Old Slavonic language. History of the origin of the Old Church Slavonic language. Creation of the Old Church Slavonic language based on the living Slavic dialect of the 9th century, possibly the dialect of the Thessalonian Slavs. Two types of the oldest alphabet: Cyrillic and Glagolitic, their sources of origin.

Morphology: general overview of the noun (categories of gender, number and case, types of declension); verb (categories of number, voice, mood, tense, type of change by conjugation).

Syntax: word order in a sentence, basic structures.

The concept of the Old Church Slavonic language

Old Church Slavonic is the oldest literary language of the Slavs. This is the earliest written processing and written consolidation of Slavic speech that has reached us. The dialectal basis of the Old Church Slavonic language became one of the dialects of the Southern Slavs - the Solunsky (South Macedonian) dialect. The first monuments of Old Church Slavonic writing date back to the 2nd half of the 9th century. (60s of the 9th century). They represent both translations of liturgical books from Greek and later untranslated, original works. Since the Old Church Slavonic language had a sound system, grammatical structure and vocabulary close to other Slavic languages, it very quickly spread in Slavic countries as the language of church, scientific and partly fiction. All other Slavic languages ​​were consolidated in writing much later (the oldest surviving Russian written monuments date back to the second half of the 11th century; ancient Czech - to the 13th century; among the surviving Polish monuments, the oldest date back to the 14th century). Thus, the Old Church Slavonic language in a number of cases makes it possible to present Slavic sounds and forms at their most ancient stage of development.

The Old Church Slavonic language came to Rus' at the end of the 10th century (988) in connection with the adoption of Christianity as the language of church writing.

Currently, the Old Church Slavonic language is dead: it is not spoken or written. The disappearance of the Old Church Slavonic language as a living language passed early, no later than the 11th century, and is explained by the fact that, being close to the languages ​​of those Slavic peoples among whom it was widespread, it itself was so exposed to the influence of the vernacular languages ​​of these peoples that it lost its original quality and finally disappeared like a language. However, his disappearance did not happen instantly. More and more elements of colloquial Slavic speech penetrated into church and religious literature. That type of Russian literary language, which was based on the Old Church Slavonic language, is called the Church Slavonic language of the Russian variant.

The Church Slavonic language has long been a supra-ethnic language, performing the functions of a church-religious language. In Rus' they knew him, they studied him, but for the Russians he was not native. Scientists explain the preservation of the Church Slavonic language in Rus' right up to the times of Peter the Great by the needs of the church and cultural traditions.

Slavic alphabet

The oldest Old Church Slavonic alphabets that have come down to us are written in two alphabets - Glagolitic and Cyrillic.

The Cyrillic alphabet later formed the basis of the Russian, Ukrainian, Belarusian, Macedonian, Bulgarian and Serbian alphabets. The Glagolitic alphabet fell out of use and was preserved only in Croatia in church use (until the 17th century it was used there for secular purposes).

The question of the origin of the two Slavic alphabets and their mutual relationship has occupied scientists for a long time. Old Slavonic monuments indicate that two alphabets that were very different from each other already existed in ancient times.

The Czech scientist I. Dobrovsky believed that the more ancient alphabet was the Cyrillic alphabet and it was it that was compiled by Constantine. As for the Glagolitic alphabet, in his opinion, it arose around the 14th century. in Croatia. He explains its emergence as follows: the Roman Church in the areas that were under its subordination persecuted everything that testified to a connection with Byzantium, i.e. with the Greek Church. And since the Cyrillic alphabet, based on the Greek letter, clearly spoke of this connection, it was replaced by the Glagolitic alphabet in order to preserve worship in the Slavic language.

In 1836, the Slavic philologist V. Kopitar discovered an ancient manuscript written in Glagolitic alphabet in the library of Count Klotz. According to paleographic data, it was much older than those manuscripts that were still known and dated no earlier than the 14th century. This discovery led to a revision of the previous point of view on the origin of the Slavic alphabet. V. Kopitar put forward a hypothesis about the comparative antiquity of the Glagolitic alphabet in comparison with the Cyrillic alphabet.

