Bioindication is an assessment of the state of the environment based on the reactions of living things. Bioindication and monitoring
International State Ecological University named after. A.D. Sakharova, UNESCO Chair, prof. N.V. Goncharova
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Bioindication is an assessment of the state of the environment based on the reactions of a living organism. This reaction makes it possible to assess the anthropogenic impact on the environment in terms that have biological meaning.
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Plants and animals are used for bioindication. They have varying resistance to anthropogenic influences. Plants are a good indicator of environmental changes caused by anthropogenic pollution. And animals, in turn, are interesting as objects that are physiologically close to humans. Based on their reactions, one can predict the consequences of pollution not only for nature, but also for humans. Microbes are the most quickly reacting bioindicators and are therefore best suited for sanitary and medical experiments.
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Bioindication methods
- Botanical (phyto)
- Soil-zoological
- Biochemical (enzyme)
- Microbiological
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The bioindication method allows:
- Provide ongoing assessment of environmental conditions and identify the current state of the human environment.
- Establish the causes of negative impacts on the natural environment, natural objects, and predict damage.
- Make a forecast of changes in the state of the environmental situation in the near and distant future
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Types of bioindicators
- botanical;
- zoological;
- microbiological;
- biochemical
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Bioindicators of soil fertility
The fertility of some soils may be high, while others may be low, but in both cases it is determined by the nature of the soil-forming process and soil-forming factors.
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Bioindicators of acidic soils
Soil acidity is the most important environmental factor that determines the living conditions of soil organisms and higher plants, as well as the mobility of pollutants in the soil.
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ASSESSMENT OF SOIL SALT POLLUTION BY LINDEN LEAVES
Linden is very sensitive to soil contamination with salts that get here along with sand in winter. An indicator of the reaction is marginal chlorosis on the leaves. Therefore, by the amount of damage to linden leaf blades, one can judge the degree of salinization of lawns.
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INDICATION OF THE STATE OF THE ENVIRONMENT BY THE FREQUENCY OF OCCURENCE OF WHITE CLOVER FENERS
The influence of anthropogenic factors is often reflected in the phenotypic structure of populations of plant and animal organisms. The frequency of occurrence of some hair dryers is a biological indicator of exposure, particularly environmental pollution.
In white clover, which is quite widespread, the gray pattern on the leaves can be used as an indicator of environmental pollution.
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CRESS SALAD AS A TEST OBJECT FOR ASSESSING SOIL AND AIR POLLUTION
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Watercress is an annual vegetable plant that is very sensitive to environmental pollution with heavy metals and vehicle emissions. Under the influence of pollutants, the roots and shoots of this plant can change, and seed germination is impaired. Due to the ease of cultivation and bioindicative use, watercress can be a very convenient object for biomonitoring.
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Phytoindication of excess content of certain chemical elements in soil
Plants can react very sensitively to excess levels of certain elements, in particular metals, in the soil. In this case, the color of the leaf blade may change, chlorosis and necrosis are observed. Consequently, by assessing the condition of plants in a particular area, we can draw some conclusions about soil contamination.
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Table 2. Signs of excess content of some microelements in the soil
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Bioindication of air pollution based on the condition of Scots pine Work performed by: Rzakhanov Mail Shikhalievich Student of group 219
The purpose of my work: To study the ecological state of atmospheric air, using Scots pine as an indicator, and on the basis of this indicator to determine the quality of environmental health for this species.
Objectives: Determining the condition of Scots pine needles to assess air pollution; Clarify data regarding the ecological state of the forest; Offer practical recommendations on protection measures in the study area.
Selection of survey points The first study site was chosen (coniferous forest along the highway Langepas - Pokachi - Kogalym); The ski slope was chosen as the second research site.
