Candidate of Legal Sciences Associate Professor abbreviation. Candidate of Sciences - who is it? See what “PhD in Cultural Studies” is in other dictionaries

"Candidate of Sciences" is an academic degree. It has existed in Russia and the CIS countries since the times of the Soviet Union - since 1934. This is an intermediate step on the scientific path from Master to Doctor of Science and is awarded to an applicant who:

has higher education;
passed all candidate exams;
carried out a number of studies on his topic;
presented and proved the novelty and practical value of scientific ideas;
passed the procedure in accordance with the requirements established by law.

The Russian academic degree “Candidate of Sciences” is an analogue of the Western PhD (read as pi-eych-di). PhD - Doctor of Philosophy. However, in essence it is not identical to the degree in Russia. The latter assumes an even higher level of results

The degree "PhD" is differentiated depending on the specialty in which the applicant can defend his work. In Russia there are 23 branches for awarding such titles. For example: candidate of physical and mathematical sciences, candidate of philological sciences. But there are a lot of specialties. You can be a candidate in legal, veterinary, biological, military, geological-mineralogical, geographical, historical, pedagogical, political, medical, psychological, sociological, technical, pharmaceutical, philosophical, agricultural, chemical, economic sciences. In addition, there is such a title as candidate of architecture, art history, cultural studies.

The degree "Candidate of Philosophy" should not be confused with the Western interpretation mentioned above - Doctor of Philosophy (PhD).

Walking along the scientific path, the applicant must understand the goal for which he is ready to go through many difficult stages to obtain a “PhD” degree. It is worth understanding that this title is not a guarantee of great material benefits in the future. At least the return won't be quick. At first, this is an increase of about 10-15% of the salary. It is appropriate and truly significant for further study at a university, participation in a competition for the scientific title of associate professor or professor, or work at the department.

Writing a dissertation is a complex, painstaking, multi-step process. First of all, it is necessary to create a new, original intellectual product - the result of scientific activity. Next, you should organize the protection process. It usually involves many people: a supervisor, opponents, experts, reviewers, editors, consultants, etc. It is important to note that having decided to engage in science, you need to be prepared to some extent for material investments. We are in no way talking about purchasing and not independently performing specific stages of work.

However, often conducting real large-scale research that would be truly beneficial and have practical significance requires certain resources. For example, conducting experiments, experiments, by their very methodology, can be expensive.

It's no secret that organizational issues related to the defense itself, especially in the final period, may also require some financial investments. However, everything here is very individual, depending on the established traditions of the university, the council, and circumstances.

Candidate of Sciences - who is it? A scientist or just an ordinary university teacher? Today this category is attracting attention. Firstly, it is prestigious to be one. Secondly, becoming one is quite difficult. Thirdly, very interesting. What and how to do to become one.

About the etymology of the word

Candidate literally translated from Latin means a person who applies for any position or responsible post. As a matter of fact, a candidate of sciences is also in some way a contender. He declares himself by writing a scientific work and publicly defending it in the appropriate institution.

The scientific degree of Candidate of Sciences characterizes its owner from the standpoint of his qualifications. It is a confirmation of status and certain achievements in any branch of science.

A little about the history of the origin of the academic degree

Its source is the German system, which was used both in the territory of pre-revolutionary Russia and in the Soviet Union.

Russian universities began to award academic degrees in 1819 on the basis of a unified system of approved rules. Until 1917, there were two degrees: master (licentiate) and doctor of science. In those days it was called “dignity.”

Since 1934 and to this day, academic degrees have been awarded in Russia and in a number of post-socialist countries.

Formal aspects

Here it should be said that obtaining such an academic degree as a Candidate of Sciences is a rather complex process both in terms of completing a dissertation, its defense, and in terms of the correct design of the research, defense and confirmation procedures.

According to the law governing this area, a candidate of sciences is a so-called first academic degree. What does it mean? Considering that today there are two degrees: candidate and doctor, this is the first step that allows you to obtain scientific qualifications and continue to work in this field.

According to the norms of Russian legislation, the degree is awarded by a collegial body - the dissertation council. However, this is not enough. It is necessary that it be approved by the relevant government body - the Higher Attestation Commission (Higher Attestation Commission).

After this, the former graduate student receives confirmation, and a little later a diploma of a candidate of sciences.

What does an academic degree provide?

The opportunities that a PhD degree opens up after defending and receiving the appropriate document are related primarily to the field of science and education:

he can teach at a university. To be precise, the degree gives the right to lecture to students;
After working for some time, you can receive the corresponding academic title - associate professor, which can only be awarded to candidates;
if you want to continue your scientific activities, you can enroll in doctoral studies and conduct further research.

You also need to know the rights of a candidate of sciences.