Further discoveries in this area confirmed the point of view of V. Kopitar.

The greater antiquity of the Glagolitic alphabet is indicated by the following:

The Glagolitic alphabet is poorer in the number of letters, and, therefore, the Cyrillic alphabet is a more advanced alphabet.

The oldest linguistic monuments are written in Glagolitic alphabet (for example, the Kyiv leaves, the Zografsky and Mariinsky Gospels).

There are many manuscripts written in Cyrillic on parchment with the Glagolitic alphabet washed out, but there are no manuscripts written in Glagolitic alphabet with the Cyrillic alphabet washed out.

All this gave reason to believe that the more ancient alphabet created by Constantine was Glagolitic. The Cyrillic alphabet arose in eastern Bulgaria during the reign of Tsar Simeon (893-927), i.e. then, when the Christian religion had long been accepted there, but services were performed by Greek priests in Greek. Tsar Simeon wanted to oppose Byzantium not only with state power, but also with cultural power. To protect the independence of Bulgarian culture from unnecessary encroachments by Byzantium, it was necessary to introduce worship in the Slavic language. But the Greek priests had difficulty mastering the Glagolitic alphabet. Therefore, it was necessary to make a compromise solution: replace the Glagolitic alphabet with another alphabet, similar to Greek. It is believed that, based on the model of the Greek alphabet, this new Slavic alphabet was compiled by Methodius’s student, Presbyter Constantine. Later, Slavic scribes began to identify the presbyter Constantine with the first teacher Constantine - Cyril, and the alphabet he invented began to be called by the name of the second - the Cyrillic alphabet.

Cyrillic

Each letter in both alphabets had its own name. Some letters were also used in numerical meaning, i.e. used in the meaning of numbers. Above the letter used in the meaning of a number, the sign titlo ~ was placed, and dots were written on the sides: – 3, – 80, etc.

Glagolitic

Both alphabets had superscript, or diacritic, distinctive marks.

Noun

The noun in Old Church Slavonic and Synodal Church Slavonic languages ​​is characterized by grammatical categories gender, number, case. Grammatical category of gender represented by three large groups: masculine, feminine and neuter. This category is expressed semantically (male and female), morphologically (inflections, specific suffixes) and syntactically (agreement with adjectives, participles, gender pronouns, numerals, past tense verbs). Grammatical category of number is represented by three forms of singular (about one object), dual (about two or paired objects) and plural (about more than one object) number. The category of number is determined by grammatical paradigms and differences in agreement that are different for singular, dual and plural numbers. In the Old Church Slavonic language there are groups of words singularia tantum, that is, words used only in the singular (etc.) and pluralia tantum, that is, words used only in the plural, etc.), which are closely related to the category of collectiveness. Collective nouns denoted a collection of objects and were very often used instead of plural forms of nouns: Case category represented by seven singular forms (nominative, genitive, dative, accusative, instrumental, locative, vocative), three dual forms (nominative = accusative = vocative, genitive = locative, dative = instrumental) and six plural forms (nominative = vocative, genitive, dative, accusative, instrumental, locative). The case category helps express the syntactic relationships between words in a sentence or statement. A special place is occupied by the vocative case, which is outside of syntactic relations and performs the function of address. Grammatical category of animacy absent in Old Church Slavonic. Presented here instead category of person. It inconsistently covers nouns denoting male persons in the singular and is expressed through homonymy of the accusative and genitive cases, as well as through the use of inflections –ovi, -evi in ​​the dative singular: ). Depending on the paradigms that form nouns when changing in numbers and cases, in the Old Church Slavonic language it is customary to distinguish six types of declension. First type of declension form feminine nouns and words denoting male persons. In the nominative singular case, these words have In the Proto-Slavic language, these nouns had the suffix determiner *ā or *jā. Nouns have hard or soft stems, which determine the choice of one or another inflection. In the paradigm of nouns with a base on a back-lingual consonant, the alternation “back-to-back / whistling” before a vowel of diphthong origin is relevant.

