - "My pain is light for me when I see yours." - "Your hand killed them!" - "And first of all - your sin." - "So let the gods execute you!" This ends the tragedy of Medea and Jason. According to another version, the Corinthians stoned Jason's children when they tried to hide in the temple after the death of their stepmother and her father. But in order not to carry the glory of child-killers, the Corinthians persuaded Euripides in their tragedy to make their own mother the murderer. Of course, it is difficult to make a mother a murderer of her own children, but Euripides succeeded. No one knows how fate had decreed with Iason.

Please note that this is only a brief summary of the literary work "Medea". Many important points and quotes are missing in this summary.

King Theseus ruled in ancient Athens. Like Hercules, he had two fathers - earthly, king Aegeus, and heavenly, god Poseidon. He performed his main feat on the island of Crete: he killed the monstrous Minotaur in the labyrinth and freed Athens from tribute to him. His assistant was the Cretan princess Ariadne: she gave him a thread, following which he left the labyrinth. He promised to take Ariadne as his wife, but the god Dionysus demanded her for himself, and for this Theseus was hated by the goddess of love Aphrodite.

Theseus' second wife was an Amazon warrior; she died in battle, and Theseus left her son Hippolytus. The son of an Amazon, he was not considered legitimate and was brought up not in Athens, but in the neighboring city of Tresene. The Amazons did not want to know men - Hippolytus did not want to know women. He called himself a servant of the virgin goddess-huntress Artemis, initiated into the underground mysteries, which the singer Orpheus told people about: a person must be pure, and then behind the grave he will find bliss. And for this he, too, was hated by the goddess of love Aphrodite.

The third wife of Theseus was Phaedra, also from Crete, the younger sister of Ariadne. Theseus took her to wife in order to have legitimate children-heirs. And here begins Aphrodite's revenge. Phaedra saw her stepson Hippolytus and fell in love with him with mortal love. At first, she overcame her passion: Hippolytus was not around, he was in Trezen. But it so happened that Theseus killed the relatives who rebelled against him and had to go into exile for a year; together with Phaedra, he moved to the same Trezen. Here the stepmother's love for her stepson flared up again; Phaedra was maddened by her, fell ill, fell ill, and no one could understand what was wrong with the queen. Theseus went to the oracle; in his absence, the tragedy occurred.

Actually, Euripides wrote two tragedies about this. The first has not survived. In her, Phaedra herself revealed her love to Hippolytus, Hippolytus rejected her in horror, and then Phaedra slandered Hippolytus to the returning Theseus: as if it were the stepson who fell in love with her and wanted to dishonor her. Hippolytus died, but the truth was revealed, and only then did Phaedra decide to commit suicide. It was this story that was best remembered by the offspring. But the Athenians did not like him: Phaedra turned out to be too shameless and evil here. Then Euripides composed a second tragedy about Hippolytus - and it is before us.

The tragedy begins with Aphrodite's monologue: the gods punish the proud, and she will punish the proud Hippolytus, who despises love. Here he is, Hippolytus, with a song in honor of the virgin Artemis on his lips: he is joyful and does not know that punishment will fall on him today. Aphrodite disappears, Hippolytus comes out with a wreath in his hands and dedicates it to Artemis - “pure from the pure”. "Why don't you honor Aphrodite too?" The old slave asks him. “Honest, but from afar: the gods of the night are not to my heart,” Hippolytus replies. He leaves, and the slave prays for him to Aphrodite: "Forgive his youthful arrogance: that is why you, gods, are wise to forgive." But Aphrodite will not forgive.

A chorus of women from Trezens enters: a rumor has reached them that Queen Phaedra is ill and delirious. From what? The wrath of the gods, angry jealousy, bad news? Phaedra is brought out to meet them, tossing about on the bed, with her the old nurse. Phaedra raves: “I would like to hunt in the mountains! to the flower meadow Artemidin! to the coastal horse list ”- all these are the Hippolytus places. The nurse persuades: "Wake up, open up, have pity, if not yourself, then the children: if you die, they will not reign, but Hippolytus." Phaedra shudders: "Don't use that name!" Word for word: “the cause of illness is love”; “The reason for love is Hippolytus”; "There is one salvation - death." The nurse opposes: “Love is the universal law; to resist love is fruitless pride; and there is a cure for every disease ”. Phaedra understands this word literally: maybe the nurse knows some kind of healing potion? Nurse leaves; the chorus sings: "Oh, yes, Eros blow me!"