Selection of research object It has now been established that coniferous trees react more acutely to atmospheric air pollution compared to deciduous trees. The increased sensitivity of conifers is associated with the long life of the needles (in pine, instead of five years, the needles live only 1-2 years, and in spruce, instead of seven years - 1-3 years) and the absorption of gases, as well as a decrease in the mass of the needles (burn, decrease in length) . Coniferous plants are convenient because they can serve as bioindicators all year round. In addition, Scots pine is a fairly common tree species in the West Siberian Plain.
The West Siberian taiga surprises with its silent beauty. Fir, spruce, pine, larch, aspen, beautiful birch and other trees grow in dense, dense, sometimes impenetrable forests. PINE Pine is a light-loving, cold-resistant tree up to 40 meters high. Pine grows in dry places. It can even grow on sand. Pine forests are always dry. Therefore, in pine forests you need to be especially careful when handling fire. Pine needles are long, located on the stem in bunches, two needles in each bunch. The stem of the pine tree is covered with orange-brown bark. The seeds ripen in cones and lie openly, bare on their scales. The cones are short, drop-shaped - reminiscent in shape of very large drops of water. In open, well-lit places, the pine tree has a lush, spreading crown; in the forest, the crown is at the top of the tree. Pine is a valuable tree. Its wood is valued in construction more than spruce wood. Pine wood is used in shipbuilding, carriage building, and the aviation industry. Turpentine and rosin are obtained from pine resin. Pine releases substances that make the air healing. It is no coincidence that most sanatoriums and holiday homes were built in pine forests. Pine needles contain a lot of vitamin C. Biological characteristics of the Scots pine species. (Pinus silvestris)
We are on an ecological path.
It is believed that for the conditions of the forest belt of Russia, pine forests are most sensitive to air pollution. This determines the choice of pine as the most important indicator of anthropogenic influence, currently accepted as the “standard of biodiagnostics.” Morphological and anatomical changes, as well as the life expectancy of needles, are informative about technogenic pollution. With chronic pollution of forests with sulfur dioxide, damage and premature falling of pine needles are observed. In the zone of technogenic pollution, a decrease in the mass of needles by 30-60% is noted. Bioindication of air pollution based on the condition of Scots pine
Test to determine the level of air pollution. Needle damage rating scale: Needles have no spots. The needles have a few spots. The needles have a large number of yellow and black spots, including the entire width of the needle. Scale for assessing needle drying: There are no dry areas. The tips have shrunk by 2-5 mm (the light spine at the end of the needle is not taken into account). A third of the needles have dried out. More than half of the needles have dried out or all of them are hard.
Determining the lifespan of needles
Determination of necrosis and drying out of needles 1 – needles without spots; 2, 3 – needles with black and yellow spots; 4,5,6 – needles with drying out
Damage and drying of conifers 1 area near the road 2 area deep in the forest Total number of needles examined 100 100 Number of needles with spots 40 23 Percentage of needles with spots 40 23 Number of needles with drying 18 27 Percentage of needles with drying 18 27 Number of undamaged needles nok 42 50 Percentage intact needles 42 50 Sampling date autumn spring Research results
Diagram showing the ratio of damaged needles (necrosis) in the study areas
In this work, I tried to consider the main environmental problems and came to the conclusion that due to the increasing scale of anthropogenic impact (human economic activity), especially in the last century, the balance in the biosphere is being disrupted, which can lead to irreversible processes and raise the question of the possibility of life on the planet. 1. After analyzing the scientific data on Scots pine, I studied their indicator abilities. 2. Based on the results of my work, we can say that, despite the increasing anthropogenic load, the stability of this ecosystem remains. 3. Based on the study of bioindicator plants in a given area, we can conclude that in different parts of the ecosystem there is different pollution, but the anthropogenic impact on the ecosystem is increasing. 4. Air pollution in our forest is low. 5. Air pollution is higher along the road than deep in the forest. 6. Our forest is a good place to relax and recuperate.