Old Slavonic nouns of feminine and masculine gender with an ancient stem in *ā

Second type of declension form masculine nouns with a hard and soft base, having a singular ending in the nominative case -ъ, -ь, -и, as well as neuter nouns with a hard and soft base, having inflection in the initial form. In the Proto-Slavic language, these words had the suffix-determinative *ŏ, *jŏ. Just as in the first declension, the choice of inflection depends on the hardness or softness of the base; for nouns with a base on a back-lingual consonant, the alternation “back-lingual / whistling” before vowels is relevant And and diphthong origin, as well as “rear/sibilant” before a front vowel.

Old Slavonic nouns of masculine and neuter gender with an ancient stem on *ŏ

Third type of declension form masculine nouns with the ending in the nominative singular -ъ: In the Proto-Slavic language, these nouns had a suffix - the determiner *ŭ.

Old Church Slavonic masculine nouns with an ancient stem in *ŭ

Fourth type of declension form masculine and feminine nouns that have the ending in the nominative singular –ь: The stem of these nouns is semi-soft. In the Proto-Slavic language they had the suffix-determinative *ĭ.

Old Slavonic nouns of masculine and feminine gender with an ancient stem on *ĭ

IN fifth type of declension included nouns of all genders. In the Proto-Slavic language their stem ended in a consonant; in the Old Church Slavonic language these are masculine nouns with the suffix –en- (), feminine nouns with the suffix –er- neuter nouns with the suffixes –es- -yat- and –en- According to the same declension In the plural, masculine nouns with the suffixes –ar(b), -anin(b), -tel(b) were changed: .

Old Slavonic nouns of all genders with an ancient consonant stem

Finally, feminine nouns with an ancient stem on * ū form sixth type of declension. Compared to what we observed in the Proto-Slavic language, the number of words here has decreased.

Old Church Slavonic feminine nouns with an ancient stem on *ū

In the Synodal Church Slavonic language, the system of declension of nouns was simplified, since by the middle of the 17th century the grammar of the Slavic languages, including the grammar of the Russian language, had changed. In place of six declensions focused on the ancient use of the name, four types are distinguished in the Synodal Church Slavonic language. Masculine nouns with old stems on *ŭ and on *ĭ in the new Church Slavonic language have the same paradigm with words of old stems on *ŏ. Nouns with the old consonant and *ū stems also have the same paradigm

Verb

Verb and verb forms

In Old Church Slavonic, the verb has conjugated (personal) and inconjugated (non-personal) forms. The non-conjugated forms of the verb are the infinitive, supine and inflected participles. The infinitive is formed by the suffixes Supin, or the infinitive of the goal is formed by the suffix Participles denote an action or state as a sign of an object. In the Old Church Slavonic language there are nominal and pronominal forms of participles. Active present participles are formed using suffixes: active past participles are formed using suffixes; present passive participles – using suffixes – eat-, -them-: passive past participles - using suffixes –n-, -en-, -t-: Old Church Slavonic participles are declined like full and short adjectives. All other verb forms are conjugated, that is, they change according to persons (1, 2, 3) and numbers (singular, dual, plural). In the Old Church Slavonic language, verbs based on the present tense are distinguished by two main (thematic) types of conjugation and one additional (non-thematic), according to which the verbs changed. These types of conjugation were inherited by Old Church Slavonic from the Proto-Slavic language and are one way or another represented in all modern Slavic languages.

Russian language and literature, 1974. - 432 p.
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g $d7. The active participles of the present tense in the Old Church Slavonic language were formed from the verb - j "frTv of the bases of the present tense with the help of suffixes - persons AND ^

The suffix -luї 11- was added to the stems of verbs of the first conjugation,

^T1k to the bases of the present tense of types 1-III: from pes-zhtk - nbS-zhf-i1 (cf. Russian Church Slav. nes-ush-aya), from Eer-zht - ver-lіr-i (Russian Church Slav. ber -ush-aya), from zpdyut -

zimshri (Russian Church Slavonic knowledgeable), from pish-zht - pnsh-zhf-i (Russian Church Slavonic pish-ushch-aya) IT. d.

