The transition to summer time allows you to more efficiently use the daytime and save energy. Usually, the hands of the clock are moved forward one hour on the last Sunday in March (and on the last Sunday in October they are moved back one hour). But this is not done everywhere. A number of countries, including Russia, have refused to switch to daylight saving time, and the rest do not necessarily do it synchronously. The Village figured out the intricacies of daylight saving time.

Text: Anastasia Kotlyakova

In the northern hemisphere

(summer time is used almost universally)

Europe: Since 1996, the European countries have operated a system of moving the hour hand on the last Sunday in March one hour forward and on the last Sunday in October one hour back. The exceptions are Russia, Iceland and Belarus (these countries do not switch to daylight saving time).

In 2018, the transition is made on the night of March 24-25. The hands of the clock are translated at two in the morning - from 02:00 to 03:00. After that, the time difference with Moscow will be one hour.

USA, Canada (except for the state of Saskatchewan), Mexico:

USA: Transition on the second Sunday in March at 02:00, back at 02:00 on the first Sunday in November. Only Hawaii, Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands do not cross.

Arizona does not change the clock (but the Americans from the northern part of the state do it).

Other countries: The transition is also carried out in Cuba, Morocco, Iran, Syria, Jordan, Lebanon, Israel, Palestine.

In the southern hemisphere

Australia: In the states of South Australia, New South Wales, Victoria, Tasmania and the Australian Capital Territory, the clocks are changed twice a year: to summer time (October 1 at 02:00) and back (April 1 at 03:00).

The states of Western Australia and Queensland and the Northern Territory do not adjust clocks to Daylight Saving Time.

Chile: The data is different everywhere! But RIA Novosti writes that there has been no transition since 2015.

Brazil: There is almost no crossing anywhere, except for the states of Campo Grande, Cuiaba, Sao Paulo, Rio de Janeiro (where daylight saving time starts on November 4 at midnight, ends at midnight on February 18).

Who gave up daylight savings time

Japan, China, India, Singapore, Turkey, Abkhazia, Azerbaijan, Armenia, Belarus, Georgia, Donetsk People's Republic, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Lugansk People's Republic, Russia (since 2011), Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, South Ossetia.

Unclear countries

In the equatorial countries, the transition to summer and winter time was not introduced at all. Many agrarian countries have abandoned the transition to daylight saving time, where the working day already determines the daylight hours.

Illustrations: Anahit Ohanyan

On March 27, 2011, daylight saving time was switched on for the last time in Russia. There will be no more seasonal shifts in the officially adopted time, Russians will live with a constant shift of +2 hours in relation to standard time. The shift at 2 o'clock is caused by the fact that the so-called "daylight saving time" operates on the territory of Russia, which differs from the standard time by +1 hour. Daylight saving time adds another +1 hour to daylight saving time, which adds up to +2 hours in relation to standard time.

what is winter and summer time

Daylight saving time is the time that is one hour ahead of the normal time in a given time zone. By analogy with daylight saving time, normal standard time is also called winter time.

why is winter and summer time entered

Summer time is introduced in many countries during the summer in order to save electricity for lighting. However, there is an opinion that the effectiveness of such a measure is insignificant, while the harm caused to human health caused by the forced displacement of natural biological cycles is great.

when winter and summer time was first introduced

Daylight saving time was first introduced in the UK in 1908. In Russia, the transition to daylight saving time was first carried out in July 1917 and was in effect until 1930, when the clock hands were moved one hour forward relative to standard time. This time was called "maternity", since it was introduced by the Decree of the Council of People's Commissars on June 16, 1930. Since 1981, daylight saving time has again been introduced in the USSR on a regular basis.

in which countries winter and summer time is used

Currently, in the northern hemisphere, summer time is used in the USA, Canada, European countries, throughout Russia. In the southern hemisphere, summer time is used in Australia, New Zealand, Paraguay, Brazil, Chile. Near-equatorial countries do not use daylight saving time.

when the transition to winter and summer time occurs

In Russia and Europe, the transition to summer time is carried out on the night of the last Sunday in March at 2:00 by moving the hour hands forward 1 hour, and the reverse transition is carried out on the night of the last Sunday in October at 3:00 by moving the hands 1 hour back.

In the USA and Canada, since 2007, Daylight Saving Time takes place on the second Sunday in March at 2:00, and returns on the last Sunday in October, also at 2:00.

shift of winter and summer time relative to the zone

Due to the use of daylight saving time on the territory of Russia, Russians live with a shift of +2 hours in relation to standard time. The shift at 2 o'clock is caused by the fact that the so-called "daylight saving time" operates on the territory of Russia, which differs from the standard time by +1 hour. Daylight saving time adds another +1 hour to daylight saving time, which adds up to +2 hours in relation to standard time.

