This year, August 1 marks the 90th anniversary of the outbreak of the First World War. Today, few people know that then in Russia it was officially proclaimed the second national one. However, there was another point of view in the belligerent country. The Bolsheviks believed that this war was an imperialist, predatory, and therefore wished defeat for the tsarist government, its transformation from an imperialist into a civil one. And so it happened - the First World War on the territory of the Russian Empire turned into a civil war and therefore remained "erased in the memory of descendants." All of Europe is covered with monuments to the soldiers of 1914-1918, but we do not have them, just as there is no objective historical material on this topic.
Kursk 1914, st. Avraamovsk (Dobrolyubova), restaurant "London"

In order to fill the factual gap, we bring to your attention the unknown pages of that distant war, which have been restored from documents and materials stored in the state archive of the Kursk region.

ON THE SECOND day of the war, August 2, 1914, the highest manifesto was published. It noted that Russia, following its historical precepts, united in faith and blood with the Slavic peoples, never looked at their fate with indifference. After Austria-Hungary presented Serbia with demands that were obviously unacceptable for the sovereign state and hastily switched to an armed attack, opening the bombing of defenseless Belgrade, Russia took forced precautions, starting to transfer the army to martial law. "... But cherishing the blood and property of our subjects, I made every effort to achieve a peaceful outcome of the negotiations that had begun," the text of the manifesto says. Germany, on the other hand, began to demand the immediate cancellation of these measures and, meeting a refusal, declared war on Russia.

Further, Emperor Nicholas II clearly and unambiguously formulated the goals: "Now we have not to intercede only for the unjustly offended kindred country to us, but to protect the honor, dignity, integrity of Russia and her position I among the great powers."

The tsar hoped very much that in the terrible hour internal strife would be forgotten and deeply believed "in the righteousness of our cause." Initially, these hopes were to some extent justified - in August-December 1914 a decline in the strike movement was marked, in total there were 70 strikes and 35 thousand participants. And only in 1916 there was a complication of the economic situation and strikes became more frequent.

Mobilization in the Kursk province took place at a high level, and in some places it was quite extraordinary. For example, Ilya Fedyushin, the priest of the village of Polkotelnikov, Oboyansk district, in addition to the traditional divine liturgy and procession, organized a tea party for the recruits at the school.

IN THE YEARS OF THE WAR, the Kursk Orthodox clergy rose to the height of their pastoral ministry. At the very beginning of August 1914, messages from the Holy Synod emphasized that "a pan-European war has begun, and for us a great patriotic war." Monasteries, churches and the Orthodox flock were encouraged to make donations to heal the wounded and sick soldiers and to help the families of military personnel. In all churches, after each divine service, there was a constant collection of donations, monasteries and monasteries were instructed to equip their hospital premises.

The responsibility of the clergy fell to the responsible task - to morally influence the flock, that is, practically all the inhabitants of the province, to financially support the families of soldiers called to war.

At first, when the volost guardianship and government agencies were just deciding how to help, the clergy, with personal donations and deductions, collections from parishioners, satisfied the urgent need of 6352 families in the amount of 16836 rubles. In addition, during the first nine months of the war, 1,050 church trusteeships of the diocese provided assistance to 36,646 families in the amount of 74,735 rubles 63 kopecks. Also, the needy was given up to 8 thousand poods of flour, 750 poods of rye, 1449 carts of firewood, 4275 carts of straw, up to 400 poods of cow butter and lard, up to 400 poods of oats, and other agricultural products cannot be counted.

These days on the Kursk land, on the initiative of the priests, new forms of social assistance were born, which were then developed in other historical conditions.In villages during the war years, the picture was common when a priest, having gathered students of a church school, went with them to the gardens of families called to war where children eagerly and happily dug potatoes, chopped wood. In the winter, under the influence of the teaching fathers, they brought heaps of straw for fuel to the homes of those who had gone to war, shared lunches with their children, in the spring they guarded the cattle and brought dung from the yard.

In women's parish schools, under the leadership of mothers and teachers, girls and adult women sewed underwear for soldiers, made warm sweatshirts, knitted stockings and gloves. So, in Fatezhsky district, before April 1, 1916, they made 300 pairs of linen, up to 200 pairs of gloves, more than 300 pairs of stockings and many other small things - scarves, towels, pouches.

After two months of war in Kursk, on the initiative and blessing of the local bishop, a 35-bed hospital for sick and wounded soldiers was organized and equipped. It is noteworthy that he was accommodated in a country bishop's house in the Znamenskaya grove.

With the active participation of the clergy, hospitals were established in county towns and townships. An illustrative example is Fatezh, remote from the provincial center and the railway. The hospital was created here on the initiative of the cathedral archpriest, who managed to overcome seemingly serious obstacles. Governor Muratov, taking into account the remoteness of the town from Kursk, did not allow the wounded and sick soldiers to be sent there. But the Fatejans got horses, comfortable carriages, and, having received permission, began to bring the wounded to their hospital at their own expense.

At the suggestion of Vladyka, in Kursk, with donations from the city clergy, a nursery was set up for children whose fathers were in the war, and whose mothers were at work in the morning. More than two dozen of these children, starting from the age of two, were fed and supervised. A nursery school at parish schools began to be created in other places - in total, 40 of them were organized in the province. In the largest, for example, at the Streletskaya parish school, there were up to 120 children.

Monasteries did not remain aloof from social service in the difficult times of war. On August 19, 1916, a rare event in church life took place - a congress of all abbots and abbess. It was decided that the monasteries should "aggravate their sacrifices and labors for the Fatherland." After that, hospitals were opened in the Korennaya Pustyn, in the Kursk and Trinity women's monasteries, expanded in the Belgorod men's monastery, and at the expense of nine others in the building of the parish school at the Resurrection Cathedral of Kursk, an infirmary for 30-40 people began to work.

In the fall of 1915, a wave of refugees reached the Kursk province. The diocese created a committee for the charity of refugees from Galicia and Western Russia. Almost all of them were in dire need, so warehouses were opened in the parish areas. In January 1916, 10558 Orthodox refugees and, in addition, 443 families lived in the parishes of the Kursk diocese. The ministers of the church sacredly believed in the victory in the war. Priest Ioasaf Sergeev from the village of Goryainovo, Oboyanskiy district, in April 1915, addressing the believers, emphasized: "If all Russians are unanimous and do not indulge in drunkenness and listen to the harmful speeches of confusers, accomplices in the plans of our enemies, then victory will be for our fatherland. This war as a national war is like the war of 1812. It will be difficult. Let us prove ourselves worthy sons of our glorious ancestors. " Archpriest Ilya Bulgakov, in his teachings on the day of the Nativity of Christ, noted that in the time of the Great Patriotic War, the prophetic song "God is with us" sung on this holiday strengthens faith in the triumph of victory over the enemy.

According to the responses of contemporaries, in the patriotic church sermons caused by the current hostilities, they spoke not only about the causes of the war, its liberating nature, but also about other important points.

In some parishes of the Kursk province, rumors began to spread about internal unrest, about unusual victories of the enemy armies, about the appearance of some gangs of robbers. These speculations were actively refuted by the clergy, clarifying the true state of affairs and healing souls by conducting church-liturgical and out-of-service interviews and explanations.

At the front, the clergy performed their professional duty as psalmists and priests.

The pupils of the educational institutions of the Kursk diocese did not stand aside either. In the seminary, eight sanitary detachments of eight people each were organized and during the academic year they took part in the disembarkation and transportation of the wounded arriving in the city. In addition to participating in sanitary squads, some seminarians were free of charge to carry out night shifts for the sick and wounded in two hospitals of the Red Cross. Since 1916, pupils of church schools have been actively involved in harvesting and growing vegetables for the troops.

Many seminarians were eager to go to the front. For a year and a half since the beginning of the war, 40 people left with the permission of their parents to enter the army as volunteer orderlies and for short-term officer courses ...

By order of the ruling bishop, a commission was created to collect and publish information about the activities of the clergy of the Kursk diocese during the Patriotic War of 1914-1915. Archpriest Vasily Ivanov was appointed its chairman. The report on the activities was regularly published in the "Kursk Diocesan Gazette", the information it contains for historians and everyone who is interested in the history of their native land, today is an invaluable source.

Under the heading "Germanic atrocities", newspapers of that time acquainted contemporaries with facts, documents, testimonies, statements of victims or wounded. Germany has clearly shown that international law does not exist for it. Its government adhered firmly to the principle that, given the superiority of force, there was no need to uphold any right whatsoever. Germany and Austria-Hungary began to restore the old barbaric methods of merciless struggle in order to eliminate the enemy.