From behind the stage - noise: Phaedra hears the voices of the nurse and Hippolytus. No, it was not about the potion, it was about the love of Hippolytus: the nurse revealed everything to him - and in vain. Here they go on stage, he is indignant, she begs for one thing: "Just not a word to anyone, you have sworn!" “My tongue swore, my soul had nothing to do with it,” Hippolytus replies. He pronounces a cruel denunciation of women: “Oh, if it were possible without women to continue their race! The husband is wasted on the wedding, the husband accepts in-laws, the stupid wife is hard, the smart wife is dangerous - I will keep my oath of silence, but I curse you! ” He's leaving; Phaedra, in despair, branded the nurse: “Curse you! by death I wanted to be saved from dishonor; now I see that even death cannot be saved from him. There is only one last resort left, ”and she leaves without naming him. This means - to build on Hippolytus guilt before his father. The chorus sings: “This world is terrible! I would run out of it, run away! ”

From behind the stage - crying: Phaedra in a noose, Phaedra has died! There is anxiety on the stage: Theseus appears, he is terrified of an unexpected disaster. The palace swings open, a general cry begins over Phaedra's body, But why did she commit suicide? In her hand are writing tablets; Theseus reads them, and his horror is even greater. It turns out that it was Hippolytus, the criminal stepson, who encroached on her bed, and she, unable to bear the dishonor, laid hands on herself. “Father Poseidon! - Theseus exclaims. - You once promised me to fulfill my three wishes, - here is the last of them: punish Hippolytus, let him not survive this day! ”

Hippolytus appears; he, too, is struck by the sight of Phaedra dead, but even more by the reproaches that his father brings down on him. “Oh, why can't we recognize lies by sound! - shouts Theseus. - Sons are more deceitful than fathers, and grandchildren are more deceitful than sons; soon there won't be enough room for criminals on earth. " A lie is your holiness, a lie is your purity, and here is your denouncer. Get out of my sight - go into exile! " - “Gods and people know - I have always been clean; here is my oath to you, but I am silent about other excuses, - replies Ippolit. - Neither lust pushed me to Phaedra the stepmother, nor vanity - to Phaedra the queen. I see: the wrong one came out clean, but the truth didn’t save the clean one. Execute me if you want. " - "No, death would be your mercy - go into exile!" - “Sorry, Artemis, sorry, Trezen, sorry, Athens! you have never had a purer heart than I. ” Hippolytus leaves; the choir sings: “Fate is changeable, life is terrible; God forbid me to know the cruel world laws! "

The curse comes true: the messenger arrives. Hippolytus rode out of Tresen in a chariot along the path between the rocks and the seashore. “I don’t want to live as a criminal,” he cried to the gods, “but I just want my father to know that he is wrong, and I’m right, alive or dead.” Then the sea roared, the rampart rose above the horizon, a monster rose from the rampart, like a sea bull; the horses dashed and carried away, the chariot hit the rocks, the young man was dragged over the stones. The dying man is carried back to the palace. “I am his father, and I am dishonored by him,” says Theseus, “let him not expect any sympathy or joy from me.”

And then Artemis, the goddess Hippolyta, appears above the stage. “He's right, you're wrong,” she says. - Phaedra was also wrong, but she was moved by the evil Aphrodite. Cry, king; I share your grief with you. " Hippolytus is carried on a stretcher, he groans and begs to finish him off; for whose sins is he paying? Artemis leans over him from a height: “This is the anger of Aphrodite, it was she who ruined Phaedra, and Phaedrus Hippolytus, and Hippolytus leaves Theseus inconsolable: three victims, one more unfortunate than the other. Oh, what a pity that the gods do not pay for the fate of people! There will be grief and Aphrodite - she also has a favorite hunter Adonis, and he will fall from my, Artemidina, arrow. And you, Hippolyte, will have an eternal memory in Trezen, and every girl before marriage will sacrifice a lock of hair to you. Hippolytus dies having forgiven his father; The choir ends the tragedy with the words: "Tears will flow in streams about him - If fate has overthrown the great husband - His death is unforgettable forever!"