When traveling around the world, people inevitably find themselves at different times of the day - this is due to the movement of the planet around its axis. Russia is a very large country occupying an impressive territory. For greater convenience, its area was divided into a certain number of zones corresponding to the number of time zones in Russia.

What determines time on Earth

Our planet, as you know, has a spherical shape. In 24 hours, it manages to complete a full revolution around its axis, that is, 360 °. Accordingly, in one hour the Earth rotates around its axis by 15 °.

In different parts of the world, people at different times meet sunset or sunrise. In places located on different meridians, at the same moment the hands of the clock will show different times of the day. For example, in Yakutsk it will be 21 hours, while in Yekaterinburg - only 17.

But at the same time, on the same meridian along its entire length from the North to the South Pole, the time of day will be the same. This time is called local or solar.

However, it is extremely inconvenient to use the local time: it makes the development of relations between countries very difficult. To eliminate this discomfort, astronomers have proposed the introduction of a standard time system around the world.

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As a result, the entire planet was divided along the meridians into 24 belts, each of which includes 15 ° longitude. Thus, the time in each time zone differs from the time in the neighboring zones by 1 hour.

Zero is considered to be the time zone centered on the Greenwich meridian. He is also the 24th in a row. Time zones are counted from zero from west to east.

Rice. 1. The starting point is the Greenwich meridian.

Time zones of Russia

The length of Russia from west to east is very large, and covers 11 time zones. The capital of the Russian Federation, Moscow, is in the second time zone, and, say, the Chukotka Autonomous Okrug, in the twelfth.

Moscow time serves as a reference point when determining local time anywhere in Russia. The difference is calculated by the number of complete hours: the minutes and seconds are the same in all time zones.

In order to avoid confusion on the territory of Russia, all the work of river, sea, aviation and railway transport, as well as all kinds of communications, are carried out only according to Moscow time.

Rice. 2. Time zones of Russia on the map.

For greater convenience, on the territory of Russia, the second and eleventh time zones have been combined into one. For this reason, within the Russian Federation, they are met not eleven, but ten times.

It is not difficult to independently calculate the standard time of each individual settlement. It is enough to know the boundaries of its location and the number of the time zone in which it is located. For example, if in Moscow, located in the second zone, it is 8 am, then in Yekaterinburg, located in the fourth zone, it will be 10 am, since the difference with Moscow will be 2 hours.

City table (time difference)

Daylight saving time

In 1930, by decree of the Council of People's Commissars, throughout the territory of Russia, the clock hands were moved one hour ahead of the relative standard time. The country has lived in this regime for more than 50 years according to the so-called "decree" time. It was believed that the transition to a new time was established in order to save electricity. The return to seasonal time only happened in 1981.

In the same year, daylight saving time was introduced on the territory of the USSR. In the period from April 1 to October 1 throughout the country, the clock hands were moved forward one hour. The official reason for this transition is the rational use of daylight hours and energy savings.

Rice. 3. Physiologists are against the transition to a new time.

However, physiologists are sure that such leaps in time have a very negative effect on the well-being of people. For any organism, the transition to a new time is stressful, and it takes some time for life cycles to adjust to new conditions.

Daylight saving time on the territory of the Russian Federation was canceled in 2011.

What have we learned?

When studying one of the topics in the 8th grade geography program, we found out how many time zones there are in Russia. We found that their number of time zones corresponds to the number of meridians, and the time difference in each neighboring zone is exactly one hour. The main thing in Russia is Moscow time, according to which all types of transport operate, connections are established on the territory of the country.

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During almost the entire time of the existence of the Russian Federation, namely, from October 23, 1991, on the territory of our country there was a decree of the Council of the Republic of the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR from "On streamlining the calculation of time on the territory of the RSFSR." This normative legal act established the annual introduction of daylight saving time, the procedure and date of transition to it were to be determined in accordance with the requirements of the European Economic United Nations.

Cancellation of the annual translation of the arrows

Thus, the Federal Law No. 107-FZ of June 3, 2011 "On the Calculation of Time" actually fixed the daylight saving time on the territory of Russia. As the main factor that served as the reason for the rejection of the two-fold annual transfer of the clock hands, the negative impact of the change in time on the human body, expressed in an increase in the incidence and population of the country, was called.

Discussion on the interim regime in Russia

The fact is that back in 1930, by a special decree of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR, a temporary regime was introduced on the territory of all republics, one hour ahead of standard time. And although in 1991 this decree was canceled, about a year later, this temporary regime was restored already on the territory of Russia.

The introduction of daylight saving time, in fact, represents an increase in one more hour to standard time: thus, the inhabitants of the Russian Federation are two hours ahead of standard time. In this regard, in recent years, proposals have been periodically raised to return to winter time.

At the moment, the draft law establishing the country's transition to permanent winter time has been adopted by the State Duma of the Russian Federation in the third reading. If it comes into effect, the actual time in Russia will be close to the standard time.