To verify these facts, by decree of the emperor, an extraordinary commission of inquiry was created under the chairmanship of Senator A. Kravtsov. She mainly analyzed the testimony of escaped prisoners and invalids returned to their homeland in the first batch, which arrived in Petrograd on August 4, 1915. Getting acquainted with the description of the terrible scenes of inhuman treatment of Russian prisoners, you realize that many bullying was then widely used by the Germans in the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945 against the civilian population. And you involuntarily ask yourself a question: what is there more - chances or patterns?

Let us dwell on just a few episodes. Among the papers that got into the commission, there were two unsent letters from killed soldiers of the German army, in which they informed their relatives that "... in the event that an offensive becomes too difficult, we take Russian prisoners and drive them in front of us against their own compatriots. so they at least somewhat reduce our losses ... ". "We do not know what to do with the prisoners. From now on, every Russian surrendering will be driven out in front of the line of our fortifications to shoot them ...". There is no doubt about the ferocity of the Germans. On June 2, 1916, in the village of Gossenzas, 500 Russian prisoners refused to dig trenches for the enemy. In response, an order was given to shoot every tenth. When four were killed (among them was F. Lunin from Kursk), others agreed to work to save the lives of the rest.

And here is the testimony of our fellow countryman. Soldier Aleinikov from Novy Oskol, who returned from six months of captivity, told how they were fed. The daily menu of the prisoners, according to his stories, looked like this: breakfast - a chatterbox of bran, lunch - unpeeled carrots, dinner - "bone chatterbox". Or for breakfast - corn talker, lunch - chestnut soup, dinner - barley chowder with husk. It also features "talker with bean husk", or "marsh grass soup".

According to historians, from 1914 to 1917, 190 thousand Russian servicemen died in captivity.

PARTICIPATION of Russian prisoners of war was bitter not only because of the bad attitude towards them from the enemy. Even in the third year of the war, they quite rightly considered themselves forgotten in their homeland, offended and abandoned to their fate. If the Belgians, French, and British from the very beginning of the war enjoyed the constant support of relatives, they were helped by the embassies of neutral powers and the Red Cross, then the Russians were deprived of this for a long time.

Among the parishioners and soldiers going to the front, explanatory work was carried out about the shame of captivity and the need to defend their homeland to the last drop of blood. Among the soldiers and in the rear, a brochure "What awaits the voluntarily surrendered soldier and his family" began to be distributed, which reflected the official point of view. I will cite some excerpts from this propaganda material, which became in full demand at another time. One of the cornerstones of the brochure reads: "It is in vain that the Russians think that by surrendering, they will save their lives ... The verdict of a military court will be executed in Russia, while the families of soldiers who voluntarily surrendered are deprived of all benefits according to the law, which was imperially approved on April 15, 1915 ... benefits, starving members and children will undoubtedly curse their former breadwinner, who by an abominable betrayal of the Tsar and the Motherland deprived them not only of the state rations, but also of the good name and respect of honest people. societies ".

A significant number of the military could fall under such tsarist justice, since there were 1 million 865 thousand deserters. The civil war prevented this punitive measure from being implemented. But the ideology of the attitude towards deserters was improved and brought to life already in another historical era ...

These are just some of the new facts for the upcoming memorable event in Russian history. I hope that the 90th anniversary of the outbreak of the First World War will serve to reveal white spots in it, make us look at many things differently.

annotation

This article is devoted to the study of the dynamics of movement and indirect losses of the population of the Oryol province during the First World War. The work is based on the information of regional statistics and registers of settlements of the Oryol province for 1900-1914, stored in the State Archives of the Oryol Region. Typical settlements of the Bolkhovsky, Kromsky and Livensky districts of the Oryol province were taken for the study. The result of the study was the conclusion about the unfavorable impact of the war on the peasant demography, which manifested itself in a significant decrease in all demographic indicators, especially marriage rates.

Key words and phrases: demography, peasantry, Oryol province, World War I, indirect losses.

Annotation

The article is devoted to the study of the dynamics of motion and indirect losses of population of the Oryol province in the years of First world war. Work information of regional statistics and metrical books of settlements of the Oryol province is the basis of after 1900-1914 years, kept in the State archive of Oryol region. For the study were taken from typical settlements Bolkhovsky, Kromsky and Livensky districts of Orel province. The result of the research was the conclusion about the adverse effects of war on the peasant population, manifested in a substantial decrease in all demographics, especially marriage.

Key words and phrases: historical demography, the peasantry, Oryol province, The First world war, the indirect losses.

About publication

Indirect losses in the rear provinces of Russia in the 1st World War (on the materials of the Oryol gubernia)

Due to its geographical location, the Oryol province was far from the theater of operations of the First World War. But, naturally, the tragic events that took place at the fronts could not but find their reflection, albeit indirectly, on the internal life of the province, including on demographic processes.

According to the materials of the First General Census of the Russian Empire in 1897, 2,033,798 people lived in the Oryol province. The predominant class in the province were peasants. In rural areas, peasants accounted for 96.47%. It is clear that the fact that the bulk of the rural population belonged to the peasantry predetermined the traditional character of its demographic behavior.

We can trace the growth of the population in the Oryol province in the pre-war period of time (1900-1913) according to the information collected by the provincial statistical committee (Table 1).

Table No. 1.

Population growth in the counties of the Oryol province in 1900-1913.

According to these data, over 14 years the population of the Oryol province increased by 19%. The most significant increase in residents was noted in the eastern (Livensky, Eletsky) and western (Bryansk, etc.) counties. This happened despite the increased migration flow of the Oryol peasantry outside the province during the Stolypin agrarian reforms. Such a significant increase in the population became possible due to the high rates of natural increase among the inhabitants of the province. Over the same period, this figure ranged from 27,000 in 1905 to almost 52,000 in 1911, with an average of about 37,000. Total natural increase from 1900 to 1913 amounted to more than 540,000 inhabitants.

The rapid growth of the population was ensured by the still high birth rate, especially preserved in the western and partly in the eastern districts of the province, as well as by a decrease in mortality among its inhabitants. From 1900 to 1913 the total number of births in the province was 1,558,308, with an average of 119,000 per year. The number of deaths in the same period was 1,015,586, and the average for the year was about 78,000.

Thus, in the Oryol province on the eve of the First World War, there was a population explosion. This statement can be confirmed by the parish data. We analyzed information about the natural movement of the population in 8 different parishes of the province. In 6 parishes, a steady increase in population was recorded, and in two, a slight decrease. The figures on the natural movement of the population in parishes indicate, in general, an increase in the birth rate and a gradual decrease in mortality among parishioners, which corresponds to the county and provincial indicators.

Russia's entry into the First World War could not but affect the demographic behavior of the Oryol peasantry. First of all, it is worth noting a significant decrease in the level of marriage among the inhabitants of the region during the war years. In the province as a whole, this reduction in the number of marriage registrations was as follows: 1914 - 65.6%, 1915 - 41.5%, and in 1916 - only 15.8% of the pre-war 1913 level. nuptiality was no less palpable. If in 1913 the marriage rate in them averaged 9.7 ‰, then in 1915-1916. in all revenues fell to a minimum of 1% -3%.

This phenomenon was an undoubted consequence of the influence of wartime on the level of marital activity of the population, since during the years of the war more than 255,000 people, mainly peasants, were mobilized from the province to the front. The agricultural census of 1917 calls the figure 254,670 called up from rural areas by the second half of 1917. Men of childbearing age were included in the call, which, naturally, could not but affect nuptiality and, to an even greater extent, the birth rate among the peasant population. The First World War, with its gigantic mass appeal, for the first time in Russian history, significantly invaded the sphere of peasant demography.

The dynamics of the decline in the birth rate as a whole in the Oryol province: 1914 - 97% of the level of 1913, 1915 - 87.4%, 1916 - 62%. In absolute terms, the total number of hypothetically unborn children during the First World War on the territory of the province (excluding 1917) was about 60,000 people.

Parish fertility also showed a downward trend. On average, in the parishes studied, the number of births in 1916 decreased by 35-40% from the level of 1913.

The expected positive decrease in the death rate of the population in the province (excluding direct combat losses at the front) against the background of a decrease in the birth rate was not observed in the first two years of the war, and only in 1916 the number of deaths decreased by 13% from the pre-war 1913. in parish mortality statistics.

There were no significant outbreaks of infectious diseases on the territory of the province during the war years, but the mortality rate did not decrease. The increase in mortality, especially among the adult population of the region, could have occurred for completely different reasons, not characteristic of peacetime.