The suffix -Аїр- was added to the bases of verbs of the second conjugation and non-thematic, i.e. to the bases of the present tense of the IV and V types: from d"od-at - d*od-Af-i (cf. Russian Church Slavonic move -ash-aya), from id-at - id-af-i (i.e. “eating”), etc.

The verb ErKiTi formed the active present participle with the suffix -lir- (and not -Aip-) from the stem s-zht - S-Zhf-i (cf. Russian Church Slavonic s-ush-aya)2. With the suffix -Aip- from this verb, b^ish-atsi-i was formed - the only participle of the future tense.

# 298. The active participles of the present tense were declined according to the type of nominal stems on *jo, (in agreement with names of the masculine and neuter genders) or according to the type of stems on *ja (in agreement with names of the feminine gender) - ^At the same time in the nominative in the singular case of the masculine and neuter gender there was no partial suffix (g.vr"Y, "зііліА, уодА); in the nominative plural case

1 As examples of real participles, here and in § 302 we will use the nominative singular feminine forms.

* Likewise, nliZhfi (“having”) - from the verb ilg!;ti - ILZhT” Under the influence of these formations with the suffix -Zhf- one can occasionally find participles from other non-thematic verbs. Thus, in the Zograf Gospel “we go ¦bjshtem (Mm-, XXVI) - instead of the expected -bdAShte/MЪ (from bctW - YD-A"G-K).

293 the masculine gender had the ending -e (and not -i, like the stems for masculine gender): VbrZhfb, ZNAIZhfb, uODAfЄ, etc. In the nominative singular case of the feminine gender there was an ending -i (like pdbrkih1hl rooks and so on. ): вєржірір, зчаіжі|іи, уоаїріи, etc. - the remaining case forms of real participles completely coincided with the corresponding case forms of nouns such as pozhk, regiment (see declension tables in § 149-150), Itoniid (see declension table on p. 167). For example, when agreeing with masculine nouns:

Number, case endings Samples "
hierzht zshut uodAt
Unit h. Im. p. Vin. n. Rod. p.Dat. n. Creation p Local n. (s, -e) ! 1 -a<*¦ ,у 3 -емъ 5 G BeprKI вержфк вержфіа вержірю вержірклік вержфи ЗІМІА знаїжірк знліжір» зм<ижі|ио 3NA№l|lKAtk ЗИАІЖфМ уОДАфк Х-ОДАфИ Х-ОДАфЮ Д*0ДАІ|йШк Х-ОДАфИ
Mn. h. Im. p. Vin. p. "Gen. p. Date p. -e -e -y -em, etc. - to the verzhire verZhfIA verzhirk VbrZhfKLI-K as legs (see ZIMGZhire ZNLIZHFA KNOWLEDGE SHdIiRipKAtrK table on page yO DATA uODAFIA uODAfk uODAFKLG 170)

§ 299. In the Proto-Slavic language, active present participles were formed using the suffix *-nt-, which was attached to the present tense stem by means of a thematic vowel (*о or */). Thus, the participle from the verb ver-zht was formed: *ber-0-nt >*beront ~>*berUtit >*лёг >г.е-p-hi (“taker”) (named p. Єд.ч. man. or middle r.) - in the final closed syllable *o intensified labialization and lengthened, Giving *y, which in Slavic languages ​​changed in [s] and after the loss of final consonants (under the influence of the tendency to construct a syllable according to the principle of increasing sonority) ended up in the end of the word; Wed praslav *Lёrbgy with ancient Indian. (vin. p.) bharantam, Greek. cpepovxa, lat. ferentem.