I offer recommendations on forest protection measures: 1. Regularly monitor the condition of the forest 2. Vacationers must comply with the Rules for the use of forest resources. 3. Conduct environmental education of the population: every driver should know that the cause of car smoke is an engine malfunction, a malfunctioning power supply or ignition system. Only through proper adjustment of car engines, the emission of harmful substances into the atmosphere can be reduced up to 5 times. 4. Improving the quality of the road surface; 5. Use more harmless fuel. It has now become clear to me that if the number of vehicles increases, this will entail a number of undesirable consequences - a plant such as pine will not be able to exist in conditions of pollution. I found out that trees with damaged pine needles are located near roads, and those with undamaged pine needles are located further from the road. Pine is an indicator of clean air; where the air is heavily polluted, damage to pine needles will occur and the life expectancy of the tree will decrease. Thus, pine is the main cleaner of the surrounding air, provides people with warmth, housing, and building materials. Helps maintain health. Animals feed on its cones. I want to end my discussion with a poem by E. Yevtushenko: Take care of these lands, these waters, loving even the smallest piece of grass. Take care of all the animals inside nature, Kill only the animals inside yourself!
Acknowledgments Thanks to everyone who helped me in preparing for the research work and in processing the results and writing reports: the scientific supervisor of the study S.S. Askhabova, the computer science teacher A.R. Fakhrieva, the computer science and mathematics teacher V.M. Abdusemedova and classmates.
“Soil resources” - In the north of the forest zone, flax, oats and other crops are grown on podzolic soils. The East European Plain is rich in soil resources and agroclimatic resources are of great value. "Behind". Soil resources. The entire middle zone of the plain and the south have fertile soils.
“Soil destruction” - Water erosion. Wind erosion (deflation). Gully erosion. Chernozem of Mordovia. Dust storms. The soil. The interaction between the lithosphere and the atmosphere occurs through the soil. Soil pollution. Irrigation erosion. The most fertile soils on the territory of Mordovia are chernozems. Leached. A person receives from the soil not only food, but also raw materials (wood).
“Diversity of soils” - A lot of materials have accumulated. Topic keywords. How did soils originate? Soils. Lesson plan. So, classification is needed. Dokuchaev Vasily Vasilievich. In 1875, Dokuchaev was commissioned to give a description of Russian black soil. What is the main reason for the formation of different types of soils?
“Soil care” - Garden hacksaws. Digging. Topic 6. Gardening tools. Scraper with tulle. Tillage tool. Hoe. Welded rake, 14 teeth. Scythes Sickles pitchforks. Sickles and braids. Garden knives. Tools for harvesting. Ripper 3 teeth. Secateurs Pole loppers Grafting knives Garden knives.
“Soils” - 3rd group. Fundamental question. The creative name of the project: “The soil cover of our country.” Didactic goals of the project. Methodological tasks. Topic: “Mechanical composition of soil and soil structure.” Topic: “Basic properties of soils.” Stages of work on the project. Stage 4 (presentational). Topic: “Soil resources of Russia.”
“Soil Pollution” - Plants are a good indicator of environmental changes due to anthropogenic pollution. Science cafe “Climate change – change in education.” And animals, in turn, are interesting as objects that are physiologically close to humans. Bioindicators of acidic soils. Types of bioindicators. Bioindication methods.
There are a total of 22 presentations in the topic
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Lecture No. 5. Methods and fundamentals of bioindication Discipline “BIOLOGICAL MONITORING” Zuev I.V. ©Slide 2
Biological monitoring Biotesting Bioindication Chronicle of nature (background monitoring) Toxicology Standardization system Structure of biological monitoring Ecotoxicology
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The most frequently cited and, at the same time, the most ideologically vague area of ecology is a certain set of methods called “bioindication” (Shitikov et al., 2003). Bioindication is a set of methods and criteria for assessing the quality of the habitat based on the reactions of living organisms and their communities in natural conditions. Bioindication is the determination and detection of biologically significant anthropogenic loads based on the reaction of living organisms to them directly in their habitat. Bioindication is a method of detecting and assessing abiotic and biotic factors of a habitat using biological systems. Bioindication is an assessment of the quality of the habitat and its individual characteristics based on the state of its biota in natural conditions. Bioindication is a method for determining the quality of the habitat of organisms by species composition and indicators of quantitative development of bioindicator species and the structure of the communities they form. Bioindication is an assessment of the quality of the environment based on the state of certain representatives of its population - biota, carried out by observing them, without active (experimental) intervention in natural processes.