Beginning in 1915, there was an acute shortage of workers in the countryside. Women were involved in difficult rural labor, which affected their health as well as childcare. This, most likely, led to an increase in mortality among women and children and, to some extent, to a decrease in fertility. In the middle of 1916, there was a shortage of grain in the province, prices were clearly overstated, there was a shortage in the presence of a sufficient supply of goods. Even in the grain Oryol province, this could not but affect the nutrition of the population, and, accordingly, its demographic behavior.

During 1914-1915. in the province, a positive natural increase in population remained, but in 1916 it decreased by more than ¼. This was a consequence of a sharp decline in the birth rate at a low rate of decline in the death rate. The natural increase in the studied Oryol parishes remained relatively high. Despite the martial law, it did not drop below 1%.

Thus, we can conclude that even the influence of wartime on the demographic processes in the province could not stop the natural growth of its population, although it dropped significantly. More than 60,000 children who were not born in the province can be considered net indirect losses, and the correlation between the size of natural population growth and its decline in the period 1913-1916. allows us to estimate its loss at about 460,500 people. This number included not only all the men mobilized for the war, but also the women who left the province at that time. More accurate calculations were not possible because civil statistics were difficult to maintain. The documents of the military institutions involved in the conscription of the provincial statistical committee have not been preserved in full.

Most of those who left will begin to return to their homes already in 1917, but even by 1920 the population of the province did not reach the pre-war level. Negative trends in the demographic development of the Oryol province during the First World War were gradually compensated for in the post-war period, when the population temporarily returned to the traditional model of population reproduction, but in general, the process of modernization of the demographic behavior of the inhabitants of the Oryol region was not completely stopped.

References / Spisok literatury

In Russian

1. Review of the Oryol province for 1900 Oryol, 1901. Review of the Oryol province for 1913 - Oryol, 1914.
2. Overview of the Oryol province in 1900. Eagle, 1901; Overview of the Oryol province in 1901. Eagle, 1902; Overview of the Oryol province in 1902. Eagle, 1903; Review of the Oryol province in 1903 Oryol, 1904; Overview of the Oryol province in 1905. Eagle, 1906; Overview of the Oryol province in 1906. Eagle, 1907; Overview of the Oryol province in 1907. Eagle, 1908; Overview of the Oryol province in 1908. Eagle, 1909; Overview of the Oryol province in 1909. Eagle, 1910; Overview of the Oryol province in 1910. Eagle, 1911; Overview of the Oryol province in 1911. Eagle, 1912; Overview of the Oryol province in 1912. Eagle, 1913; Overview of the Oryol province in 1913. Eagle, 1914; Overview of the Oryol province in 1914. Eagle, 1915.
3. First General Census of the Population of the Russian Empire 1897. Published by the Central Statistical Committee of the Ministry of Internal Affairs. - T. XXIX. Oryol province / Ed. ON. Troinitsky. - SPb., 1904.
4. Shchekotikhin E.E. Battle glory of the Oryol region. - Orel, 2007 .-- S. 59.

English

1. Obzor Orlovskoj gubernii za 1900 g. Orel, 1901. Obzor Orlovskoj gubernii za 1913 g. - Orel, 1914.
2. Obzor Orlovskoj gubernii za 1900 god. Orel, 1901; Obzor Orlovskoj gubernii za 1901 god Orel, 1902; Obzor Orlovskoj gubernii za 1902 god. Orel, 1903; Obzor Orlovskoj gubernii za 1903 god Orel, 1904; Obzor Orlovskoj gubernii za 1905 god. Orel, 1906; Obzor Orlovskoj gubernii za 1906 god. Orel, 1907; Obzor Orlovskoj gubernii za 1907 god Orel, 1908; Obzor Orlovskoj gubernii za 1908 god Orel, 1909; Obzor Orlovskoj gubernii za 1909 god. Orel, 1910; Obzor Orlovskoj gubernii za 1910 god. Orel, 1911; Obzor Orlovskoj gubernii za 1911 god. Orel, 1912; Obzor Orlovskoj gubernii za 1912 god. Orel, 1913; Obzor Orlovskoj gubernii za 1913 god. Orel, 1914; Obzor Orlovskoj gubernii za 1914 god. Orel, 1915.
3. Pervaja Vseobshhaja perepis' naselenija Rossijskoj imperii 1897. Izdanie Central'nogo statisticheskogo komiteta Ministerstva vnutrennih del. T. XXIX. Orlovskaja gubernija / Pod red. N.A. Trojnickogo. - SPb., 1904.
4. Shhekotihin E.E. Ratnaja slava Orlovskogo kraja. - Orel, 2007 .-- S. 59.

The first revolution did not achieve its main goals, but it forced the autocracy to make serious concessions. Chief among them was the publication of the tsarist manifesto on October 17, 1905, which granted political freedom. The manifesto provided for broad electoral rights for elections to the State Duma. In an effort to curtail these revolutionary gains, on June 3, 1907, the tsar dissolved the Second State Duma and issued a new law on elections to the State Duma. The new law significantly reduced the electoral rights of workers and peasants and expanded the rights of the nobility and the big bourgeoisie. So the June third coup d'état was accomplished, which meant the autocracy's offensive against the democratic gains of the people. The brutal reprisals against the participants in the revolutionary uprisings and the persecution of the revolutionary political parties and trade unions began.

At the same time, new government reforms began. They were initiated by the head of the government P.A. Stolypin. The purpose of the reforms was to strengthen the tsarist power, adapt it to post-revolutionary conditions, and create a new social support for it in the countryside. The agrarian reform could solve this problem. It provided the right to peasants to leave the community, to secure a land allotment for themselves in full private ownership, to be allocated with the farm for a farm or a cut, land-poor people were provided assistance for resettlement to vacant land in remote areas of the country.

The Stolypin reform also embraced the Moscow province. But these tsarist measures could not satisfy the peasants and only led to a further exacerbation of class contradictions. As noted above, the main cause of the clashes in the countryside was peasant land shortages. It is no coincidence that among the peasants of the Moscow province there was talk about the allegedly impending division of the landlord's land between the peasants. “These rumors,” the gendarmes reported to the police department, “are so persistent that some of the peasants refuse to leave the community for the time being, and those who have left do not contribute money for the land, fortified as property.” In the Podolsk district in 1908, the peasants said that "the land will go into the hands of the peasants for nothing, so it makes no sense to stand out from the community."

The class struggle in the countryside took various forms. The peasants resisted the land surveyors in the land surveying and allotment of land to wealthy peasants for otrub and farmstead estates, unauthorized plowing of landowners' lands and grains, cutting down forests, etc. when listing peasant property. The peasants of the villages of Borovikovo and Khokhlovo of the Zvenigorod district organized a collective felling of the forest on the estate of the landowner Erodova, and the inhabitants of the village of Chigasovo of the same district burned down the farm buildings, destroyed the crops of the rich peasants who went out for cutting.

Stolypin's telegram sent to the Moscow governor is quite characteristic: “In view of the noticeable increase in arson on agrarian soil (the possibility of their further intensification with the onset of the autumn period) - Stolypin warned in August 1907 - I ask you to take the most decisive measures to guard the peasantry ".

During the course of the reform in the Moscow province for 9 years (from 1907 to 1915) 66.7 thousand peasant householders, or 32.4% of the total number of peasant households, left the community and received the land as personal property. During the same time, about 6.5 thousand farms and cut enterprises were created. An attempt at a mass resettlement of land-poor peasants to Siberia, Kazakhstan and Central Asia did not yield results. Of the 591 families of immigrants in the Moscow province, 319 families, completely ruined, returned back. These data confirm that the Stolypin agrarian reform as a bourgeois measure only gave an impetus to the development of productive forces in agriculture. But it did not remove the main contradiction in the Russian countryside — the contradiction between the entire peasantry and the landowners.

Stolypin's policy provided for the rise of national industry. It began in the second half of 1910 after several years of stagnation in the country. In terms of the pace and degree of concentration of production, Russia was ahead of the countries of the West. If in 1907 in the Moscow province (including Moscow) there were 1367 enterprises and 306,429 workers, then in 1911 there were already 1480 and 347859, respectively. By this time, there were 68 enterprises in Moscow and the Moscow region with the number of workers from 501 to 1000, 72 - with the number of workers over 1000. The number of factories and plants, which numbered from 3 to 7 or more thousand workers, grew especially rapidly. Moscow province was considered one of the most industrial areas in Russia. There were only 6% of purely agricultural families in it.

The production of the most important types of products grew. If in 1910 in the Moscow region was smelted 4.7 million poods of pig iron, then in 1913 - already 11.8 million poods. The same situation was observed in the coal and other industries. All this has generated additional demand for labor. It should be noted, however, that a significant part of the pig iron and fuel was supplied to industry by foreign monopolies.