Option 2

At that time, Athens was ruled by the wise king Theseus, who was a demigod. On earth, his father was King Aegeus, and the heavenly god Poseidon. Theseus threw the Minotaur into a labyrinth on the island of Crete, freeing Athens from sacrifices. He left the labyrinth with the help of Ariadne and her magic ball, promising to take her as a wife, but gave the girl to the god Dionysus, for which Theseus hated Aphrodite. The second wife of the king was an Amazon warrior who died in battle, leaving her son Hippolytus to be raised by her husband. For the third time, the king took Ariadne's younger sister, Phaedra, as his wife. The stepmother fell in love with her stepson, but thanks to the separation, she controlled herself. But when Theseus kills the relatives who rebelled against him, he is sent into exile for a year, and he and his wife go to Hippolytus in Trezeni. And then Phaedra was maddened by the renewed love, fell ill and fell ill. No one could understand the reason, and the king went to the oracles. In the absence of Theseus, a tragedy occurred.

From the sick queen, the nurse learns the truth, what caused Phaedra's illness. The nurse told her stepson everything, who immediately rushes to the stepmother's chambers. Phaedra takes an oath from him to be silent about what he has learned. After the departure of Eppolitus, the queen pounces on the nurse with reproaches that she could not hide the secret, and unable to bear this, Phaedra dies by hanging. Theseus returned from the oracles and in alarm: crying everywhere. He is horrified by unexpected misfortune, cannot understand the reason for what he did. But writing tablets are tucked into him, on which the queen blames her stepson for her death, that, they say, he encroached on her bed, and, unable to withstand the dishonor, they committed suicide. Here Eppolit enters the royal chambers, who is dumbfounded by what is happening. Intoxicated with anger at his son, Theseus drives his son away, and he says in response: “Gods and people know that I have always been clean; here is my oath to you, but I am silent about other excuses, ”and walks away. Towards morning Eppolit left the castle in a chariot. Driving along the seashore, the young man wished that his father would believe him. Suddenly, a rampart rose from the sea above the horizon, from which a monster that resembled a sea bull arose. In fear, the horses became uncontrollable, the chariot hit the rocks, and Eppolit rolled over the stones. The dead guy was taken to the palace to his father, who refuses his son. But then Artemis appears, who told Theseus the whole truth. And finally she said: "This is the anger of Aphrodite, it was she who ruined Phaedra, and Phaedra Hippolytus, and Hippolytus leaves Theseus inconsolable: three victims, one more unfortunate than the other."

Essay on literature on the topic: Summary of Hippolytus Euripides

Other compositions:

1. Euripides finds grateful material for the depiction of the passions, using the theme of love, almost completely not touched upon in the previous tragedy. The tragedy “Hippolytus” is especially interesting in this respect. The myth of Hippolytus is one of the Greek versions of a widespread story about an insidious wife who slanders Read More ......
2. HIPPOLITUS (hero of the tragedy of Euripides "Hippolytus" (428 BC). I. - the illegitimate son of the Athenian king Theseus and the Amazon, a beautiful young man whose only passion in life was hunting. He worships the maiden-hunter Artemis, but rejects fleshly love To the reproaches of his servant Read More ......
3. Medea There is a myth about the hero Jason, the leader of the Argonauts. He was the hereditary king of the city of Iolka in Northern Greece, but his elder relative, the imperious Pelius, seized power in the city, and in order to return it, Jason had to perform a feat: with his heroic friends on a ship Read More ......
4. Hercules The name “Hercules” means “Glory to the Goddess Hera”. This name sounded ironic. The goddess Hera was the heavenly queen, the wife of the supreme Zeus the Thunderer. And Hercules was the last of the earthly sons of Zeus: Zeus descended to many mortal women, but after Alcmene, the mother of Hercules, - already Read More ......
5. The last of the triad of great Greek tragedians was born sixteen years later than Sophocles and died in the same year. But unlike his great fellow in the craft, he shied away from public affairs, he loved solitude. Well educated, he tried his hand at painting, Read More ......
6. Lysistrata In the motives of the war between Athens and Sparta in 431-404. BC NS. the writer Aristophanes writes the comedy "Lysistratus" in 411 BC. e .. The main character of the picture is Lilistrata, whose name literally translates as “stopping campaigns” or “disbanding the army”. Comedy Read More ......
7. Alcesta This is a tragedy with a happy ending. There was a custom at dramatic competitions in Athens: each poet presented a “trilogy”, three tragedies, sometimes even catching each other on topics (like Aeschylus’s), and after them, to defuse a gloomy mood, a “satire drama”, where Read More .. ....
8. The ancient Greeks called Iphigenia in Taurida Taurida the modern Crimea. The Taurus lived there - a Scythian tribe that honored the virgin goddess and brought her human sacrifices, which in Greece had long since gone out of custom. The Greeks believed that this virgin goddess was no other, Read More ......