Opportunity to take part in the competition as an applicant for the position of associate professor or head of a laboratory. If it is carried out at a research institute, then - a senior researcher.
A document confirming a candidate’s degree is a sufficiently compelling basis that allows its owner not only to work on a doctoral dissertation, but also to submit it for defense. Here you should remember the correspondence of specialties. A doctoral dissertation can be defended on the basis of a candidate's dissertation if it is in the same field of science.
A PhD diploma entitles its holder to receive the corresponding Doctor of Philosophy degree, which is used in a number of European countries and the USA.

Obtaining an academic title

In addition to the academic degree, Russia uses another criterion for differentiating workers in the scientific and educational spheres. This is the title of Candidate of Sciences - Associate Professor, which, unfortunately, is not awarded automatically. The regulations governing the conferment of academic titles establish a number of requirements.

Possession of a Candidate of Science degree and a period of work as an assistant professor for at least 2 years. In this case, the load must be no less than a quarter (0.25) of the rate.
There must be publications: educational or methodological manuals, other scientific works. Here, the professional level is also taken into account, which is assessed by the commission that attended the open lesson.
Research or teaching experience must be at least five years. It is necessary to carry out teaching activities on the relevant topics of the specialty for three years.
The total number of publications must be at least 20, including patents. Over the past three years, an applicant for the position of associate professor must publish at least two textbooks and three works in the specialty specified in the dissertation.

In addition to meeting the stated requirements, the future associate professor must submit a number of documents to the academic council of the university:

statement;
characteristics signed by the head of the department;
a list of his scientific works, certified by signatures and seals;
an extract from the minutes of the department meeting at which the recommendation was made;
copies of diplomas of education, candidate of sciences;
extracts from the work book, certificates of work experience, personal sheet with photo.

There may also be other documents that the secretary of the academic council may require.

How to become a candidate of sciences?

This process is quite complex and requires considerable effort and expense from the applicant.

First of all, you need to decide for yourself in which area you plan to work. In this case, research should be carried out in an area corresponding to basic education. Otherwise, if the work was done in a related or related field, an additional examination in the specialty may be required.
Search for a scientific supervisor. It should be noted that this is in some way a guarantee of successful protection. The manager must have an academic degree of candidate or doctor of science. Here it is advisable to find out whether he had graduate students and whether they defended their defense.
Admission to graduate school. This step may be omitted if the work is carried out on the basis of competition at any department or institute.
Writing a dissertation is a creative process. It can take a long time. Postgraduate study lasts 3-4 years, but, unfortunately, the period of study may not coincide with work on the dissertation. Therefore, sometimes writing it takes longer.
At the end of graduate school, candidate exams are taken. Some of them can be taken earlier, for example, the candidate minimum in philosophy and a foreign language. Latest exams in the specialty.
At the end of the creative search, the work, previously checked by the supervisor, is submitted for consideration by experts appointed by the dissertation council.
After correcting errors and responding to comments, you can begin to prepare for your defense. An abstract is written, opponents are selected, as well as specialists who can give feedback on the dissertation.
The defense takes place at the dissertation council. He, having heard the report of the graduate student, answers to questions and comments of opponents, renders his verdict on awarding the academic degree of a candidate of any sciences in the relevant specialty (there are 23 of them).
A notification is received from the Higher Attestation Commission that the work has been reviewed and a decision has been made to approve it.

Official reductions in academic degrees (based on materials from the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation)