From the middle of 1910, machine-building plants started working at full speed. But the situation in the machine-building industry was not very favorable due to the same competition between foreign monopolies. The main industry in the Moscow province was still the textile industry. In 1913, 564 textile factories employed 248 thousand people, or 64% of the total number of Moscow workers. Simultaneously with the growth of production, trade revived, in which more than 52 thousand workers and employees were employed. Construction grew rapidly, and urban transport expanded. Despite the growth in production, the situation of the working people has changed little. The standard of living remained extremely low, and the working and living conditions were difficult.

The cost of living grew, and the system of fines was again widely introduced. In 1913, fines were levied on slightly 96% of the workers in St. Petersburg, Moscow and other central provinces. The Moscow bourgeoisie brutally exploited the workers. She used overtime extensively and actually recovered a 10-11 hour workday. The growing oppression of the autocracy and the growth of capitalist exploitation aroused the indignation of the working people and a revolutionary protest on their part. The workers again took up the weapon they had tested in battles with the capitalists — the strike.

In 1910, 23 strikes took place in the Moscow province, in which 10,973 people took part. In 1911, there were 27 strikes in the Moscow industrial region with 31,176 participants. The decline of the revolutionary movement gave way to a new revolutionary upsurge and the preparation of the working people for a new revolution.

A powerful impetus to the labor movement was given by the Lena events - the shooting of workers in the Lena gold mines on April 4, 1912. From April 12 to May 4, 1912, about 90 thousand workers went on strike at 400 enterprises in Moscow and the Moscow province. The workers organized meetings at which resolutions of protest and resolutions were passed on the deduction of one-day's earnings in favor of the families of the executed. From the second half of 1910, the curve of the strike movement again went up.

On July 19 (August 1), 1914, the First World War began, in which Russia, in alliance with England and France, clashed with Germany and Austria-Hungary.

The manifesto on the war of Emperor Nicholas II was, like throughout Russia, supported by the inhabitants of the Moscow province. From the first days of the war, the restructuring of industry began to produce the products needed by the front. By January 1916, military products, for example, at the Kolomna machine-building plant accounted for 93.5% of all orders: the plant produced military-field steam locomotives, marine diesel engines, mine transports, machine-gun cart, charging boxes, cups for artillery shells. The Main Artillery Directorate and the “Vikula Morozov and Sons Partnership of Manufactories” signed an agreement on the supply of ignition nozzles for high-explosive grenades. The machines needed for the Tula Arms Plant were requisitioned at the Zinger & Co plant in Podolsk. In total, the production of military products was carried out at 16 enterprises in the Moscow province. In the first months of the war, there was a patriotic upsurge in the Moscow Territory, in the desire of people from various social groups to help the army, the front, and the country.

However, the food crisis of 1915 and setbacks at the front contributed to the growth of discontent, both among the population of the Moscow province and in Russia as a whole. Despite the increase in wages from 15 to 25%, the standard of living of workers has significantly decreased, because prices increased 4-5 times, and the working day increased from 10.5 to 12-13 hours.

As a result, workers began to unrest in 1915. In the first speeches, there was a raid of chauvinism: the workers of the Kolomna plant, the Resurrection manufactory, the Konshin factory demanded that persons of German nationality be removed from the factories. Gradually, economic strikes began to play a dominant role. They took place at the Bogorodsko-Glukhovsky manufactory. At the factory "F. Shcherbakov and Sons ”more than 4 thousand workers took part in the strike. Over 2 thousand people went on strike at the Voznesenskaya, Pokrovskaya and Sadkovskaya manufactories. All workers went on strike at the Kolomna machine-building plant — over 11,000. In total, 188 strikes took place in the Moscow province from August 1914 to January 1917. Separate political strikes were directed against the reactionary measures of the government, the dissolution of the State Duma. By 1917, strikes had become almost exclusively political, anti-war. At the beginning of 1917, social tension in the Moscow province, as well as throughout Russia, increased significantly, the preconditions for new revolutionary upheavals were formed in society.

§ 3. Revolutionary upheavals in 1917 and the establishment of Soviet power in the Moscow region

The February Revolution of 1917 overthrew the autocracy in Russia and awakened the population of Moscow and the Moscow region to an active political one. From the very first days of the revolution, workers, soldiers and peasants strove to create a single organ of power reflecting their interests. In the Moscow province, Soviets began to be created. The Council of Workers' Deputies in Serpukhov was elected on March 2, 1917, consisting of 28 people, on March 5 - in the Orekhovo-Zuevsky industrial region, it included representatives of various parties, and the Bolshevik A.P. Lipatov, March 6 - in the village. Naro-Fominskoye. In addition to the workers, it was decided to invite representatives from peasants, cooperatives and teachers to the Vereya Soviet. The Soviets arose as a result of the revolutionary creativity of the masses.

After the overthrow of tsarism, the socialist parties launched an active propaganda among the inhabitants of the province. The Mensheviks and Socialist-Revolutionaries called for the support of the Provisional Government and advocated the continuation of the war, since, in their opinion, its character had changed and its purpose was to defend the freedom won. The Bolsheviks incited the masses to distrust the Provisional Government, to end the imperialist war, and agitated for a socialist revolution.

The failure of the offensive in June 1917 caused a powerful wave of protest against the policies of the Provisional Government. Rallies and demonstrations took place in many districts of the Moscow region. The workers of the Shchelkovo settlement adopted a resolution demanding the removal of the capitalist ministers, the dissolution of the Duma and the transfer of power to the Soviets of Workers', Soldiers' and Peasants' Deputies. A large demonstration took place in Lyubertsy, in which the workers and peasants of the surrounding villages and villages participated. Banners fluttered over the columns - "All power to the Soviets." The demonstration ended with a civil funeral service at the grave of the hero of the first Russian revolution, machinist A.V. Ukhtomsky. Demonstrators sent a telegram to the First All-Russian Congress of Soviets with a call to take power into their own hands and introduce control over the production and distribution of products. The resolution requiring the transfer of power to the Soviets was adopted by the workers of the mechanical plant at the Hryvno station. In response to the actions of the authorities during the July events of 1917, rallies and demonstrations were held in Petrograd in Mytishchi, Tushino, Lyubertsy and other settlements of the Moscow region.

During the Kornilov protest (August 1917), the workers demanded weapons and expressed their readiness to help the Petrograd comrades. In the resolutions of many meetings and rallies, along with the demand for the arming of the workers, the slogan was put forward to transfer all power into the hands of the Soviets; military revolutionary committees were set up in many places. Thus, the four-thousandth meeting of workers in the Shchelkovo District adopted a resolution that said: “We demand the immediate suppression of the military-bourgeois conspiracy with blood and iron ... the military-bourgeois conspiracy, the dispersal of all counter-revolutionary organizations ... Transfer of all power to the government that emerged from the depths of the revolutionary Soviets of Workers', Soldiers' and Peasants' Deputies, liberation from prisons of the advanced fighters-democrats - comrades of the Bolsheviks ”. A joint meeting of the Bolshevik Party Committee and the Executive Committee of the Soviet of Workers' Deputies Orekhovo-Zuev decided to immediately remove all Red Guards from work in the factories and transfer them to a barracks position. Over 400 Red Guards were placed at the disposal of the revolutionary committee created under the executive committee of the Soviet. On all the most important areas: the railway station, telegraph, telephone, bridge, bank, etc., patrols were posted.

In September 1917, a rapid Bolshevization of the Soviets took place. The majority of voters in Zvenigorodsky, Volokolamsky, Kolomensky, Bogorodsky, Dmitrovsky and other districts voted for the Bolsheviks.

During this period, the spontaneous peasant movement intensified. The peasants stopped waiting for the decision of the land issue by the Constituent Assembly and began to destroy the landowners' estates.

The news of the victory of the armed uprising and the establishment of Soviet power in Petrograd in October 1917 exacerbated the revolutionary struggle in the Moscow province. The most bloody was the struggle for power in Moscow. Here the workers set up a military revolutionary committee and organized fighting squads. But they were opposed by significant military forces of the defenders of the old regime, led by Colonel Ryabtsev. They captured the Kremlin and put up stubborn resistance to the insurgent workers, which led to protracted battles and shelling of the Kremlin with artillery. Only at the beginning of November 1918 did Soviet power win in Moscow. Many participants in the uprising gave their lives for its establishment. They were buried in Red Square near the Kremlin wall. The struggle for Soviet power was rapidly going on in the Moscow region. After receiving news of the armed uprising in Petrograd on October 25 (November 7), the Soviet of Workers' Deputies of the Moscow province informed the local Soviets of the events in the capital. He ordered them to carry out the requisition of weapons, cars on the ground, to guard the telegraph, post office, telephone, treasury, to establish censorship of telegrams and telephone conversations, to contact local military units and create "fives" to seize power.

