After alliances aber - but, und - and, and, sondern - but, ah, denn - because, oder - or, or in subordinate clauses, direct word order is used.

Die Eltern fahren nach Italien für die Kinder

Parents leave for Italy, and aunt will look after the children

Reverse word order

In subordinate clauses after conjunctions darum, deshalb, deswegen, sonst, trotzdem, dann, folglich used by reverse word order... That is, the subject and predicate in the subordinate clause are reversed.

Präsens (Present)

Ich habe keines Auto. mit dem Bus zur Arbeit

Ich habe keines Auto, mit dem Bus zur Arbeit

I don't have a car, so I take the bus to work

Perfekt (Elapsed Time)

In this case auxiliary (haben / sein) get on first place after the union, and verb in the third form goes away In the end subordinate clause.

Ich hatte keines Auto. mit dem Bus zur Arbeit

Ich hatte keines Auto, mit dem Bus zur Arbeit

I didn't have a car, so I took the bus to work

Inversion

In subordinate clauses after conjunctions dass (what), weil (because), wenn (if, when), falls (in case), während (bye), bevor (before; before), nachdem (after that so), obwohl (though) - used inversion ... That is verb in the subordinate clause goes to the end .

Präsens (Present)

keines Auto. Ich fahre mit dem Bus zur Arbeit

I do not have a car. I take the bus to work

Ich fahre mit dem Bus zur Arbeit, keines Auto

I take the bus to work because I don't have a car

Ich weiß, in der Schule

I know he goes to school

Präteritum (Elapsed tense)

keines Auto. Ich fuhr mit dem Bus zur Arbeit

I didn't have a car. I took the bus to work

Ich fuhr mit dem Bus zur Arbeit, keines Auto

I took the bus to work because I didn't have a car.

Perfekt (Elapsed Time)

In this case both verbs clause clause go to the end but on last place put auxiliary or any other that was with the subject.

Ich habe ein Auto nicht gekauft. mit dem Bus zur Arbeit

I didn't buy a car. I took the bus to work

Ich habe ein Auto nicht gekauft, mit dem Bus zur Arbeit

I didn't buy a car because I took the bus to work

If a clause with a union wenn stands before the main sentence, then the main thing often begins with the words so or dann :

mein bald, ins Kino

If my friend comes soon, then we will go to the cinema

WENN or ALS

Wenn in the meaning of "when" is used in the event that the actions in the main and subordinate clauses occur simultaneously. Also wenn meaning "when", used to emphasize repetition actions:

nach Moskau, mich unbedingt

When he comes to Moscow, he always visits me

Als also translates "when", but is used in the past tense at one-time action:

meine Freundin, am Sonnstag im Theater

We met my girlfriend when we were at the theater on Sunday

Design UM ... ZU and DAMIT

Union um ... zu + Inf. and damit expresses goal .

Er geht nach Deutschland, Deutsch

He goes to Germany to learn German

Ich schenke ihm ein Lehrbuch der deutschen Sprache, er deutsche Sprache

I give him a German textbook so he can learn German

Construction (AN) STATT ... ZU

Anstatt seine Hausaufgaben zu machen, sieht das Mädchen fern

Instead of doing her homework, the girl watches TV.

Construction OHNE ... ZU

Sie geht, ohne sich zu verabschieden

She leaves without saying goodbye

Inversion with DER (DIE, DAS, DESSEN)

Union der (die, das, dessen, den, dem ) expresses a definition.

Ich fahre in der Stadt, in meine Verwandten

I'm going to the city where my relatives live

First of all, you need to indicate the unions that draw up additional subordinate clauses and subordinate clauses of the reason:

• ass - what
• ob - whether
• weil - because
• da - because

And now the fun begins. In the main clause, everything is as usual, but in the subordinate clause, the word order changes in a special way. The subject stands immediately after the union, and the variable part of the predicate takes the last place:

• Ich weiß, dass er in zwei Wochen nach Deutschland fährt. - I know that he is going to Germany in two weeks.
• Ich möchte wissen, ob wir am Samstag Unterricht haben. - I would like to know if we will have classes on Saturday.
• Sie kommt heute nicht, weil sie krank ist. - She will not come today because she is ill.