In IH type stems, the thematic *o after *j, as usual, changed to *е (see § 80): *znajont > *znajent >znajen > old-slav. .-SiKHA - “knowing” (name p. singular male or middle r.), cf. Russian knowing. The same result was found for stems of type IV, connected with the suffix *-nt- through the thematic *i: *xoaird >

> *xodin > staroslav. D "ODA - “walking” (named p. unit h, male or average r.), cf. Russian walking.

Non-thematic verbs had forms of the nominative singular, masculine or neuter, under the influence of thematic verbs: sy (from szht.) - like ver|, nes, etc.; ida (from idat), in "bda (from k-bdat"k), ddda (from dadat) - like

wow, love.

§ 300. When declension of real * participles, the suffix *-nt- in the Proto-Slavic language was complicated by a nominal stem on *jo (for male and middle-born) or *ja (for female).

So, for example, in the genitive case of the singular masculine or neuter gender, the participle suffix was joined by the nominal suffix *jo and the corresponding case ending: *b6ront-jo-s, where in a closed syllable *on > [q], a *tj >

>, i.e. *ber0ntjos > Staroslav. city ​​of erliry. In the same way: ^najontjos > staroslav. zilshrga, *xodintjos> Staroslav. \-odai|ii, etc.

The remaining case forms of Real participles developed in a similar way (the origin of the endings is the same as that of nouns).

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In the formation of participles from class IV verbs, the suffix -Aip- was used:
nose-ATs1-I, Vid-Af and (I. p. unit h. female r.), cf. rus. -ash-, -box-.
The Old Slavonic suffixes of the participles -lir- (iir), -Aip-were formed in
pre-Slavic period due to the law of the open syllable from
thematic vowel of the verb stem and Proto-Slavic suffix
active present participles -nt-, common in: I
class *paso ntj-i > pas-lir-i; III class *znajo-ntj-i > dna-kir-i; IV class
*vidi-ntj-i > vidi-Aip-n (if. ​​n. unit h. female r.).
In the nominative singular, masculine and neuter
more complex changes occurred due to the fact that in Proto-Slavic
language, this form did not, like other cases, have a vowel sound in
completion. Compare, for example, inflection -i in feminine forms: pasler-n.
Therefore, in the form of the nominative singular masculine and
neuter ancient suffix of active present participles
presented in modified form. Derived from verbs I, II and V
classes, this form ends in -4"!: passes, skhny, vFdy, sy (existing), and
from verbs of classes III and IV - to -a: knew, nose, appearance. These are rising
forms to Proto-Slavic forms like *paso-nts, *vidi-nts.
174
Declined short active participles of the present tense in the soft
variant of the nominal declension of stems with *-b (male and middle-class) and stems with *-a
(feminine) with the peculiarity that in the nominative case of the plural
number of masculine participles, stem endings with consonants were used
sounds.
Declension pattern Male. R. Wed. R. Women R.
Singular
And. PASSES PASSES PASJFI
R. PASZhf1D PASZhfA
D. pdszhfyu PASzhfi
V. PASJf PASJfb PASJFK
t.
M. PASJFI PASJFI
Plural
I. PASZhfb PASZhfGA PASZhfA
R. pdszhf
D. PAezfemt. pdszhfgam
V. PASZHFA PASZHFI PASZHFA