Orekhovo - Zuevsky Soviet of Workers' Deputies, having learned about the events in Petrograd in the evening of October 25, immediately declared himself the power, elected a revolutionary committee. He immediately took action. Armed Red Guards were stationed at the telephone, at the post office, at the station and on all roads. The bank was heavily guarded, as well as all confiscated cars. The workers were unanimously supported by the soldiers of the local garrison. In Kolomna, despite the opposition of the Mensheviks and Socialist-Revolutionaries, Soviet power was proclaimed on the morning of October 26. On the instructions of the Military Revolutionary Committee, the Red Guards immediately seized the weapons shops and the arsenal; all workers received weapons. The Bolsheviks of Podolsk, having ensured revolutionary order in the city, immediately began organizing workshops for the repair of weapons supplied from Tula.

On October 25-26, the Soviets took power in all the workers' centers of the Moscow province - Podolsk, Serpukhov, Orekhovo-Zuev, Bogorodsk, Mytishchi, Lyubertsy, Klin, Kolomna. On October 27-29, Red Guard detachments from towns and villages near Moscow arrived at the disposal of the Moscow Military Revolutionary Committee. Lyubertsy alone sent 300 Red Guards to Moscow, many of whom died for Soviet power on Moscow streets. Streets in the city are named after them (street Zakharova P., Zubarev V., Kirillova V.). The railway workers of the province did not allow echelons with troops loyal to the government to approach Moscow. By October 27, Soviet power was established in most cities of the Moscow province, in districts remote from Moscow, this process was somewhat delayed: in Yakhroma, Soviet power was established on November 3, and in Zvenigorod and Vereya - on January 28, 1918. In Volokolamsk, Voskresensk. In Dmitrov, Zvenigorod, Sergiev Posad, the local Bolsheviks were assisted by Red Guards workers from Moscow and neighboring districts. The Provincial Council of Peasant Deputies opposed the transfer of power to the Soviets and introduced its representatives to the Moscow "Committee of Public Security". Only on October 31, the Soviet of Peasants' Deputies recognized Soviet power. This is how Soviet power was established in Moscow and the Moscow region.

Akulshin Petr Vladimirovich
Doctor of Historical Sciences, Professor, Head of the Scientific and Educational Center for Historical, Humanitarian and Socio-Economic Research
Russian State University named after S.A. Yesenin
Grebenkin Igor Nikolaevich
Doctor of Historical Sciences, Professor of the Department of Russian History of the Russian State University. S.L. Yesenin

Ryazan province during the First World War

The First World War became an important milestone in the complex and tragic process of modernization of Russian society. This was clearly manifested not only in the main economic and political centers, but also in the vast expanses of the Russian province. Ryazan province was no exception, which was located at the junction of two regions of Central Russia - Central Industrial and Central Black Earth, which determined its corresponding socio-economic appearance. The northern districts of the province were "consuming", that is, their rural population, engaged in various handicrafts and seasonal work, bought bread for their needs. It housed the provincial center and the county town of Yegoryevsk, which ranked first in terms of industrial production and was the place of concentration of large textile enterprises. The southern districts, on the contrary, belonged to the "producing" regions and resembled in their socio-economic appearance the chernozem regions of Russia. By 1914, 2 773 thousand people lived on the territory of the Ryazan province, of which about 200 thousand (i.e. 7.2%) in 12 cities.

In the pre-war years, the provincial Ryazan did not belong to the industrial centers of the empire, up to 38 thousand people lived in it, taking into account the suburban settlements, and its enterprises reflected the agrarian profile of the province's economy. From the point of view of importance for the defense potential of Russia, Ryazan and the province remained suppliers of manpower, taxes and provisions. In the late XIX - early XX centuries. in the cities of the province, the 35th Infantry Division was stationed, where they served, including / 138 /

1. Statistical Yearbook of Russia. 1914 Pg., 1915. Section I. Territory and population pp. 11, 43.
2. Information about the development of the province at the beginning of the XX century. see: History of the Ryazan Territory. 1778-2007 / Ed. P.V. Akulshin. Ryazan, 2007.S. 88-112.

and many residents of Ryazan. Its regiments were stationed in Ryazan - 137th Nezhinsky and 138th Volkhovsky, in Yegoryevsk - 139th Morshansky, in Skopin - 140th Zaraisky, and divisions of the 35th artillery brigade in Ryazan and Kolomna.

The announcement of the beginning of the war with Germany and Austria-Hungary was published in the local press on July 20, 1914 and caused a wave of patriotic demonstrations in the Ryazan province. In those days, Ryazan newspapers reported on solemn prayers, processions and processions in Ryazan, Ryazhsk, Skopin, Rannenburg and other cities and large settlements of the province. Expressing loyal feelings, the residents of Kasimov, during a crowded demonstration, demanded that all German shops and German merchants be removed from the city, and that the tavern be renamed "Germany". Warehouses with German goods were destroyed in Spassk. As well as throughout the country, all this represented an explosion of naive enthusiasm of the man in the street, who believed in the justice of the outbreak of the war, the power of Russian weapons, and a quick victory over the enemy. Representatives of the educated strata of the population perceived what was happening with greater caution and anxiety, often condemning the emerging excesses. An eyewitness to the events, a well-known Ryazan teacher and ethnographer S.D. Yakhontov, welcoming the war with the "Teutons", in those days wrote in his diary: "And stupid Ryazan yells:" Hurray! " Boys are hooligans, and this is called a patriotic manifestation! One must pray to God before such a test. How can you trivialize everything! Great feeling turned into fun! The same thing is repeated. Music in the gardens, fireworks, masquerades and festivities. Stupid and vulgar, Ryazan! " ...

Already in early August 1914, the 35th Infantry Division, replenished with local reserves, went under the command of Lieutenant General P.P. Potocki to the Southwestern Front, where, as part of the 17th Army Corps, she took part in the 1st Galician Battle, and then fought in the Carpathians. According to the mobilization plans, a second-order 72nd Infantry Division was deployed at the site of their deployment, consisting of the 285th Mtsensk, 286th Kirsanovsky, 287th Tarusa, 288th Kulikovsky regiments and the 72nd artillery brigade. At the end of August 1914, the division, as part of the 2nd Army Corps, fought in East Prussia, during which it suffered heavy losses and was disbanded. During the war years, large garrisons were located on the territory of the Ryazan province. Here were quartered units of the 10th reserve infantry brigade and the 65th brigade of the 2nd corps of the state militia- / 139 /

3. Ryazan life. 1914.22 July. No. 168; 26 July. No. 172, 5 aug. No. 181.
4. GARO. F. R-2798. D. 88.L. 139.

cheniya. Their headquarters and about 40 thousand soldiers were located in Ryazan. Almost 30 thousand soldiers of spare parts and militias were garrisoned in Yegoryevsk, Skopin, Zaraisk.

The beginning of the war coincided with the change of persons at the head of the Ryazan province. Prince A.N. Obolensky, who headed the province since August 1910, was promoted to major general and appointed to the post of mayor of St. Petersburg. He was replaced by the actual privy councilor N.N. Kisel-Zagoryansky, former governor of the Tver province. This appointment took place on July 28, and he arrived in Ryazan on August 2, 1914, i.e. already in the midst of mobilization. In connection with it, a ban was introduced on the sale of strong alcoholic beverages, which continued until 1923. On this occasion, the governor addressed the population in the press: “The most evil enemy of the Russian land, much worse than a German, is popular drunkenness. People are ruined by vodka, fires in villages are ruined by it, and vodka is the cause of most crimes. Seeing what harm the immoderate consumption of wine brings to the entire Russian land, the Tsar ordered to fight drunkenness by all means, so I will take the most stringent measures both against the drunkards themselves and against the shinkars. "

The mobilization required great efforts from the provincial and district authorities and was generally successful. The calls for replacements and recruits continued throughout the entire period of the war. During the three and a half years of the war, Russia put more than 14 million people under arms. To the numerous responsibilities of the local authorities, one more was added - the issuance of benefits to the families of the mobilized. By the fall of 1917, about 310 thousand people were drafted into the ranks of the army and navy in the Ryazan province, which was 48 percent of its able-bodied men. Thousands of Ryazan residents ended up at the front and in the rear garrisons scattered throughout the country.