It looks even more original if a complex tense form, a construction with a modal verb, etc. appears in a sentence:

• Ich weiß, dass er vor zwei Wochen nach Deutschland gefahren ist. - I know that he left for Germany two weeks ago.
• Ich white nicht, ob sie das Auto gekauft haben. - I don't know if they bought a car.
• Sie lernt Englisch und Deutsch, weil sie zwei Fremdsprachen beherrschen will. - She is studying English and German because she wants to be fluent in two foreign languages.

If we compare this with the direct order of words: "Er fährt ...", "Sie ist ...", "Sie will ...", then you can see the frame construction, where the frame is formed by the subject (at the beginning of the subordinate clause) and " predicate set "(at the end).

The negation in the subordinate clause comes before the predicate or before the unchangeable part of the predicate - in a word, not in the last place, because the last place is always "reserved" for the changeable part of the predicate:

• Ich habe gehört, dass er nach Deutschland nicht fährt. - I heard that he is not going to Germany.
• Ich habe nicht geantwortet, weil ich diese E-Mail nicht bekommen habe. - I didn’t reply because I didn’t receive this e-mail.

Separated prefixes and components of verbs in subordinate clauses are not separated:

• Ich denke, dass ich mitgehe. - I think I'll go with you.
• Wir wissen nicht, ob er mitfährt. - We do not know if he is coming with us.
• Ich habe die Lampe ausgeschaltet, weil ich fernsehe. - I turned off the lamp because I am watching TV.

The reflexive pronoun sich appears in the subordinate clause after subject, if the subject is expressed by a pronoun:

• Ich habe gehört, dass Sie sich mit diesen Problemen beschäftigen. - I heard that you are dealing with these problems.

But if the subject in the subordinate clause is expressed by a noun, then sich usually stands front subject:

• Ich white, dass sich unser Freund mit diesen Problemen beschäftigt. - I know that our friend is dealing with these problems.

Additional subordinate clauses can be introduced not only with the dass union, but also with a question word:

Ich habe nicht gehört, was er gesagt hat. - I didn't hear what he said.

Ich weiß nicht, wann er kommt. - I don't know when he will come.

Können Sie erklären, warum Sie sich immer verspäten? - Can you explain why you are always late?

Wissen Sie, Herr Doktor, was ich heute Morgen geschossen habe? - Do you know, Mr. Doctor, what I shot this morning?

Ja, das weiß ich. Ich habe ihn heute Mittag behandelt. - Yes I know. I examined him during the day.

Play a role in such proposals and pronominal adverbs... They are formed by joining wo (r) - or da (r) - to the corresponding preposition:

• Er fährt mit dem Bus. - Womit fährt er? - Er fährt damit. - He's on the bus. - What is he riding on? - On it (= on the bus).
• Ich interessiere mich für Fremdsprachen. - Wofür interessieren Sie sich? - Ich interessiere mich dafür. - I am interested in foreign languages. - What are you interested in? - I'm interested in this.
• Sie warten auf den Zug. - Worauf warten sie? - Sie warten darauf. - They are waiting for the train. - What are they waiting for? - They are waiting for him (= train).

Pronoun adverbs can introduce additional subordinate clauses:

• Er fragt, wovon ich das weiß. - He asks how I know this.
• Man hat mich gefragt, womit ich mich beschäftige. - I was asked what I do.

Union da - because usually introduces a subordinate clause if it comes before the main clause. That is, in this case, all our argumentation begins with the conjunction da. The variable parts of the predicate in the main and subordinate clauses tend to each other and are located at the junction:

Da er ein junger Wissenschaftler ist, hat er ein Forschungsstipendium bekommen. - Since he is a young scientist, he received a research fellowship.