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Key provisions Bioindication is the field of both Ecology and Biological monitoring. The quality of the habitat and habitat factors are assessed. The reaction of living organisms is used as an evaluation parameter. An assessment of the real situation, not an experiment* * - active bioindication
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Bioindication as a science? - special terminology - special laws Ecosystem / environment Bioindicator - an individual-group of individuals of the same species or community, by the presence or condition of which, as well as by their behavior, natural and anthropogenic changes in the environment are judged Information about the object of the system Information about the system Ecology General systems theory, systems ecology/biology
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Ecosystem / environment Diversity of biological variables characterizing the bioindicator specific reactions nonspecific reactions Diversity of natural factors Diversity of anthropogenic factors Diversity of environmental quality criteria Problems of bioindication
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significant multidimensionality of environmental factors and measured parameters of ecosystems; strong interdependence of the entire complex of measured variables, which does not allow one to isolate in its pure form the functional connection of two individual indicators F(y,x); non-stationary nature of most information about objects and the environment; the complexity of carrying out the entire complex of measurements in uniform coordinates of space and time, as a result of which the processed data has extensive gaps. The task of bioindication is poorly formalized, which is why banks of long-term data on observations of natural ecosystems have been formed; A number of methods and mathematical models for integral assessment of the state of complex systems of various types have been developed and tested, allowing, in the terminology of A.P. Levich and A.T. Terekhin, to carry out “search for determination and pattern recognition in the multidimensional space of environmental factors to highlight the boundaries between areas of normal and pathological functioning of ecosystems”; Hardware and software information and computer technologies are being developed that make it possible to analyze the necessary arrays of environmental data; there is a huge amount of informal knowledge of highly qualified specialists, partially concentrated in methodological developments [Ecological monitoring..., 1995; Mokrov, Gelashvili, 1999]. Solutions
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The first direction of work on bioindication is utilitarian work in the field of general ecology. Bioindicators as a cheap analogue of an analytical device. Attention is not focused on anthropogenic factors. ...A squirrel builds a nest low - expect a frosty winter, high - expect warm weather... ...If early in the morning the bees go together to collect honey - it will be a clear day, if they sit on the landing boards - it will rain...
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The second direction of work on bioindication is a description of the actual state of a biological object, with a vague link to anthropogenic factors. Background is often used as a measure of comparison. Samples were taken within the city of Krasnoyarsk from four sample sites (SP), different in the level of atmospheric pollution, three of which are areas exposed to groups of pollutants that are quite specific, due to the location of industrial enterprises on them: district. KrasTPP (area of heavy industrial pollution), Sverdlovsk district, the adjacent territory of the KrasPharma medical preparations plant (intensive emissions of biological pollutants) and the Predmostnaya area (intensive emissions of vehicle exhaust gases). The territory of the Roev Ruchey Park was taken as a clean (control) area. Thus, the introduction of the calculated parameter A makes it possible to quantify the comparative level of air pollution in different areas of the city, which makes it possible to effectively use the method of recording thermally induced changes in the zero level of fluorescence for bioindication.
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The third direction of work on bioindication is the description of the functional relationship between a biological variable and a factor / factors Isolation of one or more environmental factors Collection of field data of biota in a wide range of variation of the studied factor Assessment of the indicator significance of a species or group of species State of a biological object, Y y1 y2 y3 y4 State of the factor ,X x1 x2 x3 x4
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Toxicology Bioindication Study of the relationship - dose-effect Possibility of modeling, Possibility of assessing the dose-effect, Lack of environmental realism Difficulties in formalization, Difficulties in assessing the dose-effect, Full environmental realism MAC EEL (ecologically permissible exposure levels) Bioindication is NOT an inexpensive replacement for physical and chemical methods control!