The most important task facing the rear regions was the organization of the reception of the evacuated wounded front-line soldiers and their treatment. Its solution required great efforts not only by the administration, but also by the public, since the state's capabilities in this area were definitely insufficient. The first batch of wounded in battle at / 140 /

5. History of the Ryazan government: leaders of the Ryazan region, 1778-2008 / Ed. P.V. Akulshin. Ryazan, 2008.S. 202-205, 206-213.
6. Ryazan Provincial Gazette. 1914.9 Aug. No. 60.
7. The number of those drafted into the army in the Ryazan province during the war period was obtained by calculation based on statistical data (Statistical Yearbook of Russia. 1914, Section I. S. 11; Golovin NN Russia's military efforts in the world war. Zhukovsky; M. , 2001.S. 111.).

Soldau (East Prussia) of 5 cavalrymen arrived in Ryazan on August 16, 1914. Governor N.N. On September 6, 1914, Kisel-Zagoryansky issued an appeal in the local press: “The Great Patriotic War with a strong and stubborn enemy causes many casualties and requires emergency assistance to the wounded, crippled and sick soldiers. Recently, the zemstvo and city public administrations of the province entrusted to me have filled all their hospitals and hospitals with wounded defenders of the homeland. Among the latter are many lightly wounded who only need outpatient treatment. The release of hospitals and infirmaries from them in favor of the seriously wounded is an urgent need. In view of this, I appeal to the entire population of the province with an appeal to fulfill the sacred duty of everyone who loves their homeland. Let everyone who can take at least one lightly wounded as his own and thus make room in hospitals for the seriously wounded. " The city government also appealed to the population with an appeal to admit the wounded to private apartments and maintenance. The efforts of the zemstvos were coordinated by the provincial committee of the All-Russian zemstvo union, to which, in particular, 11 large hospitals created on the territory of the province were subordinate.

An event of extreme importance for the authorities and inhabitants of the province was the visit of the most august persons to Ryazan. This was the third visit of the monarch to the provincial city. The first took place on July 16, 1903, on the way to the Diveyevo monastery in the Tambov province to acquire the relics of the Monk Seraphim of Sarov. The second visit of the emperor to Ryazan took place on May 7, 1904 and was associated with the dispatch of units of the 35th Infantry Division to the theater of military operations in Manchuria. For the third time, Emperor Nicholas II and Empress Alexandra Feodorovna, accompanied by their daughters Olga and Tatiana, arrived in Ryazan on December 8, 1914. “On this occasion, the city took on a festive look the day before, in the evening. All houses, especially along Moskovskaya, Cathedral and Astrakhan streets, were colored with national flags. The houses of the Noble Assembly and the State Bank, the house of the governor stood out for their decoration most of all, ”the local press reported. Crowds of townspeople gathered in the streets, where the emperor's passage was supposed to be, from early morning, which were replenished with residents of suburban villages and villages. At half past nine in the morning, troops and students of educational institutions were deployed from the station to the cathedral. Rivne / 141 /

8. Ryazan Bulletin. 1914.19 Aug. No. 193.
9. Ryazan Provincial Gazette. 1914.6 Sep. No. 67.
10. Ibid. 1914.10 Dec. No. 94.

at 10 o'clock in the morning the imperial train, following from Tambov to Moscow, arrived at the platform of the Ryazan station. The bell ringing of all Ryazan churches informed the population of the city about this.

On the platform of the station, decorated with fresh flowers and flags, the emperor received the reports of the governor N.N. Kisel-Zagoryansky and the head of the garrison, Colonel N.P. Beklemishev. In the station building, he was presented with local officials and delegations from the nobility, city, zemstvo, merchants, bourgeoisie, Old Believers, peasants in Yamskaya, Troitskaya and a number of other volosts, employees of the Moscow Railway, machinists and workers at Ryazan station. "Their Majesty, accompanied by the persons of the retinue and the governor, walked around all the greeters and graciously talked with some of them." The delegations presented the emperor with bread and salt and donations for the needs of the war. Representatives of the provincial city, headed by the Ryazan mayor I.A. The Antonovs were served bread and salt on a carved dish made by the students of the local vocational school, and the volost foreman of the Perochinskaya volost Babushkin brought honey from his own apiary. The governor's wife introduced the empress to the peasant women of the villages of Shumash and Polyany of the Ryazan district, who brought a canvas of their own product for the wounded, and the Mikhailovsky district, who brought embroidered towels. "The peasant women were in their old local clothes, in ponevs, shushpanas, kitschkas, which attracted the gracious attention of their majesties."

From the station, the royal family went by car to the Nativity Cathedral, where they arrived at 11 hours 15 minutes. “In his welcoming speech, Bishop Dimitri called the day of December 8 historical for Ryazan, said that the Ryazan people, remembering the behests of Theodoret, the former archbishop of Ryazan, who pointed out to Russia the need to elect Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov to the kingdom and with their fiery word persuaded the young tsar to accept this kingdom, and in these historical days selflessly devoted to the autocratic tsar. "Blessed is he who comes in the name of the Lord," the bishop concluded his speech. After sprinkling with holy water and a short prayer, the emperor and his family venerated the relics of St. Basil of Ryazan, the miraculous image of the Sign of the Mother of God and the icon of Theodot'evsk Mother of God. The Right Reverend blessed the emperor with the icon of Vasily of Ryazan, the empress with the Theodot'evskaya Mother of God. Then they proceeded to the church of Michael the Archangel, where they bowed to the tomb of the Bishop of Ryazan Theodorit, who actively participated in the election to the kingdom / 142 /

the first Romanov. The society of standard-bearers presented the emperor with an icon of Bishop Vasily of Ryazan.

Then, from one to two, the emperor and his family visited the 46th combined military hospital, located in the building of the theological seminary, a warehouse for the sick and wounded soldiers in the Nobility Assembly, equipped at the expense of the Committee chaired by the wife of the provincial leader of the nobility E.A. Petrovo-Solovovo, infirmary of the nobility on Astrakhan Street, infirmary at the Catherine community of the Red Cross, infirmary of the All-Russian City Union at the Saltykovskaya city hospital. "Most of the road to this infirmary goes through back streets, but these streets were full of people who gathered to greet their majesty with enthusiasm." In each of the institutions, after the presentation of the benefactors and the administration, the emperor, bypassing the wounded, thanked for the service and handed out to some of the insignia; in the infirmary at the Catherine community of the Red Cross, the non-commissioned officer Zelentsov was awarded the St.George Cross of the III degree, seriously wounded near Przemysl. The Empress and the Grand Duchesses presented them with icons.

At the end of the second hour in the afternoon from the Saltykovskaya hospital, where he was presented with an album of her views, the emperor departed for the station. At the station, he handed over to the honorary member of the Imperial Philanthropic Society S.S. Shenshin cervical scraps for distribution to the wounded in the local infirmary of this Society. "At about 2 o'clock, the emperor and his august family departed from Ryazan with enthusiastic shouts of 'hurray', having made the Ryazan governor happy with lofty words of gratitude to the population for the reception."

For the excellent order during the stay of the monarch in Ryazan on December 8, 1914 N.N. Kisel-Zagoryansky received the highest gratitude. In addition to the Late Medal of the Order of the White Eagle for his work on general mobilization, which was awarded to all civilian officials involved in this, in November 1916 he was awarded the Order of St. Stanislaus, I degree. In addition, he was awarded tokens from the Committee chaired by Grand Duchess Elizabeth Feodorovna for helping the families of persons called up to the war, and from the Committee for providing temporary assistance to victims of hostilities, chaired by Grand Duchess Tatyana Nikolaevna. The last evidence of attention from the imperial families for N.N. Kisel-Zagoryansky became the 27 de- / 143 / granted to him

December 1916 sign in memory of the fiftieth anniversary of the acceptance by Her Imperial Majesty Empress Maria Feodorovna of direct participation in the affairs of the department of institutions of Empress Maria.

The ongoing war also demanded from the Russian economy more and more efforts to arm and supply everything necessary for a huge army, which by 1917 reached 12 million soldiers and officers. The authorities had to abandon the implementation of many important measures, in particular, land management work associated with the implementation of the agrarian reform of P.A. Stolypin. To use the potential of the Ryazan province for the needs of defense, public organizations were created that were supposed to help a state institution: the Ryazan branch of the Union of zemstvos and cities in 1915, the provincial military-industrial committee. Difficulties with food and fuel supplies increased. The situation was aggravated by the appearance in the cities of refugees from the territories occupied by German troops since 1915. By the beginning of 1917, their number was about 68 thousand people. From the end of 1914, prisoners of war from the countries of the Austro-German bloc began to arrive in the province. Their number gradually increased and at the end of 1916 reached 12 thousand. Most of them were used for forced labor in industry and the agricultural sector.