Da er dieses Stipendium bekommen hat, fährt er nach Deutschland. - Since he received this scholarship, he travels to Germany.

There are different ways of expressing time in German. If an event or action (act.) Took place only once in the past, then the German word "als" is used, for example:

• Als Thomas Sarah sah, war sie schon zu einer Tasse Kaffee eingeladen. - When Thomas saw Sarah, she was already invited for a cup of coffee (in the past, one-time act.).
• Als unser Vater nach Hause kam, war das Abendessen schon fertig. - When our father came home, dinner was already ready (in the past, one-time act.).

When actions or phenomena are not inherent in a one-time nature, and they occur repeatedly, the German word "wenn" is used, for example:

• Immer wenn Thomas Sarah sah, war sie schon zu einer Tasse Kaffee eingeladen. - Whenever Thomas saw Sarah, she was already invited for a cup of coffee (in the past, multiple acts.).
• Jeweils wenn unser Vater nach Hause kam, war das Abendessen schon fertig. - Every time our father came home, dinner was ready (in the past - multiple acts.).
• Wenn er eine günstigere Lösung findet, muss er sich bei uns melden. - When he finds a more profitable solution, he must inform us (in the future - one-time action.).
• Wenn er Fehler findet, muss er uns sofort darüber informieren. - When he finds errors, he must immediately inform us about it (in the future - multiple actions.).
• Wenn du das erforderliche Spielzeug findest, sage mir Bescheid. - If you find the toy you need, tell me (in the future, one-time action).
• Wenn Barbara in der Schule frühstücken wird, müßt ihr das bezahlen. - If Barbara has breakfast at school, you have to pay for it (multiple acts in the future).

There are such speech situations when a thought can be expressed without using a subordinate clause. In such situations, the clauses are replaced by the words " meanwhile - inzwischen"Or" then - dann ", which, as a rule, take on the functions of secondary members and require the use of reverse word order in sentences (otherwise, they take places after the main members within statements), for example:

• Zuerst kam Holger an, danach kann sein Neffe. - First, Holger arrived, and then his nephew arrived.
• Zunächst hat unser Chef diese Entscheidung getroffen, dann verstand er seinen Fehler. - First, our boss made this decision, and then he realized his mistake.
• Seine Kollegen führten alle Versuche durch, inzwischen bekam unsere Vertriebsabteilung neue Vorschriften. - His colleagues have already carried out all the tests, and in the meantime our sales department received new instructions.
• Alle Familienangehörigen waren gerade beim Abendessen, da klopfte jemand an der Tür. - All the family members were just having dinner when someone knocked on the door.

In addition to the aforementioned conjunctions, "wann" can also be used to express temporary relationships - interrogative pronoun, for example:

• Wann bekomme ich meinen Stempel? - When will I receive my stamp?
• Jennifer weiß nicht, wann sie ihren Koffer bekommt. - Jennifer doesn't know when she will get her suitcase.

Between "wann" and "wenn" there is a certain difference, and you should not confuse them... When the moment at which the event will occur is unknown, use "wann", for example:

• Die Kinder wissen nicht, wann der Spiel beginnt. - Children don't know when the game will start.
• Wisst ihr, wann wir die nächste Lieferung bekommen? - Do you know when we will receive the next delivery?

You can understand what a German subordinate clause is by looking at the following diagram with an example:

As you can see, the subordinate clause can appear either before or after the main clause.

In the subordinate clause predicate is worth last... If the predicate is composite, then the conjugated part is in the very last place, and the unchangeable part is in front of it. The negation "nicht" comes before the predicate. Detachable attachments are not detachable. The subject is immediately behind the union.

You can see the word order in the German subordinate clause in this diagram:

Thus, it is very important to remember that the predicate is at the end of the predatory clause. The predicate is most often the verb. The immutable and conjugated parts appear when, for example, we have a modal verb. Ich kann kommen. kann is a conjugated part, kommen is an immutable part.