T. pdszhfi pdszhfgdlsh
T. PASZhfiKH PASZhfNKHKH
Dual
I.-V. pdszhfsd pdszhfi pdszhfi
R.-M. PLSZhfYu
D.-T. PASZhfbMA PASZhfaML
1. The monuments of Old Church Slavonic writing reflect the use of
nominative singular masculine participles,
formed from verbs of classes I and V of forms in -a: GRADA, alive, sa.
Similar forms probably arose under the influence of forms of classes III and IV:
vda, lova and so on.
2. On the contrary, participles from the verbs vidFti and gory"bti are not represented
only in a natural form: bidatspa, horAtspa, but also under the influence of forms I
class with the suffix -zhsch-: vijshtgd, gorzhshtga (Zogr., Mar., Ase. ev.).
§ 99. The past participles of the active voice were formed
from verbs of both perfect and imperfect forms through
attaching a suffix to the stem of the infinitive followed by a case
ending.
178
There are two known suffixes of active participles in Old Church Slavonic
past tense: -ъш- (- "ьш-) and -въш- (cf. Russian -ш- and -вш). Suffix -
ъш- was used in the formation of participles from verbs with a stem
infinitive for a consonant sound: pasti - pas-'sh-i (Ya. p. unit h. female r.),
Rashti< *rekti - рек-ъш-н (Я. п. ед. ч. жен. р.).
The suffix -ъш- was also used in the formation of active participles
past tense from class II verbs in which the root ended
with a consonant sound: po-stignzhti - comprehend-ysh-i (Ya. p. unit h. female r.).
In addition, participles from stems were formed with the same suffix
infinitive on the nasal consonant -ais with incomplete consonance of the Russian Federation in the root, since in
Proto-Slavic language and these stems ended with a consonant sound: begin<
* pasp-I - nachn-ysh-i (Ya. p. unit h. female r.). When forming participles
from verbs with incomplete consonance, alternation occurred at the root
vowels pii\\ a/j: oumrFtm - oumr-ash-i; prostrFtn - prostr-ysh-i (Ya. p.
units h. female R.). Finally, the same suffix was originally used when
formation of participles with a base on the suffixal vowel -n-. Wherein,
being in front of the vowel of the suffix, the vowel of the base passed into the calling one
formation of a soft consonant, after which the vowel ъ in the suffix
turned into &, and therefore the sound form of the participle suffix
became -"ыи-\ *rodi-b$-i > *rodjzsi > rozd"bsi (birth) (Ya. p. unit.
h. female r.) from birth.
The suffix -вьш- was used from other bases of the infinitive for vowel sounds:
know-vush-n, hear-vush-i, vnd"b-vush-n, lshnzh-vush-i, vi-vush-i (Ya. p. units.
wives r.) from znd-tn, saysha-tn, vidf-ti, minzh-ti, vm-ti.
When forming the nominative case singular masculine and
neuter according to the law of an open syllable, the final consonant of the suffix
was lost, since in this form and in the past participles
a closed syllable arose: pas (Ya. p.) - passhga (R. p.), knowing (Ya. p.) -
zndvashsd (R. p.). These participles were declined in the same way as
active present participles (see p. 177).
1. Active past participle of the verb iti
was formed from the base shd-: shd, shdshgd, sh-dshy, etc.
2. Since the suffix -вьш- was used from all stems for vowel sounds,
then over time it spread to