Academic degree	Reduction
without a degree	(nothing is written)
Doctor of Architectural Sciences	Doctor of Architecture
Doctor of Biological Sciences	Doctor of Biology sciences
Doctor of Veterinary Sciences	veterinarian sciences
Doctor of Military Sciences	Dr. Military sciences
Doctor of Geographical Sciences	Doctor of Geography sciences
Doctor of Geological and Mineralogical Sciences	Doctor of Geology and Mineral Sciences sciences
Doctor of Art History	Doctor of Art History
Doctor of Historical Sciences	Doctor of History sciences
Doctor of Cultural Studies	Doctor of Cultural Studies
Doctor of Medical Sciences	Dr. med. sciences
Doctor of Pedagogical Sciences	Dr. ped. sciences
Doctor of Political Sciences	Dr. Polit. sciences
Doctor of Psychology	Doctor of Psychology sciences
Doctor of Agricultural Sciences	Dr. Agricultural Sciences sciences
Doctor of Sociological Sciences	Dr. Sociol. sciences
Doctor of Technical Sciences	Dr. Tech. sciences
Doctor of Pharmaceutical Sciences	Dr. Pharmacist. sciences
Doctor of Physical and Mathematical Sciences	Doctor of Physics and Mathematics sciences
Doctor of Philology	Dr. Philol. sciences
doctor of philosophical science	Doctor of Philosophy sciences
Doctor of Chemical Sciences	Dr. Chem. sciences
Doctor of Economic Sciences	Doctor of Economics sciences
Doctor of Law	Doctor of Law sciences
Candidate of Architectural Sciences	Ph.D. architecture
Candidate of Biological Sciences	Ph.D. biol. sciences
Candidate of Veterinary Sciences	Ph.D. vet. sciences
candidate of military sciences	Ph.D. military sciences
Candidate of Geographical Sciences	Ph.D. geogr. sciences
Candidate of Geological and Mineralogical Sciences	Ph.D. geol.-mineral. sciences
Ph.D. in History of Arts	Ph.D. art criticism
Candidate of Historical Sciences	Ph.D. history sciences
candidate of cultural studies	Ph.D. cultural studies
Candidate of Medical Sciences	Ph.D. honey. sciences
Candidate of Pedagogical Sciences	Ph.D. ped. sciences
Candidate of Political Sciences	Ph.D. watered sciences
Candidate of Psychological Sciences	Ph.D. psychol. sciences
Candidate of Agricultural Sciences	Ph.D. agricultural sciences
Candidate of Sociological Sciences	Ph.D. sociol. sciences
Candidate of Technical Sciences	Ph.D. tech. sciences
Candidate of Pharmaceutical Sciences	Ph.D. pharmacist. sciences
Candidate of Physical and Mathematical Sciences	Ph.D. physics and mathematics sciences
Candidate of Philology	Ph.D. Philol. sciences
Candidate of Philosophy	Ph.D. Philosopher sciences
PhD in Chemistry	Ph.D. chem. sciences
Candidate of Economic Sciences	Ph.D. econ. sciences
Candidate of Legal Sciences	Ph.D. legal sciences

Official abbreviations of academic titles (based on materials from the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation)

Academic title

Reduction

without an academic title

(nothing is written)

Professor

Corresponding Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences

Corresponding member RAS

Corresponding Member of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences

Corresponding member RAMS

Corresponding Member of the Russian Academy of Agricultural Sciences

Corresponding member RAASKhN

Corresponding Member of RAO

Corresponding member RAO

Academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences

acad. RAS

Academician of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences

acad. RAMS

Academician of the Russian Academy of Agricultural Sciences

acad. RAASKhN

Academician of the Russian Academy of Education

Assignment procedure

In Russia, the academic degree of Candidate of Sciences is awarded by the dissertation council based on the results of defending a candidate's dissertation. Then the Higher Attestation Commission of Russia decides to issue a candidate of sciences diploma.

Scientific branches

Depending on the specialty in which the candidate's dissertation is defended, the applicant is awarded one of the following academic degrees:

Candidate of Architectural Sciences (PhD)
Candidate of Biological Sciences (Ph.D.)
Candidate of Veterinary Sciences (PhD)
Candidate of Military Sciences (PhD)
Candidate of Geographical Sciences (Ph.D.)
Candidate of Geological and Mineralogical Sciences (PhD)
Candidate of Art History (Ph.D.)
Candidate of Historical Sciences (PhD)
Candidate of Cultural Studies
Candidate of Medical Sciences (PhD)
Candidate of Pedagogical Sciences (Ph.D.)
Candidate of Political Sciences (Ph.D.)

Candidate of Psychological Sciences (PhD)
Candidate of Agricultural Sciences (PhD)
Candidate of Sociological Sciences (PhD)
Candidate of Technical Sciences (PhD)
Candidate of Pharmaceutical Sciences (PhD)
Candidate of Physical and Mathematical Sciences (Ph.D.)
Candidate of Philological Sciences (PhD)
Candidate of Philosophical Sciences (PhD)
Candidate of Chemical Sciences (PhD)
Candidate of Economic Sciences (PhD)
Candidate of Legal Sciences (Ph.D. in Law)

Previously, there was also a PhD in Naval Science degree. For some time (around the 1940s), the academic degree of candidate of art history was called candidate of art history.

Many specialties allow applicants to be awarded an academic degree in several branches of science, depending on the predominant subject area of a particular dissertation. For example, in specialty 02.00.04 (physical chemistry), the degree of candidate of physical and mathematical or technical or chemical sciences can be awarded. At the same time, however, the principle of “one dissertation - one branch of science” is observed, regardless of the number of specialties of the dissertation and branches of science of the specialty. Also, a specific dissertation council may be limited in the range of degrees awarded depending on the industry.

Notes

Sources

Regulatory documents on the website of the Higher Attestation Commission of the Ministry of Education and Science of Russia

Qualifications in education and science
University graduates	Bachelor Specialist Master Licentiate
Academic degrees	PhD Doctor of Science Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
Academic titles	Associate Professor Professor
Academic titles	Corresponding Member Academician

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