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The fourth direction of work on bioindication is the development of environmental quality standards based on a priori judgments and/or the identified relationship between factors and the reaction of bioindicators. The fifth direction of work on bioindication is assessing the quality of the environment according to the developed standards "Rules for monitoring the water quality of spillways and watercourses" [GOST 17.1.3.07–82]
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Assessment of the reaction of biological objects Assessment of physico-chemical factors Possibility of direct control of the source of pollution Clarity in the formulation of the problem and interpretation of monitoring results Obtaining results in clear quantitative units High accuracy of measurement of indicators Possibility of automating the process of obtaining data Possibility of assessing the impact of unstudied, difficult-to-detect substances or substances in currently not present in the biota. Possibility of assessing extremely small doses of substances Possibility of assessing the effects of synergism and antagonism, a complex of factors Relative cheapness of methods Environmental monitoring methods Physico-chemical monitoring methods Bioindication
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Bioindicator - a group of individuals of the same species or community, by the presence or condition of which, as well as by their behavior, natural and anthropogenic changes in the environment (sensitive and cumulative) are judged. Biological variables - any sign, property or function of an organism (bioindicator), population, ecosystem. The lower the rank of a biological variable used as a bioindicator, the more private and specific conclusions about the effects of environmental factors can be, and vice versa. Levels Steps Molecular-cellular Organismal Supraorganismal Lower Molecules of one class Tissues Populations Middle Organoids, cells Organs, their systems Biocenotic complexes Higher Cells Organisms Biocenoses
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Effect of a damaging substance (factor) Acute Chronic Material cumulation Functional cumulation Sensitive bioindicator Cumulative bioindicator
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Principles for choosing bioindicators (biological variables) Fundamentality of biological impact Efficiency of biological measurements Economic feasibility Fundamentality of biological impact Efficiency of biological measurements Existence of a relationship between a variable and the variables of growth, reproduction, survival of individuals, population and ecosystem The nature of the relationship between the response of the variable and the current pollution The nature of the relationship between the variable and the responses at the highest and lowest levels The intensity of the active factor causing the observed response of the variable The specificity of the response to the factor that caused it The limits of change in the value of the active factor causing the observed effect The possibility of the variable returning to its original value after the cessation of the action of the factor that caused it The length of the period of time during which the formation response Ease of detecting signal excess above natural background Accuracy of response measurement
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Organism and suborganismal structures; chemical composition of cells; composition, structure and degree of functional activity of enzymes; structural and functional characteristics of cellular organelles; cell sizes, their morphological characteristics, level of activity; histological indicators; concentrations of pollutants in tissues and organs (cumulative bioindicators); frequency and nature of mutations, carcinogenesis, deformities; physiological and anatomical indicators of the body
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Assessment of developmental stability (homeostasis) of living organisms Stability: Morphological Genetic Physiological Biochemical Immunological Background monitoring Local monitoring Assessment of the stability of morphological development (the simplest and most operative approach) Determination of the frequency of appearance of phenodeviants - developmental deviations Determination of the magnitude of fluctuating asymmetry of bilateral morphological characters (Zakharov et al. , 2000).