Meanwhile, the situation in the country worsened. The result of the war was an economic crisis, all the burdens of which fell on the shoulders of the peasantry and the urban poor. During 1915-1916. sown areas, productivity and livestock in the Ryazan province have been steadily declining. In addition to working hands, mobilization deprived peasant farms and horses. The transfer of the army to wartime states required a huge number of horses, carts and harnesses, the supply of which was one of the duties of the population. Already at the time of the mobilization of the 35th Infantry Division in the summer of 1914, the population supplied more than 600 horses. Only one Ryazan district from the beginning of the war until January 1, 1917, according to incomplete data, supplied 2538 horses to the army. The lack of hands, horses and implements affected the landowners' households, where they began to use the labor of prisoners of war. At the beginning of 1916, a group of landowners of the vowels of the provincial zemstvo even proposed- / 144 /

16. Bulletin of the Ryazan provincial zemstvo. 1916. No. 1. S. 73-74.
17. About prisoners of war on the territory of Ryazan province, see: V.A. Pylkin. Prisoners of war of Austria-Hungary, Germany, and the Ottoman Empire on the Ryazan land during the world war and revolution. M., 2013.
18. GARO. F. 198. Op. 1.D. 420.L. 53ob-54.
19. Ibid. F. 212. Op. 54.D.21.L. 234-235ob.

la to import Chinese and Koreans from the Far East for rural work in the region.

As the war continued, the food issue became one of the main problems of domestic policy. Food prices began to rise from the first days of the war. Initially, they tried to solve this problem by establishing a "tax" by the local authorities - the norms of the selling price of basic necessities. First, they were installed on oats, then on rye, wheat and flour. To them were added the special order requisitions for the sleeping lures of the army. As a special measure, bans were introduced on the export of essential products outside the region. In Ryazan province, such an experience was associated with the harvesting of oats. In the fall of 1915, a system of rationing distribution of products began to be introduced in a number of localities. These individual measures could not change the general situation, as a result of which the question naturally arose of introducing food appropriation, based on the experience of other belligerent countries.

The authority of the monarch and the authorities in the eyes of the population was rapidly declining. Military failures and economic difficulties were associated with betrayal and espionage in government circles. Therefore, the events of the February Revolution in the capital, which led to the collapse of the monarchy, were taken for granted by the bulk of the population in the province. The people of Ryazan were no exception, who so enthusiastically greeted the emperor only two years ago.

A telegram about the events in Petrograd arrived in Ryazan on February 28, 1917, but until March 2 the governor forbade it to be read out. When Moscow newspapers were received in the city on March 2, 1917, he held a meeting with the chairman of the provincial zemstvo council G.F. Mussorgsky and mayor I.A. Antonov, where measures to maintain order were discussed. In the evening of the same day N.N. Kisel-Zagoryansky met with the chairmen of the county zemstvo councils who were in the provincial town in connection with the provincial meeting on the food issue. After that, a circular was sent to the zemstvo chiefs about maintaining order, according to which it was proposed to act carefully and consult with zemstvo and public figures. At one o'clock on March 3, 1917, the governor appointed an emergency convocation of the city Duma, where he intended to be present in person. / 145 /

20. Bulletin of the Ryazan provincial zemstvo. 1916.No. 2.P. 45.
21. Kondratyev N.D. The bread market and its regulation during the war and revolution. M., 1991.S. 196.

However, the situation was already getting out of control of the head of the province. On the night of March 2–3, 1917, during a meeting in the city government, local public figures decided to create a Provisional Executive Committee. In the morning, troops and citizens reached the building of the city council, expressing their readiness to support the new government. The most decisive of those present freed those arrested from prison. Meanwhile, the governor drove around the streets, calling on the marching people and troops to maintain composure and calm. At 2 o'clock in the afternoon, the governor again held a meeting, which was attended by the vice-governor, the chairman and prosecutor of the district court, the commanders of the regiments stationed in the city. A written decision was made "to provide all assistance to the Provisional Government in order to maintain order and calm and the normal course of affairs in all institutions."

At 8 o'clock in the evening, the elected head of the garrison arrested the governor and the vice-governor, the leaders of the monarchist organizations were also arrested and Bishop Demetrius was removed from office. Already in custody, N.N. On March 4, 1917, Kisel-Zagoryansky sent a telegram to the Minister of Internal Affairs informing him of what had happened. March 6, 1917 from the Minister, Chairman of the Provisional Government, Prince G.E. Lvova received a telegram in Ryazan about the "temporary" dismissal of the governor and vice-governor from office. At the same time, on March 3, 1917, at a meeting of the city duma, a committee of public organizations was formed in the provincial city, headed by the executive bureau of 12 representatives of opposition parties (from the Cadets to the Social Democrats). It was headed by the chairman of the Ryazan zemstvo council L.I. Kuchenev, a former Octobrist who became a Cadet after the overthrow of the monarchy.

On March 12, 1917, the "Freedom Festival" took place in Ryazan. It began with a solemn prayer service and fireworks, followed by a military parade and a citywide demonstration, which ended with a treat to the soldiers. Ten days later, on March 22, 1917, marching companies went to the front to defend not monarchist, but revolutionary Russia from German aggression. The liquidation of the old government in the region was completed by the Provincial Congress of representatives of public organizations held on April 8-12, 1917, which was attended by about 160 delegates from all counties of the province.

The fall of the old government and democratic freedoms by themselves did not solve the main issues facing the country. Political / 146 /

22. GARO. F. R-1. Op. 1.D. 340.L. 2.

the struggle in capitals and provinces continued. In April 1917, a conflict erupted in Ryazan between the central government represented by the provisional government and the local community. The government appointed L.I. Kuchenev. The Provincial Executive Committee of the Committee of Public Organizations, elected at the Provincial Congress in April, proposed the candidacy of F.K. Pavlov, one of the leaders of the local Socialist-Revolutionaries. A month and a half later, on May 20, 1917, the Provisional Government was forced to accept this proposal. The provincial commissar already had to reckon with the representative bodies that arose in the course of revolutionary events.

As early as March 3, 1917, the Soviet of Workers' Deputies and the Soviet of Soldiers' and Officers' Deputies arose in Ryazan. In May, the Provincial Congress of Soviets of Peasant Deputies was held. The Provincial Executive Committee of Soviets of Peasant Deputies elected there was headed by a descendant of an old merchant family from Kasimov S.S. Salazkin, a member of the populist circles of the 1880s, who in September 1917 became the Minister of Public Education of the Provisional Government.

In June 1917, the first elections on the basis of universal suffrage were held on the territory of the province. The main rivals were two electoral blocs: the Cadets, which were joined by representatives of the merchants and homeowners, and the socialist parties - the Socialist-Revolutionaries and Social Democrats. Their struggle developed against the backdrop of the growing economic crisis and the aggravation of the food issue. In May 1917, the City Food Committee decided to ban the export of wheat flour and products from it, all types of cereals, sugar, meat, oats and hay from the city. On May 25, 1917, a rationing system was introduced in the provincial center for the supply of rye bread and flour in the amount of one pound a day. The Ryazan provincial food committee telegraphed the ministers of agriculture, food and communication: “The famine of the northern districts and cities of Ryazan, Yegoryevsk, Zaraysk requires the most urgent movement available at the disposal of the Gubprodkom<...>stocks of bread. Meanwhile, at the stations, loading, dispatch by planning certificate is constantly delayed, telegraphic appeal to the departments of the Ryazan-Ural, Syzran-Vyazemskaya railways do not give results. " During May-June 1917, out of 225 wagons of wheat flour, only / 147 /

23. GARO. F. R-1. Op. 1.D 21.L. 10-11.
24. Ibid. D. 19.L. 4.

to 162. Since July 1917, in Ryazan, wheat flour was dispensed only by prescription to patients.

Since spring, Ryazan province has become one of the main centers of the peasant movement in the center of the country. According to the Ministry of Internal Affairs, during April-August 1917, it was one of the regions "most covered" by agrarian riots. From March to October 1917, 108 landowners' estates were destroyed. The peasant movement manifested itself with the greatest force in the southern black-earth districts - Ranenburgsky and Dankovsky.

A huge influence on the development of revolutionary events was exerted by the personnel of seven reserve infantry regiments stationed in the territory of the province, the number of which fluctuated between 60-70 thousand people. In the midst of the July crisis in Petrograd, the soldiers of the 79th and 208th reserve regiments stationed in Ryazan refused to carry out the order to send their full strength to the front. The soldiers removed the command staff from their posts, dismantled live ammunition from the warehouses and demanded that not front-line soldiers be sent to the front, but the "bourgeoisie" evading conscription. Colonel A.I. Verkhovsky, who on July 6, 1917 banned demonstrations and rallies in Ryazan. At the review, the soldiers of the 208th reserve regiment refused to greet the commander and, by order of one of the members of the regimental committee, left the review.