There are a few types of subordinate clauses... Below we give a table of the types of subordinate clauses, which includes introductory words (conjunctions, pronouns), followed by the above-described word order in the subordinate clause.

The main types of subordinate clauses:

1) Reasons:

Ich komme nicht, weil ich krank bin. I will not come because I am sick / sick.

Ich mache das Fenster auf, da es mir zu heiß ist. I will open the window because it’s too hot for me.

2) Objectives:

Ich lerne Deutsch, damit ich eine gute Arbeit finden kann. I am learning German so that I can find a good job.

Ich arbeite viel, damit meine Kinder alles haben. I work hard so that my children have everything.

If the characters in the main and subordinate clauses coincide, then you can use the turnover with um ... zu:

damit ich Deutsch lerne. I came to Germany to study German.

Ich bin nach Deutschland gekommen, um Deutsch zu lernen. I came to Germany to study German.

3) Conditions:

Wenn es morgen nicht regnet, gehen wir in die Berge. If it doesn't rain tomorrow, we'll go to the mountains.

Falls Sie Kinder haben, bekommen Sie eine Ermäßigung. In case you have children, you will receive a discount.

4) Time:

Wenn du nach Hause kommst, ruf mich bitte an. When you get home, please call me.

Während ich arbeite, sind meine Kinder im Kindergarten. While I work, my children are in kindergarten.

Als ich acht war, habe ich das Schwimmen gelernt. When I was eight years old I learned / learned to swim.

Seitdem ich in Moskau wohne, habe ich immer einen guten Job. Since I live in Moscow, I have always had a good job.

Wir haben noch eine Stunde Zeit, bis die Gäste kommen. We still have an hour before the guests arrive.

Sobald du fertig bist, fangen wir an. Once you're ready, we'll start.

Bevor ich einkaufen gehe, schreibe ich mir immer eine Einkaufsliste. Before I go shopping, I always write myself a shopping list.

Nachdem ich die Prüfung bestanden habe, kann ich mich erholen. After I have passed the exam, I can rest.

5) Places and directions:

Ich möchte wissen, wo wir sind. I would like to know where we are.

Ich weiß nicht, wohin dieser Weg führt. I don't know where this road leads.

6) Concessions:

Obwohl es regnet, gehe ich spazieren. Even though it is raining, I will go for a walk.

7) Comparisons:

Je mehr Geld ich verdiene, desto mehr Steuern muss ich bezahlen. The more money I make, the more taxes I have / have to pay.

Sie sprechen besser Deutsch, als wir erwartet haben. You speak German better than we expected.

8) Additional subordinate clause:

Man sagt, dass Benzin bald wieder teurer wird. They say that gasoline will rise in price again soon.

Können Sie mir bitte sagen, wie dieses Gerät funktioniert? Can you tell me how this device works?

Ich white noch nicht, ob ich morgen ins Schwimmbad gehe. I don't know yet if I'll go to the pool tomorrow.

9) Definitive clause:

Ich möchte einen Mann heiraten, der mich immer verstehen wird. I want to marry a man who will always understand me.

Ich möchte eine Frau heiraten, die mich nie betrügen wird. I want to marry a woman who will never cheat on me.

Ich möchte ein Kind haben, das mich niemals enttäuschen wird. I want to have a child who will never disappoint me.

Ich möchte diesen Film sehen, von dem alle sprechen. I would like to see this movie that everyone is talking about.

And here are those unions that DO NOT AFFECT by the order of words of the sentence they enter:und, aber, denn, oder, sondern

The word order after these conjunctions is exactly the same as in the main sentence: the conjugated part of the predicate is in second place.

Er antwortete sicher, denn er hatte sich auf die Prufung gut vorbereitet.
He answered confidently, as he prepared well for the exam.

Ich habe keine Zeit, und ich gehe nicht zum Fußball.
I have no time and I will not go to football.

Activity: Insert suitable conjunctions

1) ... du willst, begleite ich dich nach Hause.