In the Slavic phonetic system of prehistoric times there were no long consonants. If identical consonant formations were encountered, then longitude was lost through dissimilation or through simplification of groups of phonemes. These changes were caused mainly by the tendency to construct a syllable in ascending sonority.

1. Simplification of a group of agreements ending in a fricative - less sonorous noisy agreement:

Two friquates, one in sonority, merged into one. *ss> (s): carried *nessъ>*nesъ>nesъ.

-*ps>(c): *opsa>wasp

-*ks>*kx>(x)

2. Simplification of consonant groups according to the method of formation. If there were two stop-plosive consonants identical in place of formation nearby, then the preceding stop changed to a fricative, which led to the formation of the group freak + stop:

-*tt>(st):*pletti> weave

-*dt>*tt>(st): *vedti>*vetti>vesti

3. If two stops were located nearby, different in place of formation, the group was subjected to simplification - the previous stop was lost:

-*pt,*bt>(t):*dolbtod>dlato (chisel)

-*bn, *pn, *tn,*dn>(n): *(sun)gubnonti>sgyn6ti

-*skn>(sn):*blisknonti>blisn6ti.

-*tm,*dm>(m):*dadmi>dam

Tendency towards intra-syllabic synharmonism. Phonetic processes caused by this tendency.

The tendency to bring adjacent sounds together within a syllable based on their front or back articulation (i.e., the articulation of consonants in the vicinity of a subsequent vowel moves closer together; the vowel, with its characteristics (row, rise) influenced the preceding consonant), i.e. law of syllabic synharmony(regressive phenomenon). Under the influence of this trend, the following changes occurred: 1) a change in consonants in the vicinity of j(softening), 2) transitional softenings of velar consonants * g, * k, * x before front vowels h and and of diphthong origin (+ III palatalization). This trend brought, in particular, to the appearance of soft consonants and the development of hardness/softness opposition in the consonant system.

As a result the implementation of trends 1 and 2 in the Proto-Slavic language of the late period not only nasal vowels and consonants appeared, But and the sound structure of the word was significantly transformed.: bro, darn.

System of voice phonemes Xia. The relationship between Xia and rTsya in the area of ​​voice phonemes.

The Xia vowel system is inherited from Proto-Slavic. The vowels differed in quality and quantity. Quality characteristics:

Row, place of formation

Nasality/non-nasality

Labiality

Quantitative features: duration of sound.

Long: sounds i, ы, у, е Н, о Н, Ê, а

Short: e, o

Reduced (super-short): ь, ъ

The most important feature of phonetic STSLYa system was opposed front vowels And front vowels. Front and non-front vowels had different effects on preceding consonants. Front vowels were used only after soft and semi-soft consonants.

Vowels of incomplete education: ъ, ь

Full vowels: all others

The relationship between Xia and rTsya in the area of ​​voice phonemes.

The voice of the early Proto-Slav, being transformed, gave similar results in Xia and Qia. The differences are due to later changes in the system of the voice of the front row:

-Ê in Tsya was a voice of the upper-middle rise and was pronounced as a closed sound (e) or a diphthong (ie). Later in r Tsya Ê coincided with ý of the middle rise.

5 – mid-low rise

6 in East Slav. mid-top fill.

6 and 5 have lost their nasality.

Ultra-short ъ and ь. Positional change ъ and ь (strong and weak positions, tense ы and and as positional variants ъ and ь)

ъ and ь are independent vowels that form a syllable. Unlike other vowels, they were pronounced with an incomplete exhalation and therefore were called the voice of incomplete formation.

The terms are reduced, ultra-short voice express praslav kolich relations. In Xia and Qia kolich, the differences lost their phonological significance, which determined the fate of ъ and ь. Already in the oldest monuments the process of decline (loss) of reduction is reflected.

Destiny redux. depended on the strong or weak position in the word. The nature of the position is determined in the sequence from the final syllable to the initial one, taking into account the stress in the word form.

Weak positions:

At the end of a non-monosyllabic word: fruit

Before a syllable with a vowel of full formation: sjna, staretsa

Before a syllable with a strong reduction: zhert

Strong positions:

Before a syllable with a weak reduction: ELDER

In monosyllable words: t, s

Accented: сънъ, amounta

If ъ and ь were after a smooth m/d acc., they were always in a strong position.

In a weak position ъ and ь could be lost, and in a strong position they could become clearer into full vowels: ъ>o, ь>e

Comparison table of Glagolitic, Cyrillic and Greek alphabet

ABC

Church account

Addendum 1. Composite numbers are written in the order the numbers are named: twelve = v҃і, fifty six = n҃ѕ

Addendum 2. When numbers with a zero value are formed, the 0 in the digit is omitted: 104 = р҃д

Addendum 3. In composite numbers, the title sign is always placed above the second digit from the end: 104 = ≠ в҃і, сл҃в, врм҃е

Appendix 4. Translation of chronology from the Creation of the world to modern chronology (from the Nativity of Christ):

year from the Creation of the world — 5508 = ?

Eg: 6506 — 5508 = 998

≠ ѕф҃ѕ — 5508 = ≠ tsch҃i

Addendum 5.

Appendix 6.

Superscripts

Sometimes in Slavic texts you can find the sign “quotes”: ꙾ѻ҆на́gri꙾ “Quotation marks” are a footnote sign. At the bottom of the page is an interpretation of an incomprehensible word: wild words

Words under titles