On September 30, 1917, the provincial commissar F.K. Pavlov reported to the Minister of Internal Affairs: “The situation in Ryazan province in recent days is difficult and threatening. Ryazhsky, Ranenburgsky, Sapozhkovsky and Ryazan districts were captured by the pogrom movement. There is no way to show solid power, because on the 81st reserve regiment at a meeting decided not to send soldiers to the counties to establish order, demanded a train to go home and asked Kerensky to end the war. It is restless everywhere. "

The mayor of Ryazan and the chairman of the bureau of cities of the Ryazan province, cadet I.A. Prokopovich: “The cities are going through a painful food crisis. Kasimov, Yegoryevsk, With a copy literally / 148 /

25. Ibid. F. P-3147. Op. 45.D. 37.L. 24.
26. Ibid. F. R-1. Op. 1. 19.L. 13ob.
27. Fulin Yu.V. Let's renounce the old world. Ryazan, 1987.S. 16.
28. Struggle for the establishment and strengthening of Soviet power in the Ryazan province (1917-1920). Ryazan, 1957, p. 97.

they are starving, bread is baked from admixtures of rye, oats and straw, the provincial city of Ryazan is living on supplies for half a day, and not everyone gets bread. Mothers leave their children, the economy to its fate. They are on duty all day near the bakery. But often they don't get bread. The plight of the working and poor classes is truly tragically painful. A special psychology is being created for people who are hungry, ready to do anything just to feed their children suffering from malnutrition ”.

After receiving a telegram about the beginning of an armed uprising in Petrograd on October 26, 1917, at a joint meeting of the Council of Workers 'and Soldiers' Deputies and representatives of the garrison, a Military Revolutionary Committee was created under the chairmanship of A.S. Syromyatnikov. The provincial commissar of the Provisional Government and the head of the military garrison refused to accept the orders of the Military Revolutionary Committee, declared martial law in the city and created a Security Committee, and also tried to create a "white guard" of student youth. For about two weeks, an unstable balance existed in the city, which ended by November 12, 1917 with the transfer of power into the hands of the All-Russian Revolutionary Committee and the convocation of the provincial congress of Soviets of Workers', Soldiers' and Peasants' Deputies on December 3-6, 1917, which announced the transfer of all power to the Soviets. ...

These events coincided with the aggravation of the internal situation in the South of Russia. At that time, the largest hotbed of hostilities was the Don and Donbass, where there were battles with the troops of the Don Ataman A.M. Kaledin, who refused to recognize the authority of the central Soviet government. In December 1917, a detachment of 1,500 volunteers from the Ryazan garrison was sent to Voronezh, to the Kaledin front. It was commanded by a member of the Left Socialist Revolutionary Party, Warrant Officer G.K. Petrov. This Ryazan contingent formed the core of the Voronezh Revolutionary Army, which during the winter and summer of 1918 fought with the detachments of A.M. Kaledin, Central Rada, and then with German and Austro-Hungarian invaders in Ukraine. G.K. himself Petrov on September 20, 1918, among the 26 Baku commissars, was killed on the territory of modern Turkmenistan by right-wing Socialist-Revolutionaries and British interventionists. / 149 /

29. Quoted. By: Suslov A.I. The struggle for bread in the Ryazan province in the early years of the Soviet regime (1917-1918) // Some questions of local history and national history. Ryazan, 1974.S. 77.
30. Akulshin P.V., Grebenkin I.N. Ryazan residents in the "prologue" of the Civil War: G.K. Petrov and his detachment on the "Kaledin front" (December 1917 - February 1918) // Materials and research on the Ryazan local history: Sat. scientific works. T. 3. Ryazan, 2002.S. 155-163.

In March-April 1918, personnel and institutions of the 35th Infantry Division returned to Ryazan from the Northern Front to complete demobilization. This event was reflected in the diaries of the Ryazan archivist and ethnographer I.I. Prokhodtseva: “The 35th art returned yesterday. Brigade<...>Returns up to 500 horses. The soldiers want to divide them.<...>Captured Austrians were carrying guns from the station. " A significant part of the division's personnel and its weapons went to staffing and equipping the emerging 1st Ryazan Infantry Division of the Moscow Defense District of the RSFSR, which was later reorganized into the 2nd Infantry Division of the Red Army.

The news of the conclusion of peace with Germany in early March 1918 passed almost unnoticed for the Ryazan province. In a series of violent revolutionary changes, the end of the war has already become a familiar reality. Citizens' attention was drawn to equally pressing problems and events. Throughout the region, in the spring, the division of private land between peasants for spring sowing began. At the provincial congress of land departments, it was decided that allotments could also be received by those former owners of estates who were going to cultivate them with personal labor and the labor of their family. Meanwhile, hopes for a peaceful respite did not materialize. The world war did not actually end for Russia in the spring of 1918, but turned into a civil war. Its culmination and the main hardships fell on the following years. / 150 /

31. Goltseva G.K "... the sophistication to stay in power": Diary of I.I. Prokhodtseva. March 1917 - March 1918 // Ryazan vivlifika. Historical almanac. Issue 3. Ryazan, 2001.S. 95.
32. See: Y. Fulin. The elimination of landlord ownership and the first steps towards the socialist structure of agriculture in the Ryazan province (1917-1918). Diss. ... Cand. ist. sciences. M., 1961.

World War I and the Russian province. Materials of the international scientific conference. Orel, April 29, 2014. Orel, 2014.S. 138-150.

The outbreak of World War I sharply worsened the economic situation of the bulk of the population of the Yenisei province and led to an increase in mass discontent.

The turbulent events of the revolutionary years led to a decline in the provincial economy. Industry suffered the most: strikes led to interruptions in the work of industrial enterprises and transport, and a decrease in trade turnover. However, by 1909 there were clear signs of economic recovery. An important role in this was played by the beginning of the mass resettlement of peasants, which became part of the Stolypin agrarian reform. For 1906-1914 274,516 peasants resettled, 671 new settlements appeared on the map of the province. Thanks to the settlers, hundreds of thousands of dessiatines of arable land were introduced into agricultural use, as a result of which the sown area increased by 35%. In some counties, such as in Kansk, the increase in acreage was more than 300%. Under the auspices of the resettlement administration, they carried out land management and land reclamation work, arranged warehouses for agricultural equipment, built hospitals, schools, and laid roads.

Positive progress has taken place in agriculture: the system of the provincial agronomic service has developed, the provision of peasant farms with agricultural machinery has noticeably increased. Thus, the number of winnowing machines in the province increased 14 times, threshers - 61 times. With the increase in gross agricultural production, its marketability also grew. The export of grain from the province increased more than 1.5 times.

An important role in the progressive development of the peasant economy was played by the cooperative movement that developed in the province on the eve of the First World War. The peasants created credit partnerships, cooperatives for the purchase of industrial goods and the sale of agricultural products. Butter-making cooperatives are especially widespread. By 1914, there were 249 cooperative societies in the province.

At the same time, the Stolypin reform failed to solve the main problem: the transition to a higher level of agriculture both in the center of the country and in Siberia. The huge influx of immigrants led to a reduction in the province of a significant part of the reserve land fund in the form of deposits, thanks to which high yields in the peasant economy were maintained. In some districts of the province, the number of deposits decreased by 3-4 times. The consequence of this was a drop in productivity and per capita grain collection by almost 2 times. Even a shift to more advanced plowing techniques could not compensate for this. If before the start of the reform, grain production fully met the needs of the population of the Yenisei province, then in the pre-war years there was a grain deficit in the provincial market, and the import of grain exceeded its export. Attempts to create farms of the farm type as an alternative to communal land use also failed. By 1916, farmers in the Yenisei province accounted for only 0.3% of peasant farms.

In the cities of the province at this time, the persecution of the leaders of the liberal-democratic parties intensified. The Social Democrats and Socialist-Revolutionaries suffered heavy losses. Even the cadets in this situation were forced to act semi-legally. In the party itself, its right wing became stronger at that time, the ideologist of which was VA Karaulov, who publicly declared that he would rather “die at the feet of the government” than fall under the dictatorship of extreme parties. The Cadets' refusal to block with the left forces led to the complete defeat of the party in the elections to the First State Duma. Representatives of the left-wing radical forces won the Duma elections: the peasant Simon Ermolaev and the doctor Nikolai Nikolaevsky, who joined the Trudovik faction in the Duma.

After the dispersal of the First State Duma, the elections in the province to the Second State Duma showed again that the democratic potential had not yet been exhausted. The victory in the elections was won by the Minusinsk priest AI Brilliantantov, who is close in his views to the SRs, and the Krasnoyarsk Social Democrat IK Yudin.