Brief information:

Euripides (also Euripides, 480, Salamis - 406 BC) is a Greek poet, considered (together with Aeschylus and Sophocles) one of the pillars of Greek drama, a representative of a new Attic tragedy, in which psychology prevails over the idea of ​​divine fate.
The worldview of Euripides, in comparison with two other great playwrights: E. does not idealize his characters. Sophocles portrays people as they should be portrayed, and Euripides as they really are. In Euripides, heroes in traditional myths turn into ordinary people. The Athenians understood the characters of Euripides, because. he portrayed his contemporaries in the tragedies.
The reason for the misfortune of people according to Aeschylus: this is the punishment for sin. According to Sophocles: the combination of human pride with stubbornness and their collision with an accident (moreover, the gods "sanction" what is happening, do not adjust). According to Euripides: ignorance and stupidity of people themselves, their vices. Euripides' gaze is sad, but not cynical. Gods do not interfere in the lives of people, they themselves are responsible for everything good and bad in their lives.
Euripides was preoccupied with the dynamics of passion and feeling. The female image, Euripides believed, provides more material. Women live naturally and sincerely.
The depiction of the struggle of feelings and internal discord is something new that Euripides introduced into Attic tragedy. Along with this, there are numerous discussions about family, marriage, fatherhood, and the perniciousness of passions.

Medea, summary (431 BC):
Medea, the sorceress princess, the daughter of the king in Colchis, saved the hero Jason when he and his friends were mining the sacred golden fleece. Medea gave Jason witchcraft, thanks to the cat. Jason plowed arable land on fire-breathing bulls, helped to put the guardian dragon to sleep. When Jason and Medea, who fell in love with each other, sailed from Colchis, Medea killed her brother and scattered pieces of his body along the shore in order to detain the pursuers of the Colchis. When they returned to Iolk, Medea, in order to save Jason from the treachery of Pelias (Jason's elder relative who had seized power), persuaded Pelias's daughters to stab their old father, promising to resurrect him as a young man after that. Medea reneged on her promise, and the paricidal daughters fled into exile. However, the people rebelled against the foreign sorceress, and Jason with Medea and two young sons fled to Corinth. The old Corinthian king, offered him his daughter and the kingdom as his wife, so that he divorced the witch. Jason accepted the offer: after all, a new marriage will ensure the safety of Medea, and their children, and Jason himself. Medea fled to Athens in a solar chariot sent to her by her grandfather, the god of the Sun, drawn by dragons, and told her children to give her stepmother a "wedding gift" - a cloak and a bandage, which were saturated with poison: she manages to kill the princess. Then she kills her own children. Jason begs Zeus in vain, but Medea's revenge has already been accomplished.
"Hippolytus" summary (431 BC):
Theseus' son from the Amazon, Hippolyta, wants to punish Aphrodite for pride and contempt for love. Hippolytus is faithful to Artemis, the patroness of the hunt, he comes out with a wreath in his hands and dedicates it to Artemis - "pure from the pure." To destroy the young man, Aphrodite makes Phaedra, Theseus 'wife and Hippolytus' stepmother, fall in love with him. Phaedra is ill and delirious. The old nurse Phaedra, wishing to save her, initiates Hippolytus into the secret, he listens to her story with horror and declares: “Oh, if only it were possible to continue the family line without women! The husband is wasted on the wedding, the husband accepts in-laws, the stupid wife is hard, the smart wife is dangerous - I will keep my oath of silence, but I curse you! " Phaedra commits suicide, but her resentment prompts her to leave a note in which she accuses Hippolytus of encroaching on her honor. Theseus finds this message and asks Poseidon to fulfill his third wish: to send his son into exile. Hippolytus tries to convince his father of his innocence, but in vain. The curse comes true when Hippolytus rides in a chariot between the rocks and the seashore. The dying young man is brought back to Athens, in the epilogue Artemis appears and reveals the truth, but too late: Hippolytus dies, forgiving his father, and Athena proclaims Hippolytus eternal memory: before marriage, each girl will have to sacrifice a lock of hair to him.