2) Ich muss viel arbeiten, ... ich genug Geld habe.

3) ... ich krank bin, muss ich meine Arbeit erledigen.

4) Ich weiß nicht, ... wir machen sollen.

5) ... du das nicht machst, rede ich nicht mehr mit dir.

6) Ich gehe nach Hause, ... ich müde bin.

After studying the material in this lesson, you will be able to:

• ask for a restaurant recommendation
• ask where you can have lunch (dinner)
• find out where the restaurant (cafe) is
• ask when the restaurant (cafe) is open

Learn words and phrases for dialogue

Pay attention to the form and use of words

Verb empfehlen"recommend" is the same as sprechen, nehmen and etc. (see lesson 1, lesson 4 and lesson 5, lesson 1) changes in the 3rd person units. root vowel numbers -e on -i:

1. Adverb nämlich"precisely" can have a different meaning to express the reason for what was said in the previous sentence. In this case, it is translated "since", "the fact is that ...":

   Ich muß jetzt gehen. Es ist nämlich sehr spat.
   I have to leave now, as it is very late.

   In the expression einen Imbiß zu sich nehmen"to have a snack", "to have a snack" pronoun sich changes in the 1st person unit. numbers on mir:

   Er nimmt einen Imbiß zu sich, but: Ich nehme einen Imbiß zu mir.

   Noun die Gaststätte has the general meaning of a public catering enterprise and is translated differently: "restaurant", "cafe", "canteen", etc.

Remember the following word formation methods (1,2,4)

selbst + die Bedienung = die Selbstbedienung self-service
das Frühstück + en = frühstücken have breakfast
zu Mittag essen = das Mittagessen lunch
zu Abend essen = das Abendessen dinner

Practice reading individual words

Ich möchte zu Mittag essen

Grammar explanations

In German, as in Russian, there are subordinate clauses. However, while in Russian the word order in the main and subordinate clauses is the same, in German the subordinate clauses have a certain word order, namely:

a. the predicate is located at the end of the sentence;

b. the variable part of the predicate (auxiliary verb in perfect, modal verb, linking verb) is in the very last place;

v. the detachable prefix is ​​written together with the verb.

There are different types of subordinate clauses. In this lesson, you got acquainted with the subordinate clause of the condition that is introduced by the union wenn"if". Moreover, the main sentence often begins with the word so or dann followed by the predicate of the main sentence:

Wenn er mich an ruft, so sage ich ihm das.
Wenn er kommen möchte, dann muß er mich anrufen.
Wenn es schon spät ist, muß ich nach Hause gehen.

You already know that a predicate can be expressed in German by a linking verb sein and a noun or adjective (see lesson 2, lesson 2)... The participle II can also act as the nominal part of the predicate. Such sentences express the result of a completed action;

Das Formular ist ausgefüllt... The form (form) is filled in, etc.

Predicated in German can be expressed by a stable phrase. In this case, the verb is put in the second (in the question and in the imperative sentence - in the first) place, and the rest is at the end of the sentence:

zu Mittag essen-Ich esse heute im hotel zu Mittag. usw.

Word order in the relative clause

Wenn er heute abend kommt, (dann) ruft er mich an.
Wenn er morgen abreist, gibt er mir seinen Reisepaß.
Wenn er heute kommen kann, (so) sagt er uns das.
Wenn er das Fobmular ausgefüllt hat, liegt es im Hotel.
Wenn er nach Berlin gekommen ist, besucht er uns bald.
Er ruft mich an, wenn er morgen abreist.

1. You are asked if you did what you promised. Answer yes to the question. Ask a similar question to your interlocutor.

2. You will be able to fulfill the request under certain conditions. Tell me about it. Ask if the other person will be able to fulfill your request.

3. The interlocutor is interested in when you go to a cafe. Answer the question. Ask the other person about the same.

4. Explain to the interlocutor why you are going to the cafe. Ask the interlocutor where he is going now.