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Populations Indicators of uneven spatial distribution of individuals (the simplest characteristic 2/ Rate of absolute change in population density Rate of absolute change in population biomass Rate of relative change in population density rN = , where Rate of relative change in population biomass rB = , where Specific birth rate b = Nb Specific death rate d = Nd Realizable share of the “biotic potential” of a species Population production rate Static characteristics (at time t) Abundance (total number of individuals in the population) Density (number of individuals per unit volume or per unit area) Biomass (total mass of individuals per unit volume or per unit area) Average mass of an individual (ratio of biomass and density (the simplest characteristic of the size-weight structure) Ratio of the density of individuals of different sexes (the simplest characteristic of the sexual structure of a population) Indicators of uneven spatial distribution of individuals
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Dynamic characteristics (over a period of time Δt = t2 t1) Rate of absolute change in population density and biomass Rate of relative change in population density of biomass of the population Specific mortality and birth rate Realized share of the “biotic potential” of the species (the ratio of the maximum value of the birth rate realized by the population being studied and the “biotic potential » species, i.e. the maximum birth rate realized by a given species under ideal conditions Population production Population production rate
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Multispecies biosystems Ecosystems Communities (plankton, benthos, soil fauna, phytocenosis, etc.) Bioindicator indicators of the community Structural, static Functional, dynamic
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Species diversity (number of species in a community); Abundance indicators (abundance and biomass); The ratio of total abundance indicators: species (species diversity) or larger taxa; representatives of different feeding strategies (trophic structure); individuals with different sizes, weights (size-weight structure); species with different coenotic strategies (for example, r- and K-strategists; violents, patients and explerents); species with different sensitivity to impacts (eury- and stenobionts); species with different behavior. Structural and static indicators of the community
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Functional and dynamic indicators of the community Indicators of the dynamics of static characteristics of the community Ecological and physiological indicators of the community change in any static characteristic X (density, community biomass, diversity indices) ΔXΔt = X2 – X1 for the studied period of time Δt = t2 – t1; rate of absolute change in the values of the static characteristic dX/dt ≈ (X2 – X1)Δt 1 at time t; rate of relative change in the values of a static characteristic rX = (dX/dt) Expenditures on community (or ecosystem) exchange R = Primary production Secondary production Ratios of production, destruction and biomass P/B and P/R coefficients
“Soil Pollution” - Science Cafe “Climate Change – Education Change”. Botanical (phyto) Soil-zoological Biochemical (enzymatic) Microbiological. An indicator of the reaction is marginal chlorosis on the leaves. The bioindication method allows: Plants serve as a good indicator of environmental changes caused by anthropogenic pollution.
“Soil Formation” - The role of organisms in soil formation. Filling out the outline map. Get to know the inhabitants of the soil. About the mineral resources of the Ivanovo region. Soil map of the Ivanovo region. Various representatives of the kingdoms of living nature participate in the process of soil formation. S.N. Vinogradsky made a discovery in favor of microorganisms.
“Soils” - Topic: “Mechanical composition of soil and soil structure.” Didactic goals of the project. Author: geography teacher of the 1st qualification category Smirnova Larisa Vladimirovna. The creative name of the project: “The soil cover of our country.” Author. 4. Teaching materials: test, crossword, flashcards No. 1, No. 2, No. 3 5. List of materials used.
“Soil care” - Snow. Digging. Shovels. Garden hacksaws. Ripper 3 teeth. Topic 6. Gardening tools. Rippers. Tillage tool. Tree care tools. Shrub pruners. Scythes Sickles pitchforks. Brush cutters. Welded rake, 14 teeth. Garden knives. Hoe. Bayonet. Sovkovaya.
“Tillage” - Harrowing can be done independently or carried out simultaneously with plowing. Sometimes some surface processing techniques are used instead of the main ones. 1. Absence of flaws 2. Compliance with the established depth 3. Lumpiness of the field surface. Now let's repeat what we've already done! Each processing step involves one or more technological operations.
“Soil destruction” - Soil conservation measures. Furrowed, or jet, erosion. Gray forest soils. Everyday wind erosion. Mudflows. Water erosion. Dust storms. Accelerated erosion. Swamp soils. The interaction between the lithosphere and the atmosphere occurs through the soil. Irrigation erosion. The most fertile soils on the territory of Mordovia are chernozems.
There are a total of 22 presentations in the topic