"Electra" summary:
Electra was married by his parents Aegisthus and Clytemnestra to a poor Mycenaean plowman. but this marriage remains fictitious, because the peasant realizes that he did not receive Electra by right. Elektra goes to get some water and meets Orestes at the spring, who, together with Pilad, secretly arrived in Argos and, from Electra's conversation with the choir, recognized her as a sister. Elektra is frightened at first, then recognizes by the schram and from the evidence of Aegisthus in him his brother. A plan for revenge is drawn up, and Orestes is confused, not knowing how to deal with Aegisthus and his mother at the same time. Electra offers her help in relation to the mother, she makes a plan herself. She must lure Clytemnestra into the house under the pretext of giving birth to her first child. Before the arrival of Clytemnestra Orestes in horror and doubt, he is completely ready to abandon the idea of ​​killing her, and only the persistence and intransigence of Electra returns him to his original plan. Elektra meets Clytemnestra with a speech full of hatred and reproaches and takes her to the house, where Orestes kills her. Immediately after the murder of the mother, the brother and sister cry for their deed, and Electra takes all the blame.

Iphigenia in Aulis, summary:
At the very beginning of the action, Agamemnon talks with his faithful old man, a slave. Agamemnom doubts whether to lead the army to victory and to appease Artemis or to save his daughter, who was intended as a sacrifice to the goddess. Agamemnon sent an order to Argos to bring Iphigenia to Aulis (as if for a wedding with Achilles), then writes a letter canceling this order and sends the old man on his way. But when leaving the camp he meets the king Menelaus; who took away the secret letter. He reproaches Agamemnon for treason to the army. The brothers argue, but Clytemnestra and Iphigenia have already arrived. Agamemnon fails to convince Clytemnestra to leave for Argos, leaving his daughter with her father. Clytemnestra and greets Achilles as his future son-in-law. Achilles is at a loss, then the old man slave reveals to them all the deception.
Knetimnestra and Iphigenia fail to convince Agamemnon to change his mind. The warriors demand the princess as a sacrifice, but Achilles is ready to fight against everyone. But Iphigenia decides to voluntarily go to death for the fate of her homeland.

"Bacchae", summary;
The Theban king Pentheus and his mother Agave do not believe in the divine origin of Dionysus, they say that the mother of Dionysus suffered from a mere mortal, but she invented about Zeus. And in general they are against the cult of Dionysus. They do not like the fact that women massively break into bacchanalia several times a year. Pentheus grabs Dionysus, who has assumed the form of a wanderer, ties him up and locks him up in the stable.

Dionysus offended: mortals raised their voices against God! To begin with, he organizes a small earthquake, destroys Penfey's palace, deprives Agave of the mind, makes her his passionate follower, an obsessed maenad, sends her into the mountains with a crowd of other distraught women, plunges into the abyss of revelry and orgies. The distraught mother, being under the glamor sent to her by Dionysus, kills Pentheus, her own son, tears him apart and returns to the city with his head impaled on the thyrsus - the rod of Dionysus. Agave, drugged by Dionysus, thinks that she has attacked a lion, and she considers her son's head "a lion's head." She terrifies the townspeople. Dionysus lets the mother come to her senses and understand the whole horror of what happened. This is followed by the cry of Agave: Agave overcomes his religious fear and, with weeping, covers with kisses separate pieces of Penfey's body. Dionysus turns Father Agave into a dragon, his old wife into a snake, and Agave and his sisters, with whose hands he tore Penfey, is sent into exile.